TOEFL · Pendengaran · 28 soalan

Ujian Latihan TOEFL Pendengaran 9

Ujian percubaan pendengaran dan bacaan yang asli, berdasarkan format TOEFL iBT yang diterbitkan.

Ini ialah ujian latihan asli yang ditulis oleh Loopy berdasarkan format yang diterbitkan. Ia bukan ujian rasmi ETS.

TOEIC® dan TOEFL® ialah tanda dagangan berdaftar ETS. IELTS dimiliki bersama oleh British Council, IDP dan Cambridge English. Ujian latihan Loopy dihasilkan sendiri dan tidak bergabung dengan atau disokong oleh organisasi-organisasi ini.

Audio ujian penuh

Conversation 1

  1. Soalan 1

    Why does the student go to see the professor?

    • ATo get advice on how to shorten his history paper
    • BTo ask for an extension on his history paper's deadline
    • CTo explain how medieval crop rotation systems worked
    • DTo request a change in his research topic
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    NARRATOR: Listen to a conversation between a student and a professor. STUDENT: Hi, Professor Ingrid. Do you have a few minutes? I wanted to ask you about the draft for my history paper. PROFESSOR: Hello, Tomas. Yes, come on in. I have some time before my next class. Let me look at your draft. Ah, yes, your topic is agricultural history, right? STUDENT: Yes. I am writing about the medieval three-field crop rotation system. But, well, my draft is already seven pages long. The syllabus says the maximum limit is five pages. I am not sure what to cut. PROFESSOR: I see. Let me look at your outline here. It looks like you have a large section comparing Europe to ancient China. Is that correct? STUDENT: Yes, I wanted to compare the two systems to show how different cultures solved soil nutrients problems. PROFESSOR: That is an interesting idea, but for a five-page paper, it is simply too broad. You see, when you try to cover two large regions, you cannot write with enough detail. It is much better to focus deeply on just one topic. STUDENT: Oh, I see. So, if I focus only on the three-field system in medieval Europe, I can explain the details of how the fields were rotated every year. PROFESSOR: Exactly. Explain the three phases: the autumn planting, the spring planting, and the fallow period, where the land rests. If you explain those three parts clearly, you will easily fill four or five pages. STUDENT: That makes sense. It will also make the writing process much easier for me. I was really struggling to fit everything in. PROFESSOR: Yes, a narrow focus is always better for these short assignments. Remember, the final paper is due this Friday by five o'clock in the afternoon. You must submit it online through the student portal. STUDENT: Great, I will edit it today and turn it in before the deadline. Thank you for your help, Professor! PROFESSOR: You are welcome, Tomas. Good luck with the editing! [Q1] Why does the student go to see the professor?

    Terjemahan

    PENCERITA: Dengar perbualan antara seorang pelajar dengan seorang profesor. PELAJAR: Hai, Profesor Ingrid. Adakah anda mempunyai masa beberapa minit? Saya ingin bertanya tentang draf kertas kerja sejarah saya. PROFESOR: Helo, Tomas. Ya, masuklah. Saya ada sedikit masa sebelum kelas saya yang seterusnya. Mari saya lihat draf kamu. Ah, ya, topik kamu ialah sejarah pertanian, bukan? PELAJAR: Ya. Saya sedang menulis tentang sistem penggiliran tanaman tiga padang pada zaman pertengahan. Tetapi draf saya sudah sepanjang tujuh halaman. Sukatan pelajaran menyatakan had maksimum ialah lima halaman. Saya tidak pasti bahagian mana yang perlu dibuang. PROFESOR: Begitu rupanya. Biar saya lihat rangka kertas kerja kamu di sini. Nampaknya kamu mempunyai bahagian yang besar yang membandingkan Eropah dengan China purba. Betul? PELAJAR: Ya, saya ingin membandingkan kedua-dua sistem tersebut untuk menunjukkan bagaimana budaya yang berbeza menyelesaikan masalah nutrien tanah. PROFESOR: Itu idea yang menarik, tetapi untuk kertas kerja sepanjang lima halaman, ia terlalu luas. Apabila kamu cuba merangkumi dua wilayah yang besar, kamu tidak dapat menulis dengan butiran yang mencukupi. Adalah jauh lebih baik untuk memberi tumpuan yang mendalam pada satu topik sahaja. PELAJAR: Oh, begitu. Jadi, jika saya hanya fokus pada sistem tiga padang di Eropah zaman pertengahan, saya boleh menerangkan butiran tentang bagaimana padang tersebut digilirkan setiap tahun. PROFESOR: Tepat sekali. Terangkan tiga fasa tersebut: penanaman musim luruh, penanaman musim bunga, dan tempoh rang, di mana tanah dibiarkan berehat. Jika kamu menerangkan ketiga-dua bahagian itu dengan jelas, kamu akan dapat memenuhi empat atau lima halaman dengan mudah. PELAJAR: Itu masuk akal. Ia juga akan memudahkan proses penulisan saya. Saya benar-benar bergelut untuk memuatkan semua perkara sebelum ini. PROFESOR: Ya, tumpuan yang khusus sentiasa lebih baik untuk tugasan pendek sebegini. Ingat, draf akhir kertas kerja ini perlu dihantar pada hari Jumaat ini sebelum pukul lima petang. Kamu mesti menghantarnya secara dalam talian melalui portal pelajar. PELAJAR: Baguslah, saya akan menyuntingnya hari ini dan menghantarnya sebelum tarikh akhir. Terima kasih atas bantuan anda, Profesor! PROFESOR: Sama-sama, Tomas. Semoga berjaya dengan suntingan tersebut!

  1. Soalan 2

    According to the professor, what is the main problem with the student's current draft?

    • AIt does not explain the fallow period clearly.
    • BIt tries to cover too many geographical regions.
    • CIt was submitted past the official deadline.
    • DIt lacks a clear comparison between different cultures.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q1.) [Q2] According to the professor, what is the main problem with the student's current draft?

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S1.) [S2] Menurut profesor tersebut, apakah masalah utama dengan draf semasa pelajar itu?

  1. Soalan 3

    What is one requirement for the final paper mentioned by the professor?

    • AIt must be at least seven pages in length.
    • BIt must compare European and Asian agricultural systems.
    • CIt must be uploaded to the student portal by Friday afternoon.
    • DIt must include a printed outline of the research.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q1.) [Q3] What is one requirement for the final paper mentioned by the professor?

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S1.) [S3] Apakah salah satu syarat untuk tugasan akhir yang dinyatakan oleh profesor tersebut?

  1. Soalan 4

    What can be inferred about the student's original plan for the essay?

    • AHe planned to write about modern farming techniques instead of medieval ones.
    • BHe hoped to get an exception to the five-page limit.
    • CHe did not want to write about the European three-field system.
    • DHe thought a comparative approach would make the paper stronger.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q1.) [Q4] What can be inferred about the student's original plan for the essay?

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S1.) [S4] Apakah yang boleh disimpulkan tentang rancangan asal pelajar tersebut untuk eseinya?

  1. Soalan 5

    Why does the professor say this: "That is an interesting idea, but for a five-page paper, it is simply too broad."

    • ATo explain why the student needs to limit the scope of his project
    • BTo suggest that the student should write a longer research paper
    • CTo praise the student for choosing an easy topic
    • DTo encourage the student to change his major to history
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q1.) [Replay: "That is an interesting idea, but for a five-page paper, it is simply too broad."] [Q5] Why does the professor say this: "That is an interesting idea, but for a five-page paper, it is simply too broad."

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S1.) [Main semula: "That is an interesting idea, but for a five-page paper, it is simply too broad."] [S5] Mengapakah profesor berkata sedemikian: "That is an interesting idea, but for a five-page paper, it is simply too broad."

Lecture 1

  1. Soalan 6

    What is the lecture mainly about?

    • AHow certain plants and ants have developed mutually beneficial survival strategies.
    • BThe evolutionary history of defensive chemical toxins in tropical plants.
    • CThe competitive relationship between different ant species for nesting sites.
    • DWhy some plants produce sugar-rich nectar to attract pollinating insects.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    NARRATOR: Listen to part of a lecture in a biology class. PROFESSOR: Good morning, everyone. Today, we're going to look at a fascinating example of mutualism—that's a biological interaction where two different species both benefit from each other. Specifically, we'll focus on myrmecophytes, or "ant-plants". Now, myrmecophytes are plants that have evolved highly specialized structures to live in a symbiotic relationship with certain ant species. These plants don't just happen to have ants crawling on them; they actually actively recruit and house them for defense. STUDENT: So, the plants actually build homes for the ants? How does that work? PROFESSOR: Exactly, Hina. They do this through structures called domatia. Domatia are hollow chambers inside the plant—often inside modified stems, thorns, or even leaves—that serve as ready-made nesting sites for the ants. The plant essentially provides free real estate. But shelter isn't the only benefit. Myrmecophytes also provide food, primarily through extrafloral nectaries. These are specialized glands located outside of the flowers, like on the leaves or stems, that secrete a sugar-rich liquid. This nectar isn't for pollination; its sole purpose is to feed the resident ants. Some plants even produce tiny, nutrient-rich food bodies on their leaves, packed with lipids and proteins. PROFESSOR: So, what does the plant get in return for this... uh, this generous room and board? Well, defense. The ants act as a highly aggressive private security force. If a caterpillar or a leaf-cutting beetle tries to eat the plant, the ants attack it immediately, biting and stinging the intruder until it leaves. In fact, some ant species will even clear away encroaching vines or competing seedlings that grow too close, preventing the host plant from being shaded out. This vegetation clearing, or weeding behavior, ensures the host plant gets plenty of sunlight. It’s an incredibly effective defense system. STUDENT: That sounds perfect for the plant. But is there a catch? I mean, producing all that nectar and building those chambers must cost the plant a lot of energy. PROFESSOR: That's an excellent point, Hina. Yes, there is a definite trade-off. Allocating energy to grow domatia and produce nectar means the plant has fewer resources for its own growth or seed production. Biologists have found that in environments where herbivores are rare, myrmecophytes actually grow slower than non-ant-plants because they are spending energy on a defense system they don't currently need. The plant has to balance this cost. In fact, some species have evolved the ability to... wait, not all of them, but certain species can actually downregulate, or turn off, their nectar production when the plant isn't being attacked, which helps conserve energy. But overall, in high-pest environments, the benefits of having an active ant army far outweigh the metabolic costs. [Q6] What is the lecture mainly about?

    Terjemahan

    NARATOR: Dengar sebahagian daripada kuliah dalam kelas biologi. PROFESOR: Selamat pagi, semua. Hari ini, kita akan melihat contoh mutualisme yang sangat menarik—iaitu interaksi biologi di mana dua spesies yang berbeza saling mendapat manfaat antara satu sama lain. Khususnya, kita akan memberi tumpuan kepada mirmekofit, atau "tumbuhan semut". Untuk makluman, mirmekofit ialah tumbuhan yang telah membina struktur yang sangat khusus untuk hidup dalam hubungan simbiotik dengan spesies semut tertentu. Tumbuhan ini bukan sekadar menjadi tempat semut merayap secara tidak sengaja; sebaliknya, ia secara aktif menarik dan menumpangkan semut-semut ini untuk pertahanan. PELAJAR: Jadi, tumbuhan itu sebenarnya membina tempat tinggal untuk semut? Bagaimanakah ia berfungsi? PROFESOR: Tepat sekali, Hina. Tumbuhan ini berbuat demikian melalui struktur yang dipanggil domatia. Domatia ialah rongga kosong di dalam tumbuhan—selalunya di dalam batang yang diubah suai, duri, atau daun—yang berfungsi sebagai tapak sarang sedia ada untuk semut. Tumbuhan ini pada asasnya menyediakan tempat tinggal secara percuma. Namun, tempat perlindungan bukanlah satu-satunya manfaat. Mirmekofit juga membekalkan makanan, terutamanya melalui nektari ekstrafloral. Ini merupakan kelenjar khusus yang terletak di luar bunga, seperti pada daun atau batang, yang merembeskan cecair kaya dengan gula. Nektar ini bukan untuk pendebungaan; tujuan utamanya adalah semata-mata untuk memberi makan kepada semut yang menetap di situ. Sesetengah tumbuhan juga menghasilkan jasad makanan yang kecil dan kaya dengan nutrien pada daunnya, dipenuhi dengan lipid dan protein. PROFESOR: Jadi, apakah yang diperoleh oleh tumbuhan sebagai balasan bagi... hmmm, tempat tinggal dan makanan yang murah hati ini? Jawapannya ialah pertahanan. Semut-semut ini bertindak sebagai pasukan keselamatan peribadi yang sangat agresif. Jika ulat bulu atau kumbang pemotong daun cuba memakan tumbuhan tersebut, semut akan menyerangnya dengan segera, menggigit dan menyengat penceroboh itu sehingga ia pergi. Malah, sesetengah spesies semut juga akan membersihkan pokok menjalar yang menceroboh atau anak benih pesaing yang tumbuh terlalu dekat, bagi mengelakkan tumbuhan perumah daripada terlindung daripada cahaya matahari. Tingkah laku pembersihan tumbuhan ini memastikan tumbuhan perumah mendapat cahaya matahari yang mencukupi. Ia merupakan sistem pertahanan yang sangat berkesan. PELAJAR: Itu kedengaran sangat sempurna untuk tumbuhan tersebut. Namun, adakah terdapat sebarang kesan sampingan? Maksud saya, menghasilkan semua nektar tersebut dan membina rongga-rongga itu pasti memerlukan banyak tenaga daripada tumbuhan tersebut. PROFESOR: Itu pandangan yang sangat baik, Hina. Ya, memang terdapat kesan tolak ansur yang jelas. Peruntukan tenaga untuk membina domatia dan menghasilkan nektar bermakna tumbuhan tersebut mempunyai kurang sumber untuk pertumbuhannya sendiri atau pengeluaran biji benih. Ahli biologi mendapati bahawa dalam persekitaran yang jarang mempunyai haiwan herbivor, mirmekofit sebenarnya tumbuh lebih lambat berbanding tumbuhan tanpa semut kerana ia membazirkan tenaga untuk sistem pertahanan yang tidak diperlukan pada masa itu. Tumbuhan perlu mengimbangi kos ini. Malah, sesetengah spesies telah membina keupayaan untuk... sekejap, bukan semua, tetapi spesies tertentu sebenarnya boleh mengurangkan atau menghentikan pengeluaran nektar apabila tumbuhan tidak diserang, sekali gus membantu menjimatkan tenaga. Namun, secara keseluruhannya, dalam persekitaran yang mempunyai banyak perosak, manfaat mempunyai tentera semut yang aktif jauh melebihi kos metabolik tersebut.

  1. Soalan 7

    According to the professor, what is the primary function of extrafloral nectaries?

    • ATo attract flying insects that can pollinate the plant's flowers.
    • BTo provide nutrition to the plant's resident ant protectors.
    • CTo trap and digest small herbivorous insects for nutrients.
    • DTo distribute excess sugars produced during photosynthesis.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q6.) [Q7] According to the professor, what is the primary function of extrafloral nectaries?

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S6.) [S7] Menurut profesor tersebut, apakah fungsi utama nektari ekstrafloral?

  1. Soalan 8 (pilih semua yang berkenaan)

    According to the professor, how do resident ants benefit the host plant? Choose 2 answers.

    • ABy physically attacking insects that attempt to eat the plant.
    • BBy carrying pollen from one host plant to another.
    • CBy removing competing vegetation that might block sunlight.
    • DBy digging tunnels that aerate the soil around the plant's roots.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q6.) [Q8] According to the professor, how do resident ants benefit the host plant? Choose 2 answers.

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S6.) [S8] Menurut profesor tersebut, bagaimanakah semut penghuni memberi manfaat kepada tumbuhan perumah? Pilih 2 jawapan.

  1. Soalan 9

    Why does the professor mention environments where herbivores are rare?

    • ATo suggest that ants are only temporarily needed during certain seasons.
    • BTo explain why some ant species eventually abandon their host plants.
    • CTo illustrate the ecological cost that myrmecophytes pay for ant defense.
    • DTo provide an example of an ecosystem where myrmecophytes cannot survive.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q6.) [Q9] Why does the professor mention environments where herbivores are rare?

    Terjemahan

    (Berkongsi dengan S6.) [S9] Mengapakah profesor menyebut tentang persekitaran yang jarang mempunyai herbivor?

  1. Soalan 10

    According to the professor, how do some myrmecophyte species conserve energy when they are not under attack?

    • AThey seal the entrances to their internal nesting chambers.
    • BThey shed the leaves that contain food bodies.
    • CThey absorb nutrients directly from dead ants inside the chambers.
    • DThey temporarily stop producing nectar from their glands.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q6.) [Q10] According to the professor, how do some myrmecophyte species conserve energy when they are not under attack?

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S6.) [S10] Menurut profesor tersebut, bagaimanakah sesetengah spesies mirmekofit menjimatkan tenaga apabila mereka tidak diserang?

  1. Soalan 11

    Why does the speaker say this:

    • ATo transition the discussion to the benefits the plant receives from the relationship.
    • BTo express skepticism about whether the ants actually help the plant.
    • CTo clarify a misunderstanding about the size of the plant's nesting chambers.
    • DTo apologize for using a non-scientific term to describe the plant's structures.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q6.) [Replay: "So, what does the plant get in return for this... uh, this generous room and board?"] [Q11] Why does the speaker say this:

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S6.) [Main semula: "Jadi, apakah yang diperoleh tumbuhan itu sebagai balasan untuk... er, penginapan dan makanan yang lumayan ini?"]

Conversation 2

  1. Soalan 12

    Why does the student go to see her academic advisor?

    • ATo find out how to register for credits beyond the standard limit
    • BTo request an extension on a registration deadline
    • CTo get assistance with a system error blocking her enrollment
    • DTo ask for a waiver of a course prerequisite
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    NARRATOR: Listen to a conversation between a student and an academic advisor. ADVISOR: Hi Sofia, how can I help you today? STUDENT: Hi Mr. Davis. Well, I'm having a bit of a problem with my course registration for next semester. I'm trying to add a class—Introduction to Museum Studies—but the system is blocking me. It keeps saying I've reached my maximum credit limit. I really need this class because it's only offered once every two years, and I'm trying to complete an Art History minor along with my Chemistry major. ADVISOR: Ah, yes, the system does that. The university caps registration at 18 credits per semester. We do this to ensure students don't take on too much at once. How many credits are you currently signed up for? STUDENT: Well, I have 16 credits right now, and the Museum Studies class is 3 credits... wait, actually, I'm enrolled in 17 credits because of my chemistry lab, so adding this course would put me at 20 credits. ADVISOR: Yes, 20 credits is indeed over the limit. To exceed 18 credits, you have to submit an Overload Petition Form. It requires a signature from your department chair, and, uh, there's also a forty-five dollar processing fee. STUDENT: Oh, really? I actually heard that the fee is waived for some students. Is that true? ADVISOR: It is, but only for students with a cumulative GPA of 3.8 or higher. Let me pull up your record here... okay, I see you currently have a 3.78. You're incredibly close, but since it's just under the cutoff, you'll need to pay the fee at the bursar's office first. STUDENT: Ah, that's a bummer, but okay, I can pay it. My main worry is the department chair's signature, though. Dr. Vance, the head of Chemistry, is attending a conference in Geneva this week. He won't be back until next Monday, but isn't the petition deadline this Friday? ADVISOR: Yes, the deadline is strict—Friday at 5:00 PM. The registrar's office won't accept late submissions because they have to finalize course rosters. But don't worry, you have a couple of options. Dr. Vance is usually responsive to email, so you could send him the PDF to sign electronically. But even better, during his absence, the assistant chair, Dr. Mendez, has the authority to sign departmental petitions. STUDENT: Oh, that's a relief! I actually have organic chemistry with Dr. Mendez tomorrow morning. I can just print the form and ask her right after class. ADVISOR: Perfect. So here is what you need to do: download the Overload Petition Form from the registrar's website, get Dr. Mendez's signature, take it to the bursar's office to pay the fee—they will stamp the form to prove you paid—and then hand it in to the registrar before Friday's deadline. STUDENT: Great. Thank you so much, Mr. Davis! I'll get on that right away. [Q12] Why does the student go to see her academic advisor?

    Terjemahan

    NARATOR: Dengar perbualan antara seorang pelajar dan seorang penasihat akademik. PENASIHAT: Hai Sofia, apa yang boleh saya bantu hari ini? PELAJAR: Hai Encik Davis. Sebenarnya, saya menghadapi sedikit masalah dengan pendaftaran kursus saya untuk semester depan. Saya cuba menambah satu kelas—Pengenalan kepada Pengajian Muzium—tetapi sistem menyekat saya. Ia terus mengatakan saya telah mencapai had kredit maksimum saya. Saya sangat memerlukan kelas ini kerana ia hanya ditawarkan dua tahun sekali, dan saya sedang cuba melengkapkan pengajian minor Sejarah Seni bersama-sama dengan major Kimia saya. PENASIHAT: Ah, ya, sistem memang begitu. Pihak universiti mengehadkan pendaftaran sebanyak 18 kredit setiap semester. Kami berbuat demikian bagi memastikan pelajar tidak mengambil terlalu banyak bebanan akademik pada satu-satu masa. Berapakah jumlah kredit yang anda daftarkan sekarang? PELAJAR: Buat masa ini saya mempunyai 16 kredit, dan kelas Pengajian Muzium adalah 3 kredit... eh sekejap, sebenarnya saya berdaftar untuk 17 kredit disebabkan oleh makmal kimia saya, jadi penambahan kursus ini akan menjadikan jumlahnya 20 kredit. PENASIHAT: Ya, 20 kredit memang telah melebihi had. Untuk melepasi had 18 kredit, anda perlu menghantar Borang Petisyen Lebihan Kredit. Ia memerlukan tandatangan daripada ketua jabatan anda, dan, er, terdapat juga yuran pemprosesan sebanyak empat puluh lima dolar. PELAJAR: Oh, ya ke? Saya ada terdengar bahawa yuran tersebut dikecualikan untuk sesetengah pelajar. Adakah itu benar? PENASIHAT: Ya benar, tetapi hanya untuk pelajar yang mempunyai GPA terkumpul atau PNGK 3.8 ke atas. Biar saya semak rekod anda di sini... okay, saya lihat PNGK anda sekarang ialah 3.78. Sangat hampir, tetapi memandangkan ia sedikit di bawah had kelayakan, anda perlu membayar yuran tersebut di pejabat bendahari terlebih dahulu. PELAJAR: Ah, mengecewakan sungguh, tapi tidak mengapalah, saya boleh membayarnya. Cuma kebimbangan utama saya adalah tentang tandatangan ketua jabatan. Dr. Vance, ketua jabatan Kimia, sedang menghadiri persidangan di Geneva minggu ini. Beliau hanya akan kembali pada hari Isnin depan, tetapi bukankah tarikh akhir petisyen adalah pada hari Jumaat ini? PENASIHAT: Ya, tarikh akhir tersebut adalah ketat—Jumaat pada jam 5:00 petang. Pejabat pendaftar tidak akan menerima penyerahan lewat kerana mereka perlu memuktamadkan senarai nama pelajar bagi setiap kelas. Tetapi jangan risau, anda mempunyai beberapa pilihan. Dr. Vance biasanya cepat membalas e-mel, jadi anda boleh menghantar fail PDF kepadanya untuk ditandatangani secara elektronik. Namun lebih baik lagi, sepanjang ketiadaan beliau, timbalan ketua jabatan, Dr. Mendez, mempunyai kuasa untuk menandatangani petisyen jabatan. PELAJAR: Oh, syukurlah! Kebetulan saya ada kelas kimia organik dengan Dr. Mendez esok pagi. Saya boleh cetak borang tersebut dan meminta tandatangan beliau sejurus selepas kelas tamat. PENASIHAT: Bagus sekali. Jadi inilah yang perlu anda lakukan: muat turun Borang Petisyen Lebihan Kredit daripada laman web pejabat pendaftar, dapatkan tandatangan Dr. Mendez, bawa borang tersebut ke pejabat bendahari untuk membayar yuran—mereka akan mengecap borang tersebut sebagai bukti pembayaran—dan kemudian serahkannya kepada pejabat pendaftar sebelum tarikh akhir hari Jumaat. PELAJAR: Hebat. Terima kasih banyak-banyak, Encik Davis! Saya akan uruskannya sekarang juga.

  1. Soalan 13

    According to the advisor, why is the student ineligible for a fee waiver?

    • AShe is not enrolled in enough science courses this semester.
    • BHer cumulative grade point average is slightly below the required threshold.
    • CShe missed the early submission deadline for petition forms.
    • DShe has not yet declared her minor in Art History.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q12.) [Q13] According to the advisor, why is the student ineligible for a fee waiver?

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S12.) [S13] Menurut penasihat tersebut, mengapakah pelajar itu tidak layak mendapat pengecualian yuran?

  1. Soalan 14

    What can be inferred about the chemistry department head, Dr. Vance?

    • AHe has historically been reluctant to approve overload petitions.
    • BHe is teaching a course that the student is currently enrolled in.
    • CHe is currently unavailable to sign physical documents on campus.
    • DHe prefers to sign academic forms electronically rather than in person.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q12.) [Q14] What can be inferred about the chemistry department head, Dr. Vance?

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S12.) [S14] Apakah yang boleh disimpulkan tentang ketua jabatan kimia, Dr. Vance?

  1. Soalan 15

    Why does the advisor mention the registrar's office needing to finalize course rosters?

    • ATo warn the student that the Museum Studies class may already be full
    • BTo suggest that the student contact a different department for assistance
    • CTo justify the amount of the processing fee for the overload form
    • DTo explain why the deadline for submitting the petition is inflexible
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q12.) [Q15] Why does the advisor mention the registrar's office needing to finalize course rosters?

    Terjemahan

    Mengapakah penasihat tersebut menyatakan bahawa pejabat pendaftar perlu memuktamadkan senarai nama kursus?

  1. Soalan 16

    Why does the student say this:

    • ATo correct an error in her initial calculation of her credit total
    • BTo express frustration about the credit value of her chemistry lab
    • CTo convince the advisor that her course load is manageable
    • DTo double-check if lab courses count toward the semester limit
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q12.) [Replay: "Well, I have 16 credits right now, and the Museum Studies class is 3 credits... wait, actually, I'm enrolled in 17 credits because of my chemistry lab, so adding this course would put me at 20 credits."] [Q16] Why does the student say this:

    Terjemahan

    Sebenarnya, saya mempunyai 16 kredit buat masa ini, dan kelas Pengajian Muzium pula bernilai 3 kredit... eh sekejap, sebenarnya saya mendaftar untuk 17 kredit disebabkan oleh makmal kimia saya, jadi menambah kursus ini akan menjadikan jumlah kredit saya 20 kredit.

Lecture 2

  1. Soalan 17

    What is the lecture mainly about?

    • AThe physical stages of ice formation in rapid-flowing rivers and their ecological and geological effects.
    • BThe differences in freezing patterns between deep lakes and shallow streams.
    • CThe impact of radiative cooling on the survival of benthic organisms in high-latitude regions.
    • DHow mechanical forces in turbulent currents prevent the accumulation of sediment.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    NARRATOR: Listen to part of a lecture in an environmental science class. PROFESSOR: Okay, so today we're going to look at a rather unusual hydrological phenomenon that occurs in cold, fast-flowing rivers. Usually, when we think of a river freezing, we picture a sheet of ice gradually creeping out from the banks, eventually covering the surface. But in turbulent, rapid waters, the process is radically different, and it actually starts from the bottom up. This involves a sequence of ice formations known as frazil ice and anchor ice. PROFESSOR: First, let's talk about the thermodynamic trigger. For this to happen, the water has to undergo supercooling. This typically occurs on clear, windy nights when the river rapidly loses heat to the cold atmosphere through radiative cooling—uh, that's the loss of heat via thermal radiation into space. Now, supercooling refers to the process where a liquid's temperature drops slightly below its nominal freezing point—zero degrees Celsius for freshwater—without actually solidifying. In a calm lake, this might lead to a quick surface crust. But in a turbulent river, the constant churning prevents a solid sheet from forming. Instead, the supercooled water produces millions of microscopic, needle-like crystals. We call these tiny, suspended particles frazil ice. PROFESSOR: Because of their shape and physical properties, these frazil crystals are extremely sticky. They have a thin, active layer of liquid-like water on their surfaces, which makes them highly adhesive when they collide with sub-freezing solid objects. As they tumble through the turbulent current, they adhere to one another, forming slushy clusters. But more importantly, they adhere to the riverbed. When these sticky crystals attach to rocks, gravel, or vegetation at the bottom of the river, they accumulate into a dense, spongy mass called anchor ice. Yes, Tomas? STUDENT: Wait, so the ice actually grows on the riverbed? I thought ice was always less dense than liquid water, so shouldn't it just float to the top? PROFESSOR: That's a very logical question, Tomas. And you're absolutely right about density. Ice is inherently buoyant. However, the adhesive force—the mechanical grip of these sticky frazil crystals onto the cold, rocky substrate—is initially strong enough to overcome that upward buoyant force. It literally anchors the ice to the bottom. But here's where it gets interesting, and where the geomorphic impact comes in. PROFESSOR: As the anchor ice continues to grow, it accumulates more mass, and consequently, its buoyancy increases. Eventually, the upward buoyant force exceeds the adhesive bond holding it to the riverbed. Or, alternatively, the morning sun rises, warms the rocky bottom slightly, and releases the ice's grip. When that happens, the anchor ice detaches and floats to the surface. But it doesn't go up empty-handed. PROFESSOR: Because it was tightly bound to the riverbed, the rising ice sheet lifts whatever it was attached to—pebbles, heavy gravel, and even large rocks. This is a process geologists call ice rafting, which is the transport of riverbed materials by floating ice. In high-latitude rivers, like... well, portions of the Yukon River, this mechanism transports tons of coarse sediment miles downstream every single year, sediments that the normal water current would never be strong enough to move. PROFESSOR: So, what we see is a thermodynamic quirk—supercooling—driving a massive geological transport system. But there's also an ecological side to this. Anchor ice can completely blanket the riverbed, suffocating benthic organisms—that is, the small insects and larvae that live in the sediment. On the other hand, when the ice lifts off, it clears out accumulated fine silt, which actually helps keep the gravel clean for fish spawning in the spring. So, it's a double-edged sword, ecologically speaking. [Q17] What is the lecture mainly about?

    Terjemahan

    NARRATOR: Dengar bahagian daripada syarahan dalam kelas sains alam sekitar. PROFESOR: Baiklah, jadi hari ini kita akan melihat fenomena hidrologi yang agak luar biasa yang berlaku di sungai-sungai berarus deras dan sejuk. Kebiasaannya, apabila kita membayangkan sungai membeku, kita menggambarkan kepingan ais perlahan-lahan merebak dari tebing, dan akhirnya menutupi permukaan air. Namun, dalam air yang bergelora dan deras, proses ini amat berbeza, malah ia sebenarnya bermula dari dasar ke atas. Ini melibatkan satu urutan pembentukan ais yang dikenali sebagai ais frazil dan ais sauh. PROFESOR: Pertama sekali, mari kita bincangkan tentang pencetus termodinamik. Untuk perkara ini berlaku, air perlu melalui proses penyejukan lampau. Ini biasanya berlaku pada malam yang cerah dan berangin apabila sungai kehilangan haba dengan cepat ke atmosfera yang sejuk melalui penyejukan sinaran—iaitu kehilangan haba melalui sinaran terma ke angkasa lepas. Penyejukan lampau merujuk kepada proses di mana suhu cecair turun sedikit di bawah takat beku nominalnya—iaitu sifar darjah Celsius bagi air tawar—tanpa benar-benar membeku menjadi pepejal. Di tasik yang tenang, ini mungkin menghasilkan lapisan kerak permukaan dengan cepat. Tetapi di sungai yang bergelora, pergolakan air yang berterusan menghalang kepingan pepejal daripada terbentuk. Sebaliknya, air yang sejuk lampau itu menghasilkan berjuta-juta hablur halus seperti jarum yang mikroskopik. Kita memanggil zarah kecil yang terapung ini sebagai ais frazil. PROFESOR: Disebabkan oleh bentuk dan sifat fizikalnya, hablur frazil ini sangat melekit. Ia mempunyai lapisan nipis air seakan cecair yang aktif pada permukaannya, menjadikannya sangat mudah melekat apabila berlanggar dengan objek pepejal yang bersuhu di bawah takat beku. Semasa ia beralir melalui arus yang bergelora, ia melekat antara satu sama lain lalu membentuk gumpalan seperti bubur salji. Namun yang lebih penting, ia melekat pada dasar sungai. Apabila hablur yang melekit ini melekat pada batu, kerikil, atau tumbuhan di dasar sungai, ia terkumpul menjadi jisim padat yang berongga yang dipanggil ais sauh. Ya, Tomas? PELAJAR: Tunggu sebentar, jadi ais itu sebenarnya terbentuk di dasar sungai? Saya ingatkan ais sentiasa kurang tumpat daripada cecair air, jadi bukankah ia sepatutnya terapung ke atas? PROFESOR: Itu soalan yang sangat logik, Tomas. Dan anda sememangnya betul tentang ketumpatan. Ais sememangnya mempunyai daya apungan. Walau bagaimanapun, daya pelekat—iaitu cengkaman mekanikal hablur frazil yang melekit ini pada substrat berbatu yang sejuk—pada mulanya cukup kuat untuk mengatasi daya apungan ke atas itu. Ia secara harfiah menyauhkan ais tersebut ke dasar sungai. Tetapi di sinilah keadaan menjadi menarik, dan di sinilah kesan geomorfik bermula. PROFESOR: Sambil ais sauh terus membesar, jisimnya bertambah, dan akibatnya, daya apungannya juga meningkat. Akhirnya, daya apungan ke atas melebihi ikatan pelekat yang memegangnya pada dasar sungai. Sebagai alternatif, matahari pagi terbit, menghangatkan sedikit dasar berbatu, dan melepaskan cengkaman ais tersebut. Apabila itu berlaku, ais sauh akan tertanggal dan terapung ke permukaan. Namun, ia tidak naik dengan tangan kosong. PROFESOR: Kerana ia terikat kuat pada dasar sungai, kepingan ais yang naik itu mengangkat apa sahaja yang melekat padanya—batu kelikir, kerikil berat, malah batu yang besar. Ini adalah proses yang dipanggil oleh ahli geologi sebagai "ice rafting", iaitu pengangkutan bahan dasar sungai oleh ais yang terapung. Di sungai-sungai berlatitud tinggi, seperti... beberapa bahagian di Sungai Yukon, mekanisme ini mengangkut bertan-tan sedimen kasar berbatu-batu ke hilir sungai setiap tahun, iaitu sedimen yang tidak akan mampu dialihkan oleh arus air biasa. PROFESOR: Jadi, apa yang kita lihat ialah satu keanehan termodinamik—penyejukan lampau—yang memacu sistem pengangkutan geologi yang besar. Tetapi terdapat juga aspek ekologi dalam hal ini. Ais sauh boleh menutupi keseluruhan dasar sungai, melemaskan organisma bentik—iaitu serangga kecil dan larva yang hidup di dalam sedimen. Sebaliknya, apabila ais itu terangkat, ia membersihkan mendapan kelodak halus yang terkumpul, yang sebenarnya membantu memastikan kerikil bersih untuk ikan bertelur pada musim bunga. Jadi, dari segi ekologi, ia mempunyai kesan baik dan buruk.

  1. Soalan 18

    According to the professor, what environmental condition is necessary for supercooling to occur in a river?

    • AThe presence of pre-existing ice sheets along the banks to cool the current.
    • BA rapid drop in water temperature caused by clear, windy night conditions.
    • CA complete absence of turbulent current to allow the water to settle.
    • DHeavy sediment accumulation that insulates the riverbed.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q17.) [Q18] According to the professor, what environmental condition is necessary for supercooling to occur in a river?

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan Q17.) [Q18] Menurut profesor tersebut, apakah keadaan persekitaran yang diperlukan untuk penyejukan lampau berlaku di dalam sungai?

  1. Soalan 19

    Why does the professor mention the density of ice?

    • ATo explain why frazil ice crystals are able to form so rapidly in turbulent water.
    • BTo illustrate how radiative cooling affects different depths of a river.
    • CTo address a potential contradiction in how ice can remain at the bottom of a river.
    • DTo correct a misconception about the temperature at which water freezes.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q17.) [Q19] Why does the professor mention the density of ice?

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S17.) [S19] Mengapakah profesor tersebut menyebut tentang ketumpatan ais?

  1. Soalan 20

    What is the relationship between anchor ice detachment and sediment transport?

    • ADetached ice blocks the flow of the river, causing sediment to settle permanently on the riverbed.
    • BThe release of the ice releases fine silt, preventing larger rocks from being transported.
    • CDetached ice melts immediately upon rising, dropping sediment back onto its original location.
    • DThe detachment of ice carries heavy riverbed materials downstream that the current alone cannot move.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q17.) [Q20] What is the relationship between anchor ice detachment and sediment transport?

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S17.) [S20] Apakah hubungan antara pemisahan ais sauh dengan pengangkutan sedimen?

  1. Soalan 21

    What can be inferred about the ecological impact of anchor ice on a river ecosystem?

    • AIt has both harmful and beneficial consequences for the river's organisms.
    • BIt is entirely destructive because it permanently removes the gravel needed for fish spawning.
    • CIt primarily benefits benthic insects by protecting them from predatory fish.
    • DIt has little effect on the ecosystem because it only occurs during the day.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q17.) [Q21] What can be inferred about the ecological impact of anchor ice on a river ecosystem?

    Terjemahan

    (Berkongsi dengan S17.) [S21] Apakah yang boleh disimpulkan tentang kesan ekologi ais sauh terhadap ekosistem sungai?

  1. Soalan 22

    Why does the speaker say this:

    • ATo emphasize the high financial cost of river ice removal.
    • BTo introduce the idea that rising ice carries geological debris with it.
    • CTo suggest that the floating ice contains valuable mineral deposits.
    • DTo express surprise that the ice is able to detach from the riverbed.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q17.) [Replay: "But it doesn't go up empty-handed."] [Q22] Why does the speaker say this:

    Terjemahan

    Namun, ia tidak naik dengan tangan kosong.

Lecture 3

  1. Soalan 23

    What is the lecture mainly about?

    • AEvidence challenging the idea that the connection between words and meanings is entirely arbitrary.
    • BThe historical origins of Ferdinand de Saussure's theories on grammar.
    • CA comparison of how different cultures use onomatopoeia in everyday speech.
    • DThe evolutionary development of sensory organs in relation to language acquisition.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    NARRATOR: Listen to part of a lecture in a linguistics class. PROFESSOR: Good morning, everyone. Yesterday, we discussed Ferdinand de Saussure’s classic assertion that linguistic signs are arbitrary. That is, there’s no logical reason why the word "tree" represents a tall, leafy plant. The connection is purely conventional. But today, we’re diving into the counter-evidence: a field known as sound symbolism, or phonosemantics. This is the idea that vocal sounds themselves can carry intrinsic meaning, mapping directly onto physical properties in the real world. PROFESSOR: Now, you might think of onomatopoeia—words like "buzz" or "hiss" that mimic actual sounds. But sound symbolism goes much deeper. Consider what linguists call phonaesthemes. A phonaestheme is a specific sound sequence that is systematically coupled with a particular meaning, even though it doesn't function as a formal prefix or suffix. In English, a classic—sorry, a particularly vivid example is the "gl-" cluster. Think about words like "glow," "gleam," "glimmer," "glisten," and "glitter." They all share this "gl-" sound, and they all have to do with light or vision. It’s not a coincidence; it's a sub-morphemic pattern that our brains naturally group together. STUDENT: Excuse me, Professor. How is a phonaestheme different from regular onomatopoeia? Don't they both just connect sounds to things? PROFESSOR: That's a fair question, Tomas. Onomatopoeia is purely acoustic imitation. The word "buzz" sounds like the noise a bee makes. But a phonaestheme like "gl-" doesn't sound like light. Light doesn't make a sound! Instead, it’s a cross-modal mapping—our minds link an auditory sensation, the "gl-" sound, with a visual sensation, light. Another example is "sn-" in English: "snout," "snarl," "snort," "sniff," "sneeze." These aren't imitating noises; they are physically anchored to the nose or mouth. PROFESSOR: Now, let's take this a step further. In many languages, sound symbolism is highly grammaticalized through a class of words called ideophones. Ideophones are words that depict sensory imagery—not just sound, but also movement, texture, shape, or even psychological states. In English, we have very few, but in languages like Japanese or Basque, they are incredibly expressive. For instance, in Japanese, "goro-goro" depicts a heavy object rolling, while "pika-pika" represents something sparkling or shining. These aren't just informal slang; they are fully integrated into the vocabulary. PROFESSOR: For a long time, mainstream linguistics dismissed ideophones as exotic quirks. But recent cognitive experiments have challenged this. In one landmark study, researchers presented native English speakers, who had absolutely no knowledge of Japanese, with pairs of Japanese ideophones—say, "kasa-kasa" and "beta-beta"—and asked them to guess which one meant "dry" and which meant "sticky." If language were entirely arbitrary, the participants' accuracy should have been around fifty percent, right? Just random guessing. PROFESSOR: But... well, the results were astonishing. Participants consistently guessed the correct meanings at a rate significantly higher than chance. This suggests that certain phonetic features—like the contrast between soft, continuous consonant sounds and harsh, abrupt ones—have an intuitive, universal resonance. Our brains are naturally wired to associate certain acoustic patterns with specific tactile or visual qualities. So, while Saussure wasn't entirely wrong—after all, we still have to learn that "tree" means tree—the absolute arbitrariness of language is, uh, let's say, a bit of an oversimplification. We have this deep, evolutionary layer of sound-meaning mapping that we are only just beginning to fully investigate. [Q23] What is the lecture mainly about?

    Terjemahan

    PENCERITA: Dengar sebahagian daripada syarahan dalam kelas linguistik. PROFESOR: Selamat pagi, semua. Semalam, kita telah membincangkan dakwaan klasik Ferdinand de Saussure bahawa tanda linguistik adalah arbitrari. Iaitu, tiada sebab yang logik mengapa perkataan "tree" mewakili tumbuhan yang tinggi dan berdaun. Hubungan tersebut hanyalah secara konvensional semata-mata. Namun hari ini, kita akan menerokai bukti sebaliknya: satu bidang yang dikenali sebagai simbolisme bunyi (sound symbolism), atau fonosemantik (phonosemantics). Ini adalah idea bahawa bunyi vokal itu sendiri boleh membawa makna intrinsik, yang dipetakan secara langsung kepada sifat fizikal dalam dunia nyata. PROFESOR: Sekarang, anda mungkin terfikir tentang onomatopia—perkataan seperti "buzz" atau "hiss" yang meniru bunyi sebenar. Tetapi simbolisme bunyi adalah jauh lebih mendalam. Fikirkan tentang apa yang dipanggil oleh ahli linguistik sebagai fonestem (phonaesthemes). Fonestem ialah jujukan bunyi khusus yang digabungkan secara sistematik dengan makna tertentu, walaupun ia tidak berfungsi sebagai awalan atau akhiran rasmi. Dalam bahasa Inggeris, contoh yang klasik—maaf, contoh yang sangat jelas ialah kelompok "gl-". Fikirkan tentang perkataan seperti "glow," "gleam," "glimmer," "glisten," dan "glitter." Kesemuanya berkongsi bunyi "gl-" ini, dan kesemuanya mempunyai kaitan dengan cahaya atau penglihatan. Ini bukan satu kebetulan; ia adalah corak sub-morfemik yang dikelompokkan secara semula jadi oleh otak kita. PELAJAR: Maafkan saya, Profesor. Apakah perbezaan antara fonestem dengan onomatopia biasa? Bukankah kedua-duanya hanya menghubungkan bunyi dengan perkara tertentu? PROFESOR: Itu soalan yang bagus, Tomas. Onomatopia adalah peniruan akustik semata-mata. Perkataan "buzz" berbunyi seperti bunyi yang dihasilkan oleh lebah. Tetapi fonestem seperti "gl-" tidak berbunyi seperti cahaya. Cahaya tidak mengeluarkan bunyi! Sebaliknya, ia adalah pemetaan merentasi modal (cross-modal mapping)—minda kita menghubungkan sensasi pendengaran, iaitu bunyi "gl-", dengan sensasi penglihatan, iaitu cahaya. Satu lagi contoh ialah "sn-" dalam bahasa Inggeris: "snout," "snarl," "snort," "sniff," "sneeze." Perkataan ini tidak meniru bunyi; ia dikaitkan secara fizikal dengan hidung atau mulut. PROFESOR: Sekarang, mari kita pergi selangkah lebih jauh. Dalam banyak bahasa, simbolisme bunyi sangat digramatiskan melalui kelas perkataan yang dipanggil ideofon (ideophones). Ideofon ialah perkataan yang menggambarkan imejan deria—bukan sahaja bunyi, tetapi juga pergerakan, tekstur, bentuk, atau keadaan psikologi. Dalam bahasa Inggeris, kita mempunyai sangat sedikit contoh, tetapi dalam bahasa seperti Jepun atau Basque, ia sangat ekspresif. Sebagai contoh, dalam bahasa Jepun, "goro-goro" menggambarkan objek berat yang bergolek, manakala "pika-pika" mewakili sesuatu yang berkilau atau bersinar. Ini bukan sekadar slanga tidak rasmi; ia disepadukan sepenuhnya ke dalam perbendaharaan kata. PROFESOR: Untuk sekian lama, linguistik arus perdana mengetepikan ideofon sebagai keunikan yang asing. Namun, eksperimen kognitif baru-baru ini telah mencabar pandangan ini. Dalam satu kajian mercu tanda, para penyelidik membentangkan pasangan ideofon Jepun—contohnya, "kasa-kasa" dan "beta-beta"—kepada penutur asli bahasa Inggeris yang langsung tidak mempunyai pengetahuan tentang bahasa Jepun, dan meminta mereka meneka perkataan yang mana bermaksud "kering" dan yang mana bermaksud "melekit." Jika bahasa itu semata-mata arbitrari, ketepatan peserta sepatutnya berada pada kadar sekitar lima puluh peratus, bukan? Hanya tekaan rawak. PROFESOR: Tetapi... hasilnya sangat menakjubkan. Peserta secara konsisten meneka makna yang betul pada kadar yang jauh lebih tinggi daripada jangkaan rawak. Ini menunjukkan bahawa ciri fonetik tertentu—seperti perbezaan antara bunyi konsonan yang lembut dan berterusan dengan bunyi konsonan yang kasar dan terputus-putus—mempunyai resonans universal yang intuitif. Otak kita secara semula jadi dipasang untuk mengaitkan corak akustik tertentu dengan kualiti sentuhan atau visual yang spesifik. Jadi, walaupun Saussure tidak salah sepenuhnya—kerana kita masih perlu belajar bahawa "tree" bermaksud pokok—keadaan arbitrari mutlak dalam bahasa adalah, boleh dikatakan, agak terlalu dipermudahkan. Kita mempunyai lapisan evolusi pemetaan bunyi-makna yang mendalam ini yang baru sahaja kita mula siasat sepenuhnya.

  1. Soalan 24

    According to the professor, what distinguishes phonaesthemes from onomatopoeia?

    • APhonaesthemes are only found in non-Western languages, whereas onomatopoeia is universal.
    • BPhonaesthemes do not imitate actual sounds but instead link sounds to non-auditory sensations.
    • CPhonaesthemes rely on visual symbols rather than spoken vocal sounds.
    • DPhonaesthemes are formal prefixes that can be attached to any root word.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q23.) [Q24] According to the professor, what distinguishes phonaesthemes from onomatopoeia?

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi bersama S23.) [S24] Menurut profesor tersebut, apakah yang membezakan fonestem daripada onomatopia?

  1. Soalan 25 (pilih semua yang berkenaan)

    In the study involving Japanese ideophones, what two outcomes or conditions were observed? Choose 2 answers.

    • AThe participants had no prior exposure to the Japanese language.
    • BThe participants were asked to write down their own definitions of the words.
    • CThe accuracy rate of the participants was significantly higher than fifty percent.
    • DParticipants performed poorly when tested on words related to physical textures.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q23.) [Q25] In the study involving Japanese ideophones, what two outcomes or conditions were observed? Choose 2 answers.

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S23.) [S25] Dalam kajian yang melibatkan ideofon bahasa Jepun, apakah dua hasil atau keadaan yang diperhatikan? Pilih 2 jawapan.

  1. Soalan 26

    Why does the professor discuss the English consonant cluster 'gl-'?

    • ATo argue that English has a more advanced vocabulary for light than other languages.
    • BTo demonstrate how prefixes and suffixes alter the meanings of root words.
    • CTo illustrate how a specific sound sequence can be systematically associated with a visual concept.
    • DTo correct a common misconception about the origin of the word 'glitter'.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q23.) [Q26] Why does the professor discuss the English consonant cluster 'gl-'?

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S23.) [S26] Mengapakah profesor membincangkan gugusan konsonan bahasa Inggeris 'gl-'?

  1. Soalan 27

    What does the professor imply about the traditional linguistic view of language arbitrariness?

    • AIt has been completely disproven and is no longer taught in introductory courses.
    • BIt was originally proposed to explain ideophones in non-Indo-European languages.
    • CIt is only accurate when applied to modern written languages rather than spoken ones.
    • DIt fails to account for a deeply rooted, biological aspect of human cognition.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q23.) [Q27] What does the professor imply about the traditional linguistic view of language arbitrariness?

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S23.) [S27] Apakah yang diimplikasikan oleh profesor tentang pandangan linguistik tradisional mengenai sifat arbitrari bahasa (language arbitrariness)?

  1. Soalan 28

    Why does the speaker say this:

    • ATo emphasize that the findings strongly contradicted the prediction made by traditional theories.
    • BTo express genuine confusion about the methodology used in the study.
    • CTo apologize for presenting a study that had not yet been peer-reviewed.
    • DTo suggest that the participants in the study had cheated on the test.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q23.) [Replay: "But... well, the results were astonishing."] [Q28] Why does the speaker say this:

    Terjemahan

    (Berkongsi dengan S23.) [Main semula: "But... well, the results were astonishing."] [S28] Mengapakah penutur berkata sedemikian:

Kertas soalan serupa