TOEFL · Pendengaran · 28 soalan

Ujian Latihan TOEFL Pendengaran 5

Ujian percubaan pendengaran dan bacaan yang asli, berdasarkan format TOEFL iBT yang diterbitkan.

Ini ialah ujian latihan asli yang ditulis oleh Loopy berdasarkan format yang diterbitkan. Ia bukan ujian rasmi ETS.

TOEIC® dan TOEFL® ialah tanda dagangan berdaftar ETS. IELTS dimiliki bersama oleh British Council, IDP dan Cambridge English. Ujian latihan Loopy dihasilkan sendiri dan tidak bergabung dengan atau disokong oleh organisasi-organisasi ini.

Audio ujian penuh

Conversation 1

  1. Soalan 1

    Why does the student go to see the professor?

    • ATo discuss narrowing down her research paper topic.
    • BTo ask for an extension on the five-page paper.
    • CTo find out if she can submit her proposal by email.
    • DTo get help finding scientific sources about ocean pollution.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    NARRATOR: Listen to a conversation between a student and a professor. STUDENT: Hi, Professor. Thanks for meeting with me during your office hours. I wanted to talk about our upcoming research paper for Environmental Science 101. PROFESSOR: Of course, Sofia. Come on in. What is on your mind? Are you having trouble finding sources? STUDENT: Well, no, not exactly. My original topic was... uh, it was about ocean plastic pollution. But when I started researching, I realized it is just too big of a topic. I cannot cover all of that in a short paper. Remember, you said the paper has a strict limit of exactly five pages. PROFESSOR: Yes, that is correct. Five pages is the maximum. It forces you to focus your research. So, how do you plan to narrow it down? STUDENT: I was thinking of changing my topic to microplastics in local freshwater lakes. Specifically, how they affect freshwater algae. I found a few great studies on our local lake, Lake Erie. PROFESSOR: That is an excellent adjustment. Focusing on freshwater algae in a specific local context is much more manageable for a five-page paper. It allows you to write a detailed analysis rather than just a general summary. STUDENT: Great! I was worried it might be too narrow. But there is another thing. The deadline to submit our paper topic proposals is this Friday at five p.m., right? PROFESSOR: Yes, Friday at five p.m. is the deadline. STUDENT: Since I am changing my topic, do I need to submit a completely new proposal form, or can I just email you the new topic description? PROFESSOR: Since you are changing the core subject, you should fill out a new proposal form and upload it to our class website. It only takes a few minutes, and it helps me keep all students' topics organized in one place. STUDENT: Okay, I will do that tonight. Thank you so much for your help, Professor! PROFESSOR: You are very welcome, Sofia. I look forward to reading your proposal. [Q1] Why does the student go to see the professor?

    Terjemahan

    PENCERITA: Dengar perbualan antara seorang pelajar dengan seorang profesor. PELAJAR: Hai, Profesor. Terima kasih kerana sudi berjumpa dengan saya semasa waktu rundingan pejabat anda. Saya ingin berbincang tentang tugasan kertas kajian yang akan datang untuk kursus Sains Alam Sekitar 101. PROFESOR: Sama-sama, Sofia. Masuklah. Ada apa yang boleh saya bantu? Adakah awak menghadapi masalah mencari sumber rujukan? PELAJAR: Eh, tidak, bukan begitu. Topik asal saya... um, adalah tentang pencemaran plastik di lautan. Tetapi apabila saya mula membuat kajian, saya sedar topik itu terlalu luas. Saya tidak dapat membincangkan semuanya dalam kertas kajian yang pendek. Lagipun, Profesor ada beritahu bahawa kertas kajian ini mempunyai had ketat iaitu tepat lima halaman sahaja. PROFESOR: Ya, betul. Maksimum lima halaman sahaja. Had ini bertujuan untuk memaksa awak fokus pada kajian awak. Jadi, bagaimana rancangan awak untuk mengecilkan skop topik tersebut? PELAJAR: Saya bercadang untuk menukar topik saya kepada mikroplastik di tasik air tawar tempatan. Khususnya, bagaimana ia menjejaskan alga air tawar. Saya ada menemui beberapa kajian yang bagus tentang tasik tempatan kita, Tasik Erie. PROFESOR: Itu satu penyesuaian yang sangat baik. Memfokuskan kepada alga air tawar dalam konteks tempatan yang khusus adalah jauh lebih mudah diurus untuk kertas kajian setebal lima halaman. Ini membolehkan awak menulis analisis yang terperinci berbanding sekadar ringkasan umum. PELAJAR: Baguslah! Saya bimbang jika skopnya terlalu sempit. Tetapi ada satu perkara lagi. Tarikh akhir untuk menghantar cadangan topik kertas kajian adalah pada hari Jumaat ini jam lima petang, betul kan? PROFESOR: Ya, Jumaat jam lima petang ialah tarikh akhirnya. PELAJAR: Memandangkan saya menukar topik, adakah saya perlu menghantar borang cadangan yang baharu sepenuhnya, atau bolehkah saya e-melkan sahaja huraian topik baharu itu kepada profesor? PROFESOR: Oleh sebab awak menukar subjek teras, awak perlu mengisi borang cadangan yang baharu dan memuat naiknya ke laman web kelas kita. Ia hanya mengambil masa beberapa minit, dan ini membantu saya memastikan semua topik pelajar tersusun di satu tempat. PELAJAR: Baiklah, saya akan buat malam ini. Terima kasih banyak-banyak atas bantuan profesor! PROFESOR: Sama-sama, Sofia. Saya tidak sabar untuk membaca cadangan awak.

  1. Soalan 2

    According to the professor, what is the benefit of the five-page limit?

    • AIt allows students to write a general summary of a broad topic.
    • BIt encourages students to make their research more focused.
    • CIt makes it easier for him to grade the papers quickly.
    • DIt matches the length of most scientific journal articles.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q1.) [Q2] According to the professor, what is the benefit of the five-page limit?

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi bersama S1.) [S2] Menurut profesor tersebut, apakah manfaat had lima muka surat itu?

  1. Soalan 3

    What does the professor ask the student to do in order to change her topic?

    • ASend him an email with the new topic description.
    • BWait until the Friday deadline has passed to submit.
    • CSubmit a new proposal form on the course website.
    • DFind more sources about ocean plastic pollution.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q1.) [Q3] What does the professor ask the student to do in order to change her topic?

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S1.) [S3] Apakah yang diminta oleh profesor untuk dilakukan oleh pelajar tersebut bagi menukar topiknya?

  1. Soalan 4

    What can be inferred about the student's new topic?

    • AIt has never been studied by environmental scientists before.
    • BIt will require her to collect water samples from Lake Erie.
    • CIt is too narrow to find enough high-quality sources.
    • DIt is more suitable for the assignment's length than her first topic.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q1.) [Q4] What can be inferred about the student's new topic?

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S1.) [S4] Apakah yang boleh disimpulkan tentang topik baharu pelajar tersebut?

  1. Soalan 5

    Why does the student say this: "Remember, you said the paper has a strict limit of exactly five pages."

    • ATo explain why her original topic is not practical.
    • BTo complain about the difficulty of the assignment.
    • CTo request permission to write a longer paper.
    • DTo confirm the exact formatting rules for her bibliography.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q1.) [Replay: "Remember, you said the paper has a strict limit of exactly five pages."] [Q5] Why does the student say this: "Remember, you said the paper has a strict limit of exactly five pages."

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S1.) [Main semula: "Remember, you said the paper has a strict limit of exactly five pages."] [S5] Mengapakah pelajar tersebut berkata begini: "Remember, you said the paper has a strict limit of exactly five pages."

Lecture 1

  1. Soalan 6

    What is the lecture mainly about?

    • AA mutually beneficial relationship between plants and ants.
    • BHow an invasive ant species threatens native plant communities.
    • CThe nutritional composition of seed appendages.
    • DWhy certain plants are adapted to survive wildfires.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    NARRATOR: Listen to part of a lecture in a biology class. PROFESSOR: Today, we're going to look at a fascinating mutualistic relationship between plants and insects. Specifically, we'll focus on a process called myrmecochory. That's M-Y-R-M-E-C-O-C-H-O-R-Y, myrmecochory, which is a term for seed dispersal by ants. Now, you might wonder why a plant would rely on ants, which are relatively small and don't travel very far compared to, say, birds or the wind. But as we'll see, this localized dispersal has some incredible evolutionary advantages. PROFESSOR: So, how do plants convince ants to do the heavy lifting? They do it by producing seeds with a specialized structure called an elaiosome. An elaiosome is a fleshy, nutrient-rich appendage attached to the outside of the seed coat. It’s packed with lipids, proteins, and essential vitamins. To an ant, this is basically a high-energy feast. Sofia, yes, go ahead with your question. STUDENT: Professor, so the ants eat the elaiosomes, but doesn't that process end up damaging the actual seed? PROFESSOR: That's a logical question, Sofia. But here’s the neat part: the ants don't actually eat the seed itself. They carry the whole package—the seed with the elaiosome attached—back to their underground nest. Once they're safely inside, they feed the nutritious elaiosome to their larvae. The seed itself, which has a hard, protective casing, remains completely undamaged. After the elaiosome is consumed, the ants discard the intact seed in their nest's refuse chamber. This chamber is basically the colony's garbage dump, where they pile up organic waste and dead insects. PROFESSOR: Now, think about this environment. For a seed, this underground waste pile is an absolute goldmine. It's rich in nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus, which are crucial for plant growth. Plus, because the seed is buried deep underground, it's safe from seed predators, like mice or birds, which would love to eat it. And, perhaps most importantly in fire-prone ecosystems like the Australian bush or the Mediterranean, being buried protects the seeds from the intense heat of wildfires. PROFESSOR: Let's look at an example. In the fynbos shrublands of South Africa, over a thousand plant species rely on myrmecochory. Scientists have done experiments where they excluded ants from certain plots of land. What they found was quite dramatic: without the ants to bury the seeds, almost all the seeds were eaten by rodents within a few days. And of the few that survived, almost none grew into mature plants because they couldn't survive the seasonal brushfires that regularly sweep through the region. PROFESSOR: But there is a catch. This system is highly vulnerable to invasive species. For instance, when invasive Argentine ants move into an area, they often displace the native ant species. These Argentine ants are small and aggressive, but they don't have the same seed-dispersal behavior. They'll eat the elaiosome... wait, sorry, they'll eat the elaiosome right there on the soil surface without moving the seed to an underground nest. Consequently, the seeds are left exposed to predators and fires, which can completely disrupt the plant community's regeneration. [Q6] What is the lecture mainly about?

    Terjemahan

    NARATOR: Dengar sebahagian daripada kuliah dalam kelas biologi. PROFESOR: Hari ini, kita akan melihat hubungan mutualisme yang menarik antara tumbuhan dan serangga. Khususnya, kita akan memberikan tumpuan kepada proses yang dipanggil mirmekokori. Ejaannya ialah M-Y-R-M-E-C-O-C-H-O-R-Y, mirmekokori, iaitu istilah bagi penyebaran biji benih oleh semut. Sekarang, anda mungkin tertanya-tanya mengapa tumbuhan perlu bergantung pada semut, yang saiznya agak kecil dan tidak bergerak sangat jauh berbanding dengan, katakanlah, burung atau angin. Tetapi seperti yang akan kita lihat, penyebaran setempat ini mempunyai beberapa kelebihan evolusi yang luar biasa. PROFESOR: Jadi, bagaimanakah tumbuhan meyakinkan semut untuk melakukan kerja yang berat ini? Mereka melakukannya dengan menghasilkan biji benih dengan struktur khusus yang dipanggil elaiosom. Elaiosom ialah apendaj berisi dan kaya dengan nutrien yang melekat pada bahagian luar kulit biji benih. Ia padat dengan lipid, protein dan vitamin penting. Bagi semut, ini pada dasarnya adalah hidangan bertenaga tinggi. Sofia, ya, sila kemukakan soalan anda. PELAJAR: Profesor, jadi semut memakan elaiosom tersebut, tetapi tidakkah proses itu akhirnya merosakkan biji benih yang sebenar? PROFESOR: Itu soalan yang logik, Sofia. Tetapi ini bahagian yang menarik: semut sebenarnya tidak memakan biji benih itu sendiri. Mereka membawa seluruh pakej itu—biji benih dengan elaiosom yang melekat padanya—kembali ke sarang bawah tanah mereka. Sebaik sahaja berada di dalam dengan selamat, mereka memberi makan elaiosom yang berkhasiat itu kepada larva mereka. Biji benih itu sendiri, yang mempunyai selongsong perlindungan yang keras, kekal langsung tidak rosak. Selepas elaiosom dimakan, semut membuang biji benih yang utuh itu ke dalam kebuk sampah sarang mereka. Kebuk ini pada dasarnya adalah tempat pembuangan sampah koloni, di mana mereka menimbun sisa organik dan serangga mati. PROFESOR: Sekarang, fikirkan tentang persekitaran ini. Bagi biji benih, timbunan sisa bawah tanah ini adalah "lombong emas" yang sebenar. Ia kaya dengan nutrien seperti nitrogen dan fosforus, yang penting untuk pertumbuhan tumbuhan. Selain itu, kerana biji benih itu tertimbus jauh di dalam tanah, ia selamat daripada pemangsa biji benih, seperti tikus atau burung, yang sangat suka memakannya. Dan, yang mungkin paling penting dalam ekosistem yang mudah terbakar seperti kawasan semak di Australia atau Mediterranean, tindakan tertimbus di dalam tanah melindungi biji benih daripada haba melampau kebakaran liar. PROFESOR: Mari kita lihat satu contoh. Di kawasan belukar fynbos di Afrika Selatan, lebih daripada seribu spesies tumbuhan bergantung pada mirmekokori. Saintis telah menjalankan eksperimen dengan menghalang semut daripada memasuki plot tanah tertentu. Apa yang mereka dapati adalah agak dramatik: tanpa semut untuk menimbus biji benih, hampir semua biji benih dimakan oleh haiwan pengerat dalam masa beberapa hari sahaja. Dan daripada sebilangan kecil yang terselamat, hampir tiada yang tumbuh menjadi tumbuhan matang kerana tidak dapat bertahan daripada kebakaran belukar bermusim yang kerap melanda wilayah tersebut. PROFESOR: Tetapi ada cabarannya. Sistem ini sangat terdedah kepada spesies penceroboh. Sebagai contoh, apabila semut Argentina yang penceroboh berpindah ke sesuatu kawasan, mereka sering menyingkirkan spesies semut tempatan. Semut Argentina ini bersaiz kecil dan agresif, tetapi mereka tidak mempunyai tingkah laku penyebaran biji benih yang sama. Mereka akan memakan elaiosom... maaf, mereka akan memakan elaiosom itu di atas permukaan tanah tanpa memindahkan biji benih ke sarang bawah tanah. Akibatnya, biji benih terbiar terdedah kepada pemangsa dan kebakaran, yang boleh mengganggu sepenuhnya pertumbuhan semula komuniti tumbuhan.

  1. Soalan 7

    According to the professor, what is the primary function of an elaiosome?

    • ATo protect the seed coat from being damaged by wildfires.
    • BTo attract ants by offering a highly nutritious food source.
    • CTo provide nutrients that help the seed germinate in the nest.
    • DTo repel rodents and other potential seed predators.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q6.) [Q7] According to the professor, what is the primary function of an elaiosome?

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S6.) [S7] Menurut profesor tersebut, apakah fungsi utama elaiosom?

  1. Soalan 8 (pilih semua yang berkenaan)

    According to the professor, what are two benefits that seeds gain from being discarded in an ant colony's waste chamber? Choose 2 answers.

    • AAccess to soil that is highly concentrated in essential nutrients.
    • BImmediate exposure to sunlight after germination.
    • CProtection from being consumed by forest rodents.
    • DReduced competition with other seeds of the same species.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q6.) [Q8] According to the professor, what are two benefits that seeds gain from being discarded in an ant colony's waste chamber? Choose 2 answers.

    Terjemahan

    (Berkongsi dengan S6.) [S8] Menurut profesor tersebut, apakah dua manfaat yang diperoleh oleh benih apabila dibuang di dalam kebuk sisa koloni semut? Pilih 2 jawapan.

  1. Soalan 9

    Why does the professor mention the experiment conducted in the South African fynbos?

    • ATo illustrate the devastating impact of invasive ant species on local ecosystems.
    • BTo prove that wind dispersal is less effective than insect dispersal.
    • CTo provide evidence of the survival advantages that ants provide to certain plants.
    • DTo explain how wildfires can trigger the germination of buried seeds.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q6.) [Q9] Why does the professor mention the experiment conducted in the South African fynbos?

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S6.) [S9] Mengapakah profesor menyebut tentang eksperimen yang dijalankan di fynbos Afrika Selatan?

  1. Soalan 10

    According to the professor, how do invasive Argentine ants affect the plants that rely on myrmecochory?

    • AThey destroy the seeds by consuming the entire seed coat.
    • BThey block the entrances to the underground waste chambers of native ants.
    • CThey introduce harmful fungal pathogens to the plant's root systems.
    • DThey consume the nutrient-rich appendages without burying the seeds.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q6.) [Q10] According to the professor, how do invasive Argentine ants affect the plants that rely on myrmecochory?

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S6.) [S10] Menurut profesor tersebut, bagaimanakah semut Argentina yang invasif menjejaskan tumbuhan yang bergantung pada mirmekokori?

  1. Soalan 11

    Why does the speaker say this:

    • ATo clarify that the relationship does not result in harm to the plant's offspring.
    • BTo point out a common misconception about the diet of native ants.
    • CTo emphasize the physical strength required for ants to transport heavy seeds.
    • DTo suggest that seeds are too large for ants to consume on their own.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q6.) [Replay: "But here’s the neat part: the ants don't actually eat the seed itself. They carry the whole package—the seed with the elaiosome attached—back to their underground nest."] [Q11] Why does the speaker say this:

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S6.) [Main semula: "Namun, ini perkara yang menarik: semut sebenarnya tidak memakan biji benih itu sendiri. Mereka membawa keseluruhan pakej—biji benih dengan elaiosom yang melekat padanya—kembali ke sarang bawah tanah mereka."]

Conversation 2

  1. Soalan 12

    Why does the student go to see the staff member?

    • ATo resolve an issue regarding her graduation eligibility.
    • BTo appeal a failing grade she received in an internship course.
    • CTo ask for an extension on a deadline for her environmental studies class.
    • DTo request a physical copy of her official academic transcript.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    NARRATOR: Listen to a conversation between a student and a university registrar staff member. SOFIA: Hi, um, I'm sorry to bother you, but I'm having a bit of a crisis with my graduation audit. My name is Sofia, by the way. STAFF: Hello, Sofia. No need to apologize, that's what we're here for. What seems to be the issue with your graduation audit? SOFIA: Well, I logged into the student portal this morning to make sure everything was set for graduation next semester. But under my major requirements—I'm majoring in Environmental Studies—there's a red flag. It says I'm missing three credits of experiential learning. But I actually did a full-time internship at the local wildlife sanctuary last summer, which is supposed to count for exactly that. STAFF: Okay, let me look up your record. Sofia... yes, here it is. I see your coursework, but you're right, the experiential learning requirement is still marked as unfulfilled. Did you register the internship under the course code ENV 398? SOFIA: Yes, I did. I enrolled in the class, paid the tuition for it, and completed all the weekly journal entries. My faculty advisor even gave me a passing grade. Or, well, a "Satisfactory" grade, since it's a pass/fail class. STAFF: Ah, I see the "S" grade on your academic transcript. However, for experiential learning courses, the Registrar's Office requires a separate document called the Internship Validation Form. It has to be signed by your external supervisor at the sanctuary, confirming you completed the required eighty hours. Until we receive that form, the system won't release those three credits toward your graduation total. SOFIA: Oh, no. I remember my supervisor, Dr. Ramirez, signed that form on my last day. She emailed it to me as a PDF. I thought... well, I thought my faculty advisor would submit it, or that the grade itself was enough. STAFF: It's a very common misunderstanding. Faculty advisors track the academic side—like your journals—but our office needs the physical or digital validation form to satisfy the administrative requirement. SOFIA: Okay, so if I have the signed PDF on my laptop, what do I need to do? Can I just email it to you? STAFF: Actually, you have to upload it directly through the Graduation Deficiency Resolution portal on our website. That automatically links it to your pending audit. Just be sure to do it before the graduation clearing deadline, which is this coming Friday at five p.m. If it's not in the system by then, your graduation date will be pushed back to the summer term. SOFIA: Oh, wow, that would be a disaster. My family already booked their travel for the spring ceremony! I will upload that PDF as soon as I get back to my dorm room. Thank you so much for clearing this up. STAFF: You're welcome, Sofia. Once you upload it, give it about twenty-four hours to update. If the red flag is still there by Thursday morning, give us a call. [Q12] Why does the student go to see the staff member?

    Terjemahan

    PENCERITA: Dengar perbualan antara seorang pelajar dan seorang kakitangan pejabat pendaftar universiti. SOFIA: Hai, um, maaf mengganggu, tetapi saya menghadapi sedikit masalah dengan audit graduasi saya. Nama saya Sofia. STAFF: Halo, Sofia. Tidak perlu minta maaf, itu memang tugas kami di sini. Apakah masalah dengan audit graduasi awak? SOFIA: Begini, saya log masuk ke portal pelajar pagi ini untuk memastikan semua perkara sudah sedia untuk graduasi semester depan. Tetapi di bawah keperluan major saya—saya mengambil major Pengajian Alam Sekitar—ada tanda amaran merah. Ia menyatakan saya kekurangan tiga kredit pembelajaran berasaskan pengalaman. Namun, sebenarnya saya telah menjalani latihan industri sepenuh masa di pusat perlindungan hidupan liar tempatan pada musim panas lepas, yang sepatutnya dikira untuk memenuhi keperluan tersebut. STAFF: Baik, biarkan saya semak rekod awak. Sofia... ya, ini dia. Saya nampak kerja kursus awak, tetapi awak betul, keperluan pembelajaran berasaskan pengalaman masih ditandakan sebagai belum dipenuhi. Adakah awak mendaftarkan latihan industri tersebut di bawah kod kursus ENV 398? SOFIA: Ya, saya daftar. Saya mendaftar dalam kelas tersebut, membayar yuran pengajiannya, dan melengkapkan semua catatan jurnal mingguan. Penasihat fakulti saya pun telah memberikan gred lulus. Atau, sebenarnya, gred "Memuaskan", memandangkan ia kelas lulus/gagal. STAFF: Ah, saya nampak gred "S" pada transkrip akademik awak. Bagaimanapun, untuk kursus pembelajaran berasaskan pengalaman, Pejabat Pendaftar memerlukan dokumen berasingan yang dipanggil Borang Pengesahan Latihan Industri. Ia perlu ditandatangani oleh penyelia luar awak di pusat perlindungan tersebut, bagi mengesahkan awak telah melengkapkan lapan puluh jam yang diperlukan. Selagi kami tidak menerima borang tersebut, sistem tidak akan memasukkan tiga kredit itu ke dalam jumlah keseluruhan graduasi awak. SOFIA: Oh, tidak. Saya ingat penyelia saya, Dr. Ramirez, ada menandatangani borang itu pada hari terakhir saya. Beliau menghantarnya kepada saya melalui e-mel dalam format PDF. Saya fikir... saya fikir penasihat fakulti saya yang akan menyerahkannya, atau gred itu sendiri sudah mencukupi. STAFF: Itu salah faham yang sangat biasa berlaku. Penasihat fakulti memantau aspek akademik—seperti jurnal awak—tetapi pejabat kami memerlukan borang pengesahan fizikal atau digital untuk memenuhi keperluan pentadbiran. SOFIA: Baiklah, jadi jika saya mempunyai PDF yang telah ditandatangani itu dalam komputer riba saya, apa yang perlu saya lakukan? Bolehkah saya e-melkan sahaja kepada awak? STAFF: Sebenarnya, awak perlu memuat naiknya terus melalui portal "Graduation Deficiency Resolution" di laman web kami. Tindakan itu akan menghubungkannya secara automatik dengan audit awak yang sedang tertangguh. Cuma pastikan awak melakukannya sebelum tarikh akhir kelulusan graduasi, iaitu pada hari Jumaat ini jam lima petang. Jika ia tiada dalam sistem menjelang masa itu, tarikh graduasi awak akan ditunda ke semester musim panas. SOFIA: Oh, wow, itu akan menjadi satu bencana. Keluarga saya sudah pun menempah tiket perjalanan untuk majlis konvokesyen musim bunga! Saya akan memuat naik PDF itu sebaik sahaja saya kembali ke bilik asrama saya. Terima kasih banyak kerana menjelaskan perkara ini. STAFF: Sama-sama, Sofia. Selepas awak memuat naiknya, berikan masa kira-kira dua puluh empat jam untuk sistem dikemas kini. Jika tanda amaran merah itu masih ada pada pagi Khamis, hubungi kami semula.

  1. Soalan 13

    According to the staff member, why are the student's internship credits currently missing?

    • AHer faculty advisor failed to submit her final grade.
    • BThe registrar's office has not received a specific validation form.
    • CShe did not complete the required eighty hours of work.
    • DShe did not pay the tuition fee for the experiential learning course.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q12.) [Q13] According to the staff member, why are the student's internship credits currently missing?

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi bersama S12.) [S13] Menurut kakitangan tersebut, mengapakah kredit latihan amali pelajar itu kini tiada dalam rekod?

  1. Soalan 14

    What does the staff member imply about the student's misunderstanding?

    • AIt could have been avoided if she had checked her student email.
    • BIt will require her to contact her external supervisor again.
    • CIt is a mistake that many other students make as well.
    • DIt is the fault of her faculty advisor for not explaining the policy.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q12.) [Q14] What does the staff member imply about the student's misunderstanding?

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S12.) [S14] Apakah yang disiratkan oleh kakitangan tersebut tentang salah faham pelajar itu?

  1. Soalan 15

    Why does the staff member mention the upcoming Friday deadline?

    • ATo explain why the student must pay an administrative late fee.
    • BTo justify why the online portal is temporarily closed for maintenance.
    • CTo encourage the student to register for a summer term course.
    • DTo warn the student of the consequences of delaying her submission.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q12.) [Q15] Why does the staff member mention the upcoming Friday deadline?

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S12.) [S15] Mengapakah kakitangan tersebut menyebut tentang tarikh akhir hari Jumaat yang akan datang?

  1. Soalan 16

    Why does the student say this: "Or, well, a 'Satisfactory' grade, since it's a pass/fail class."

    • ATo correct her own terminology regarding the type of grade she received.
    • BTo express dissatisfaction with her advisor's evaluation method.
    • CTo clarify that she did not actually complete the course requirements.
    • DTo ask if a pass/fail grade can count toward her major.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q12.) [Replay: "My faculty advisor even gave me a passing grade. Or, well, a "Satisfactory" grade, since it's a pass/fail class."] [Q16] Why does the student say this: "Or, well, a 'Satisfactory' grade, since it's a pass/fail class."

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S12.) [Main semula: "Penasihat fakulti saya malah memberikan saya gred lulus. Atau, sebenarnya, gred 'Memuaskan', memandangkan ia kelas lulus/gagal."] [S16] Mengapakah pelajar tersebut berkata: "Or, well, a 'Satisfactory' grade, since it's a pass/fail class."?

Lecture 2

  1. Soalan 17

    What is the lecture mainly about?

    • AThe impact of biological and dust particles on glacial melting and ecosystems.
    • BThe historical methods used by glaciologists to measure ice sheet temperatures.
    • CA comparison of windblown geological dust and industrial soot in Greenland.
    • DThe evolutionary adaptations of tardigrades in high-latitude environments.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    NARRATOR: Listen to part of a lecture in an environmental science class. PROFESSOR: Today, we're going to explore a phenomenon that's transforming how we understand glacial melting and high-latitude ecosystems. Historically, glaciologists viewed ice sheets as sterile, inert blocks of frozen water. But in reality, they are highly dynamic, and much of this dynamism is driven by something called cryoconite. Cryoconite—which is essentially a dark-colored, powdery dust consisting of rock particles, industrial soot, and biological matter—settles on the surface of glaciers and ice sheets. Now, this dust doesn't... excuse me, it doesn't just sit passively on the surface; it actively melts its way downward. Now, you might think a thin layer of dust would just get washed away by meltwater. But cryoconite does something far more complex. Because it's dark, it has a very low albedo, meaning it reflects very little sunlight. Instead, it absorbs solar radiation. This triggers what we call a localized albedo feedback, which is the circular process where a reduction in a surface's reflectivity causes more heat absorption, accelerating further melting. As the cryoconite heats up, it melts the ice directly beneath it, sinking vertically into the glacier to form cylindrical, water-filled depressions known as cryoconite holes. STUDENT: Excuse me, Professor. If these holes are constantly melting downward, why don't they just melt all the way through the glacier and disappear? PROFESSOR: That's a logical assumption, Ingrid. But they actually reach what's known as an equilibrium depth—that is, a stable depth where the rate of solar heating at the bottom of the hole is perfectly balanced by the cold temperature of the surrounding ice conducting heat away. Usually, this is about thirty to fifty centimeters deep. At this depth, they stabilize. Now, these holes aren't just physical geological features; they also act as biomicro-niches. By biomicro-niches, I mean tiny, isolated aquatic ecosystems where specialized organisms can survive in extreme conditions. The bottom of a cryoconite hole is lined with dark sediment, but the water column above it provides a sheltered environment. Inside, we find thriving communities of cyanobacteria, tardigrades, and rotifers. The cyanobacteria are especially crucial because they perform photosynthesis and produce a sticky extracellular matrix—basically, a biological glue that prevents the cryoconite dust from being easily swept away by wind or surface meltwater. STUDENT: So the bacteria are actually keeping the dust in place? That sounds like they're actively changing the glacier's physical structure. PROFESSOR: Exactly! And that brings us to the broader climate implications. On the Greenland Ice Sheet, there's a vast region researchers call the 'Dark Zone.' For years, scientists assumed this darkening was entirely due to inorganic geological dust blown from expanding ice-free land areas. However, recent satellite data and field samples have revealed a different story. The darkening is heavily driven by biological cryoconite compounding—meaning the rapid growth of dark-pigmented ice algae and cyanobacteria that actively colonize the surface during the summer. These organisms don't just sit in the holes; they spill out, darkening millions of square kilometers of ice. This biological darkening reduces the entire ice sheet's albedo far more than windblown dust alone ever could. Consequently, the rate of glacial ablation—the total loss of ice due to melting and sublimation—has escalated dramatically. By understanding how these microscopic ecosystems function, we're forced to revise our climate models. We can no longer treat glacial melting as a purely physical thermodynamic process; it is, in fact, deeply biological. [Q17] What is the lecture mainly about?

    Terjemahan

    NARATOR: Dengar sebahagian daripada syarahan dalam kelas sains persekitaran. PENSYARAH: Hari ini, kita akan meneroka satu fenomena yang mengubah cara kita memahami pencairan glasier dan ekosistem latitud tinggi. Dari segi sejarah, ahli glasiologi menganggap lembaran ais sebagai bongkah air beku yang steril dan lengai. Namun pada hakikatnya, ia sangat dinamik, dan sebahagian besar kedinamikan ini didorong oleh sesuatu yang dipanggil kriokonit. Kriokonit—yang pada asasnya merupakan habuk berwarna gelap dan berdebu yang terdiri daripada zarah batuan, jelaga industri, dan bahan biologi—enap di permukaan glasier dan lembaran ais. Kini, habuk ini tidak... maaf, ia tidak sekadar berada secara pasif di permukaan; ia mencairkan laluannya ke bawah secara aktif. Anda mungkin berfikir bahawa lapisan nipis habuk akan dihanyutkan begitu sahaja oleh air cair. Tetapi kriokonit melakukan sesuatu yang jauh lebih rumit. Oleh kerana warnanya yang gelap, ia mempunyai albedo yang sangat rendah, bermakna ia memantulkan sangat sedikit cahaya matahari. Sebaliknya, ia menyerap radiasi solar. Ini mencetuskan apa yang kita panggil maklum balas albedo setempat, iaitu proses kitaran di mana pengurangan dalam kepantulan permukaan menyebabkan lebih banyak penyerapan haba, sekali gus mempercepatkan lagi pencairan. Apabila kriokonit semakin panas, ia mencairkan ais terus di bawahnya, tenggelam secara menegak ke dalam glasier untuk membentuk lekukan berbentuk silinder yang dipenuhi air yang dikenali sebagai lubang kriokonit. PELAJAR: Maafkan saya, Profesor. Jika lubang-lubang ini sentiasa mencair ke bawah, mengapakah ia tidak mencair sepenuhnya menembusi glasier dan hilang? PENSYARAH: Itu andaian yang logik, Ingrid. Tetapi ia sebenarnya mencapai apa yang dikenali sebagai kedalaman keseimbangan—iaitu, kedalaman yang stabil di mana kadar pemanasan solar di dasar lubang diimbangi dengan sempurna oleh suhu sejuk ais di sekeliling yang mengalirkan haba keluar. Biasanya, kedalaman ini adalah sekitar tiga puluh hingga lima puluh sentimeter. Pada kedalaman ini, ia menjadi stabil. Kini, lubang-lubang ini bukan sekadar ciri geologi fizikal; ia juga bertindak sebagai mikro-nic biologi. Melalui mikro-nic biologi, maksud saya ialah ekosistem akuatik yang kecil dan terpencil di mana organisma khusus boleh mandiri dalam keadaan ekstrem. Dasar lubang kriokonit dilitupi oleh sedimen gelap, tetapi turus air di atasnya menyediakan persekitaran yang terlindung. Di dalamnya, kita dapati komuniti sianobakteria, tardigrad, dan rotifer yang berkembang pesat. Sianobakteria amat penting kerana ia menjalankan fotosintesis dan menghasilkan matriks ekstraselular yang melekit—pada asasnya, sejenis pelekat biologi yang menghalang habuk kriokonit daripada mudah dihanyutkan oleh angin atau air pencairan permukaan. PELAJAR: Jadi bakteria tersebut sebenarnya mengekalkan kedudukan habuk itu? Bunyinya seperti ia mengubah struktur fizikal glasier secara aktif. PENSYARAH: Tepat sekali! Dan itu membawa kita kepada implikasi iklim yang lebih luas. Di Lembaran Ais Greenland, terdapat kawasan luas yang dipanggil oleh penyelidik sebagai 'Zon Gelap.' Selama bertahun-tahun, saintis mengandaikan bahawa kegelapan ini disebabkan sepenuhnya oleh habuk geologi bukan organik yang ditiup dari kawasan darat bebas ais yang semakin meluas. Walau bagaimanapun, data satelit dan sampel lapangan baru-baru ini mendedahkan cerita yang berbeza. Kegelapan ini sangat didorong oleh sebatian kriokonit biologi—iaitu pertumbuhan pesat alga ais berpigmen gelap dan sianobakteria yang secara aktif menjajah permukaan tersebut semasa musim panas. Organisma ini tidak sekadar berada di dalam lubang; ia melimpah keluar, menggelapkan berjuta-juta kilometer persegi ais. Kegelapan biologi ini mengurangkan albedo keseluruhan lembaran ais jauh lebih banyak daripada yang mampu dilakukan oleh habuk tiupan angin sahaja. Akibatnya, kadar ablasi glasier—jumlah kehilangan ais akibat pencairan dan pemejalwapan—telah meningkat secara mendadak. Dengan memahami bagaimana ekosistem mikroskopik ini berfungsi, kita terpaksa menyemak semula model iklim kita. Kita tidak boleh lagi menganggap pencairan glasier sebagai proses termodinamik fizikal semata-mata; ia sebenarnya sangat bersifat biologi.

  1. Soalan 18

    According to the professor, what prevents cryoconite holes from melting infinitely downward through a glacier?

    • AThe accumulation of thick organic mucus blocks all solar radiation from reaching the bottom.
    • BThey reach a point where the heat they absorb is balanced by the cooling effect of the surrounding ice.
    • CSurface meltwater continuously flushes cold water into the holes, lowering their temperature.
    • DThe windblown rock particles eventually form a reflective barrier at the base.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q17.) [Q18] According to the professor, what prevents cryoconite holes from melting infinitely downward through a glacier?

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S17.) Menurut profesor tersebut, apakah yang menghalang lubang kriokonit daripada terus mencair ke bawah tanpa henti menerusi sesebuah glasier?

  1. Soalan 19

    Why does the professor mention cyanobacteria in the context of cryoconite holes?

    • ATo argue that glaciers are completely sterile environments devoid of life.
    • BTo illustrate how industrial soot is chemically neutralized in extreme climates.
    • CTo explain how biological activity helps secure the dark dust onto the glacier's surface.
    • DTo point out that cyanobacteria are the primary cause of ice sheet sublimation.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q17.) [Q19] Why does the professor mention cyanobacteria in the context of cryoconite holes?

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S17.) [S19] Mengapakah profesor menyebut tentang sianobakteria dalam konteks lubang kriokonit?

  1. Soalan 20

    Based on the discussion of the "Dark Zone" in Greenland, how does biological cryoconite compounding affect the ice sheet?

    • AIt stabilizes the ice sheet by forming a protective biological crust that reflects sunlight.
    • BIt prevents windblown dust from settling, thereby keeping the ice relatively clean.
    • CIt reduces the temperature of the surrounding ice through localized photosynthetic cooling.
    • DIt accelerates glacial ablation by spreading dark-pigmented organisms that absorb more solar energy.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q17.) [Q20] Based on the discussion of the "Dark Zone" in Greenland, how does biological cryoconite compounding affect the ice sheet?

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S17.) [S20] Berdasarkan perbincangan tentang "Zon Gelap" (Dark Zone) di Greenland, bagaimanakah penggumpalan kriokonit biologi mempengaruhi lembaran ais tersebut?

  1. Soalan 21

    What can be inferred about traditional climate models that did not account for cryoconite?

    • AThey likely underestimated the speed at which glaciers and ice sheets would melt.
    • BThey overestimated the amount of windblown geological dust in high-latitude areas.
    • CThey predicted that glaciers would grow larger due to increased biological activity.
    • DThey assumed that glacial melting was primarily driven by oceanic currents rather than atmospheric temperatures.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q17.) [Q21] What can be inferred about traditional climate models that did not account for cryoconite?

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S17.) [S21] Apakah yang boleh disimpulkan tentang model iklim tradisional yang tidak mengambil kira kriokonit?

  1. Soalan 22

    Why does the speaker say this:

    • ATo express doubt about the accuracy of recent field measurements of cryoconite.
    • BTo anticipate a common-sense assumption and introduce a counterintuitive process.
    • CTo suggest that meltwater plays no role in the life cycle of cryoconite holes.
    • DTo criticize glaciologists who focus exclusively on windblown dust.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q17.) [Replay: "Now, you might think a thin layer of dust would just get washed away by meltwater. But cryoconite does something far more complex."] [Q22] Why does the speaker say this:

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S17.) [Ulangan: "Kini, anda mungkin berfikir bahawa lapisan debu yang nipis akan dihanyutkan begitu sahaja oleh air leburan. Namun, kriokonit melakukan sesuatu yang jauh lebih kompleks."] [S22] Mengapakah penutur berkata demikian:

Lecture 3

  1. Soalan 23

    What is the lecture mainly about?

    • AHow different linguistic frames of reference influence cognitive representations of space.
    • BThe historical evolution of spatial terminology in diverse language families.
    • CThe neurological mechanisms behind the human internal compass.
    • DA comparison between absolute cardinal systems and modern GPS technologies.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    NARRATOR: Listen to part of a lecture in a linguistics class. PROFESSOR: Good morning, everyone. Today, we're delving into cognitive linguistics—specifically, how different languages structure our spatial perception. Now, when we want to describe where something is, we use what linguists call a 'spatial frame of reference.' Essentially, this is a coordinate system used to identify the location of objects. We generally divide these into three distinct categories. PROFESSOR: First, we have the 'relative frame of reference.' This system defines spatial relations relative to the viewer's own body. For instance, if I say 'the book is to the left of the cup,' I am projecting my own left-right axis onto the scene. If I rotate ninety degrees, 'left' changes. Second, there's the 'absolute frame of reference.' In this system, coordinates are fixed, independent of the observer's position. This relies on stable cardinal directions, like north, south, east, and west. So instead of saying 'the book is to my left,' a speaker using an absolute system would say 'the book is to the west of the cup.' No matter which way I turn, west remains west. STUDENT: Sorry, professor, but does that mean speakers of absolute-coordinate languages have to constantly know where north is? Like, even when they're indoors? PROFESSOR: Yes, precisely, Lukas. They possess a highly developed cognitive map—a sort of internal compass—that is updated constantly. It's quite remarkable, really. Communities like the Guugu Yimithirr in Australia use this absolute system exclusively. PROFESSOR: Now, the third type is the 'intrinsic frame of reference.' This locates an object relative to the inherent facets of another object—that is, the target is described using the reference object's own front, back, or sides. For example, if you say 'the cat is in front of the car,' you mean it's near the car's headlights—the car's actual front—regardless of which direction you, the observer, are facing. Uh, wait, let me clarify: the intrinsic frame doesn't care where you are standing, only how the car itself is oriented. PROFESSOR: Now, why does this matter to cognitive psychologists? Well, for decades, it was assumed that all humans inherently think in relative terms—that left and right are hardwired. But cross-linguistic studies challenged this. Let's look at a classic experiment designed by researchers at the Max Planck Institute. PROFESSOR: Imagine a participant sitting at Table A. On this table, there are three toy animals lined up: a pig, a cow, and a sheep, facing left to right. The participant is asked to memorize this layout. Then, they are rotated one hundred and eighty degrees to face Table B, which is behind them. They are handed the toys and told to, you know, 'make it the same.' Now, what does 'the same' mean? PROFESSOR: If the participant is an English speaker, who primarily uses a relative frame of reference, they will preserve the relative order. They'll place the animals facing left to right from their current perspective. But notice: in terms of absolute cardinal directions, the toys are now pointing in the opposite direction than before because of the observer's rotation. PROFESSOR: Conversely, a speaker of an absolute-coordinate language will place the animals pointing in the same absolute direction—say, facing North. From their personal perspective, the toys now look reversed—pointing right instead of left—but the absolute orientation is preserved. This demonstrates that our linguistic habits—how we talk about space—profoundly shape our non-linguistic memory and cognitive processing. Language isn't just a tool for reporting what we see; it actually directs our attention to specific environmental cues. [Q23] What is the lecture mainly about?

    Terjemahan

    NARATOR: Dengar sebahagian daripada syarahan dalam kelas linguistik. PROFESOR: Selamat pagi, semua. Hari ini, kita akan mendalami bidang linguistik kognitif—khususnya, bagaimana bahasa yang berbeza menstrukturkan persepsi ruang kita. Apabila kita ingin menerangkan kedudukan sesuatu objek, kita menggunakan apa yang dipanggil oleh ahli linguistik sebagai 'kerangka rujukan ruang.' Pada asasnya, ini ialah sistem koordinat yang digunakan untuk mengenal pasti kedudukan objek. Secara amnya, kita membahagikan perkara ini kepada tiga kategori yang berbeza. PROFESOR: Pertama, kita mempunyai 'kerangka rujukan relatif.' Sistem ini menentukan hubungan ruang secara relatif kepada badan pemerhati itu sendiri. Sebagai contoh, jika saya katakan 'buku itu berada di sebelah kiri cawan,' saya sedang memproyeksikan paksi kiri-kanan saya sendiri ke atas situasi tersebut. Jika saya berpusing sembilan puluh darjah, kedudukan 'kiri' akan berubah. PROFESOR: Kedua, terdapat 'kerangka rujukan mutlak.' Dalam sistem ini, koordinat adalah tetap, tidak bergantung pada kedudukan pemerhati. Sistem ini bergantung pada arah mata angin yang stabil, seperti utara, selatan, timur dan barat. Oleh itu, berbanding mengatakan 'buku itu berada di sebelah kiri saya,' seorang penutur yang menggunakan sistem mutlak akan berkata 'buku itu berada di sebelah barat cawan.' Tidak kira ke arah mana saya berpusing, barat tetap barat. PELAJAR: Maaf, profesor, adakah itu bermakna penutur bahasa yang menggunakan koordinat mutlak ini perlu sentiasa tahu di mana arah utara? Maksud saya, walaupun semasa mereka berada di dalam bangunan? PROFESOR: Ya, tepat sekali, Lukas. Mereka memiliki peta kognitif yang sangat maju—seolah-olah kompas dalaman—yang sentiasa dikemas kini. Ia sesuatu yang sangat mengagumkan. Komuniti seperti Guugu Yimithirr di Australia menggunakan sistem mutlak ini secara eksklusif. PROFESOR: Seterusnya, jenis ketiga ialah 'kerangka rujukan intrinsik.' Ini menentukan kedudukan sesuatu objek secara relatif kepada bahagian sedia ada objek lain—iaitu, sasaran diterangkan menggunakan bahagian hadapan, belakang atau sisi objek rujukan itu sendiri. Sebagai contoh, jika anda berkata 'kucing itu berada di hadapan kereta,' maksud anda ia berada berhampiran lampu hadapan kereta—iaitu bahagian hadapan kereta yang sebenar—tidak kira ke arah mana anda, sebagai pemerhati, sedang menghadap. Eh, tunggu, biar saya jelaskan: kerangka intrinsik tidak mengambil kira di mana anda berdiri, sebaliknya hanya melihat orientasi kereta itu sendiri. PROFESOR: Jadi, mengapakah perkara ini penting kepada ahli psikologi kognitif? Selama beberapa dekad, diandaikan bahawa semua manusia secara semula jadi berfikir dalam bentuk relatif—iaitu konsep kiri dan kanan telah sedia ada dalam minda kita. Namun, kajian merentasi bahasa telah mencabar pandangan ini. Mari kita lihat eksperimen klasik yang direka oleh penyelidik di Institut Max Planck. PROFESOR: Bayangkan seorang peserta duduk di Meja A. Di atas meja ini, terdapat tiga mainan haiwan yang disusun berbaris: seekor babi, seekor lembu, dan seekor biri-biri, menghadap dari kiri ke kanan. Peserta diminta untuk menghafal susunan ini. Kemudian, mereka dipusingkan seratus lapan puluh darjah untuk menghadap Meja B, yang berada di belakang mereka. Mereka diberikan mainan tersebut dan diarahkan untuk, anda tahu, 'membuatnya sama.' Jadi, apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan 'sama'? PROFESOR: Jika peserta tersebut ialah seorang penutur bahasa Inggeris, yang kebanyakannya menggunakan kerangka rujukan relatif, mereka akan mengekalkan susunan relatif tersebut. Mereka akan menyusun haiwan-haiwan itu menghadap dari kiri ke kanan berdasarkan perspektif semasa mereka. Namun, perhatikan: dari segi arah mata angin mutlak, mainan tersebut kini menghadap ke arah yang bertentangan berbanding sebelumnya disebabkan oleh pusingan pemerhati tadi. PROFESOR: Sebaliknya, seorang penutur bahasa yang menggunakan koordinat mutlak akan meletakkan haiwan-haiwan tersebut menghadap ke arah mutlak yang sama—contohnya, menghadap ke Utara. Dari perspektif peribadi mereka, mainan tersebut kini kelihatan terbalik—menghadap ke kanan dan bukannya ke kiri—tetapi orientasi mutlaknya tetap dikekalkan. Ini menunjukkan bahawa tabiat linguistik kita—iaitu cara kita bercakap tentang ruang—mempengaruhi memori bukan linguistik dan pemprosesan kognitif kita secara mendalam. Bahasa bukan sekadar alat untuk melaporkan apa yang kita lihat; ia sebenarnya mengarahkan perhatian kita kepada petunjuk persekitaran yang spesifik.

  1. Soalan 24

    According to the professor, what is true of speakers who exclusively use an absolute frame of reference?

    • AThey rely on the inherent front and back of surrounding objects to navigate.
    • BThey must maintain a continuous mental awareness of cardinal directions.
    • CThey struggle to complete spatial tasks when they are rotated 180 degrees.
    • DThey prefer to use personal left-right coordinates when describing indoor spaces.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q23.) [Q24] According to the professor, what is true of speakers who exclusively use an absolute frame of reference?

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S23.) [S24] Menurut profesor tersebut, apakah yang benar tentang penutur yang menggunakan kerangka rujukan mutlak secara eksklusif?

  1. Soalan 25 (pilih semua yang berkenaan)

    In the experiment described by the professor, what occurs when participants are rotated 180 degrees to face Table B? Choose 2 answers.

    • ARelative-system speakers arrange the toys to face the same absolute compass direction.
    • BRelative-system speakers maintain the left-to-right order relative to their own bodies.
    • CAbsolute-system speakers place the toys facing the same cardinal direction as before.
    • DAbsolute-system speakers replicate the intrinsic orientation of the table's design.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q23.) [Q25] In the experiment described by the professor, what occurs when participants are rotated 180 degrees to face Table B? Choose 2 answers.

    Terjemahan

    Dalam eksperimen yang diterangkan oleh profesor tersebut, apakah yang berlaku apabila peserta dipusingkan 180 darjah untuk menghadap Meja B? Pilih 2 jawapan.

  1. Soalan 26

    Why does the professor mention the "cat in front of the car" example?

    • ATo argue that absolute systems are more accurate than relative systems.
    • BTo show how perspective changes when an observer rotates.
    • CTo illustrate how the intrinsic frame of reference operates.
    • DTo introduce the concept of a cognitive map in navigation.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q23.) [Q26] Why does the professor mention the "cat in front of the car" example?

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S23.) [S26] Mengapakah profesor menyebut contoh "kucing di hadapan kereta"?

  1. Soalan 27

    What does the professor imply about the relationship between language and cognition?

    • ALinguistic structures are entirely determined by human biological hardwiring.
    • BPeople cannot perceive spatial relationships for which their language lacks specific words.
    • CCognitive psychologists have successfully proven that absolute frames of reference are superior.
    • DSpeaking a particular language can guide what aspects of the environment a person prioritizes.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q23.) [Q27] What does the professor imply about the relationship between language and cognition?

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S23.) [S27] Apakah maksud tersirat profesor tentang hubungan antara bahasa dengan kognisi?

  1. Soalan 28

    Why does the speaker say this:

    • ATo correct a potential misunderstanding about how the observer's position affects the intrinsic system.
    • BTo express frustration with the complexity of cognitive linguistics.
    • CTo acknowledge that her previous definition of the relative system was incorrect.
    • DTo suggest that the cat and car example is an exceptional case.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q23.) [Replay: "Uh, wait, let me clarify: the intrinsic frame doesn't care where you are standing, only how the car itself is oriented."] [Q28] Why does the speaker say this:

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S23.) [Main semula: "Eh, sekejap, biar saya jelaskan: kerangka intrinsik tidak kisah di mana anda berdiri, cuma bagaimana kereta itu sendiri diorientasikan."]

Kertas soalan serupa