TOEFL · Pendengaran · 28 soalan

Ujian Latihan TOEFL Pendengaran 1

Ujian percubaan pendengaran dan bacaan yang asli, berdasarkan format TOEFL iBT yang diterbitkan.

Ini ialah ujian latihan asli yang ditulis oleh Loopy berdasarkan format yang diterbitkan. Ia bukan ujian rasmi ETS.

TOEIC® dan TOEFL® ialah tanda dagangan berdaftar ETS. IELTS dimiliki bersama oleh British Council, IDP dan Cambridge English. Ujian latihan Loopy dihasilkan sendiri dan tidak bergabung dengan atau disokong oleh organisasi-organisasi ini.

Audio ujian penuh

Conversation 1

  1. Soalan 1

    Why does the student go to see the professor?

    • ATo get feedback on his paper's topic
    • BTo request an extension on a biology paper
    • CTo ask for help finding sources about orchids
    • DTo explain why he will miss Friday's lecture
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    NARRATOR: Listen to a conversation between a student and a professor. STUDENT: Hi, Professor. Um, do you have a few minutes to talk? I wanted to get some quick feedback on my draft for the biology paper. PROFESSOR: Of course, Diego. Come on in. You are writing about ecosystems, right? STUDENT: Yes. But I am having a big problem with the introduction. I already wrote three pages, but I feel like my main topic is just too broad. PROFESSOR: Let me see... Ah, yes. You are trying to cover the entire Amazon rainforest ecosystem. That is definitely too big for a five-page paper. You will run out of space very quickly. STUDENT: That is what I was worried about. So, should I, you know, focus on just one specific organism instead? PROFESSOR: Exactly. For example, you could write about how orchids survive on high tree branches. That will keep your paper focused and well under the five-page limit. STUDENT: That is a great idea. I will change my focus to orchids. Also, I wanted to double-check the deadline for submitting this draft to you. PROFESSOR: The final deadline for submitting drafts for my review is this Wednesday at 4:00 PM. Oh, wait, my mistake, it is actually Thursday at 4:00 PM. That gives me enough time to read them before our Friday lecture. STUDENT: Okay, perfect. I will work on the orchid topic tonight and email you the draft by Thursday afternoon. PROFESSOR: Sounds like a plan, Diego. Remember, when you write about the orchids, make sure to explain their symbiotic relationship with the trees. That is a key concept we discussed last week. STUDENT: Right, the relationship where one organism benefits and the other is not harmed. Commensalism, correct? PROFESSOR: Yes, exactly! If you include that term and define it, your paper will be in excellent shape. STUDENT: Thank you, Professor. I really appreciate your help. See you in class on Friday. PROFESSOR: You are welcome, Diego. Have a good afternoon. [Q1] Why does the student go to see the professor?

    Terjemahan

    PENGACARA: Dengar perbualan antara seorang pelajar dengan seorang profesor. PELAJAR: Hai, Profesor. Um, adakah Profesor ada masa beberapa minit untuk berbual? Saya mahu mendapatkan maklum balas ringkas tentang draf tugasan biologi saya. PROFESOR: Tentu saja, Diego. Masuklah. Awak sedang menulis tentang ekosistem, bukan? PELAJAR: Ya. Tetapi saya menghadapi masalah besar dengan bahagian pengenalan. Saya sudah menulis tiga halaman, tetapi saya rasa topik utama saya terlalu luas. PROFESOR: Biar saya tengok... Ah, ya. Awak cuba merangkumi keseluruhan ekosistem hutan hujan Amazon. Itu sememangnya terlalu besar untuk tugasan sepanjang lima halaman. Awak akan kehabisan ruang dengan sangat cepat. PELAJAR: Perkara itulah yang saya bimbangkan. Jadi, adakah saya patut, maklum saja, fokus pada satu organisma tertentu sahaja? PROFESOR: Tepat sekali. Sebagai contoh, awak boleh menulis tentang bagaimana orkid hidup pada dahan pokok yang tinggi. Itu akan memastikan tugasan awak kekal fokus dan tidak melebihi had lima halaman tersebut. PELAJAR: Itu idea yang bagus. Saya akan menukar fokus saya kepada orkid. Selain itu, saya mahu memastikan semula tarikh akhir untuk menyerahkan draf ini kepada Profesor. PROFESOR: Tarikh akhir untuk menyerahkan draf bagi semakan saya adalah pada hari Rabu ini pada pukul 4:00 petang. Oh, sekejap, saya silap, sebenarnya hari Khamis pada pukul 4:00 petang. Ini memberi saya cukup masa untuk membacanya sebelum kuliah hari Jumaat kita. PELAJAR: Baiklah, sangat baik. Saya akan mula membuat tugasan tentang topik orkid malam ini dan menghantar e-mel draf itu kepada Profesor menjelang petang Khamis. PROFESOR: Rancangan yang bagus, Diego. Ingat, apabila awak menulis tentang orkid, pastikan awak menerangkan hubungan simbiotik orkid tersebut dengan pokok. Itu merupakan konsep utama yang kita bincangkan minggu lepas. PELAJAR: Betul, hubungan di mana satu organisma mendapat manfaat manakala satu lagi tidak terjejas. Komensalisme, betul? PROFESOR: Ya, tepat sekali! Jika awak memasukkan istilah tersebut dan mentakrifkannya, tugasan awak akan berada dalam keadaan yang sangat baik. PELAJAR: Terima kasih, Profesor. Saya sangat menghargai bantuan Profesor. Jumpa Profesor dalam kuliah hari Jumaat nanti. PROFESOR: Sama-sama, Diego. Selamat petang.

  1. Soalan 2

    According to the professor, what is the main problem with the student's current draft?

    • AIt does not use enough scientific terms.
    • BThe topic is too broad for the assignment.
    • CIt is already longer than the five-page limit.
    • DThe introduction is too short.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q1.) [Q2] According to the professor, what is the main problem with the student's current draft?

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi bersama S1.) [S2] Menurut profesor tersebut, apakah masalah utama dengan draf semasa pelajar itu?

  1. Soalan 3

    What is the deadline for the student to email his draft to the professor?

    • AWednesday at 4:00 PM
    • BFriday before the lecture
    • CThursday at 4:00 PM
    • DTonight by midnight
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q1.) [Q3] What is the deadline for the student to email his draft to the professor?

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S1.) [S3] Apakah tarikh akhir bagi pelajar tersebut menghantar drafnya melalui e-mel kepada profesor?

  1. Soalan 4

    What can be inferred about the concept of commensalism?

    • AIt is a topic that Diego has not studied yet.
    • BIt describes a relationship where both organisms benefit.
    • CIt is too difficult to explain in a five-page paper.
    • DIt is an important concept that Diego should include in his paper.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q1.) [Q4] What can be inferred about the concept of commensalism?

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi bersama Soalan 1.) [S4] Apakah yang boleh disimpulkan tentang konsep komensalisme?

  1. Soalan 5

    Why does the professor say this:

    • ATo correct an error regarding a date
    • BTo apologize for changing the assignment deadline
    • CTo confirm she will be out of the office on Wednesday
    • DTo show she is angry about the student's late submission
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q1.) [Replay: "Oh, wait, my mistake, it is actually Thursday at 4:00 PM."] [Q5] Why does the professor say this:

    Terjemahan

    Oh, tunggu sekejap, silap saya, ia sebenarnya pada hari Khamis pukul 4:00 petang.

Lecture 1

  1. Soalan 6

    What is the lecture mainly about?

    • AA symbiotic relationship in which ants assist in the dispersal of plant seeds.
    • BThe evolutionary adaptation of forest ants to consume toxic seeds.
    • CHow chemical mimicry allows plants to defend themselves against insect predators.
    • DThe structural differences between elaiosomes and other seed appendages.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    NARRATOR: Listen to part of a lecture in a biology class. PROFESSOR: Okay, today we are going to look at an incredible ecological partnership in the plant world. Specifically, how some flowering plants depend on insects—not for pollination, which we have already covered, but for dispersing their seeds. This process is called myrmecochory. Simply put, myrmecochory is the dispersal of seeds by ants. It is a mutually beneficial relationship, or a mutualism, found in thousands of plant species worldwide, especially in temperate forest floors. PROFESSOR: Now, how does a plant convince an ant to do the heavy lifting of carrying its seeds all the way back to the nest? Well, these plants produce seeds with a special external structure called an elaiosome. An elaiosome is a fleshy, lipid-rich appendage attached directly to the seed coat. It is packed with lipids, proteins, and essential vitamins that are highly nutritious and attractive to ants. STUDENT: Um, excuse me, Professor. Do the ants end up eating the seed itself? Because, you know, if they eat the seed, it can't grow into a new plant, right? PROFESSOR: Excellent question, Tomas. No, they don't. You see, the ant picks up the seed by the elaiosome, carries it back to its underground nest, and feeds the nutritious appendage to its larvae. The actual seed—which has a tough outer coat and is completely inedible to the ants—remains entirely undamaged. Once the elaiosome is consumed, the ants carry the bare seed out of their main living quarters and discard it in their underground waste dump, or refuse chamber. PROFESSOR: And this is where the magic happens. The nest's waste chamber is essentially a protected, nutrient-rich compost pile. It is rich in organic matter, which shelters the seed from predators like birds or rodents, and protects it from forest fires. So, the seed is deposited in the perfect environment to germinate. PROFESSOR: But here is where it gets even more fascinating. Recent research shows that plants don't just rely on nutritional rewards. They also use chemical mimicry. This refers to the plant producing chemical compounds on the elaiosome that chemically mimic, or imitate, the odor of insects. Specifically, some plants release certain fatty acids that smell exactly like dead insects or ant prey. To an ant, this olfactory signal says, 'Hey, this is valuable food, pick me up immediately!' The ant is essentially tricked by its own chemical communication system into transport—uh, transporting the seed. It's a highly elegant evolutionary strategy. By manipulating the ants' hardwired sensory systems, these plants guarantee their offspring are safely tucked away underground. [Q6] What is the lecture mainly about?

    Terjemahan

    NARATOR: Dengar sebahagian daripada kuliah dalam kelas biologi. PROFESOR: Okay, hari ini kita akan melihat perkongsian ekologi yang luar biasa dalam dunia tumbuhan. Secara khusus, bagaimana sesetengah tumbuhan berbunga bergantung pada serangga—bukan untuk pendebungaan, yang telah kita pelajari sebelum ini, tetapi untuk menyebarkan biji benih mereka. Proses ini dipanggil mirmekokori. Ringkasnya, mirmekokori ialah penyebaran biji benih oleh semut. Ia merupakan hubungan yang saling menguntungkan, atau mutualisme, yang terdapat pada beribu-ribu spesies tumbuhan di seluruh dunia, terutamanya di lantai hutan beriklim sederhana. PROFESOR: Kini, bagaimanakah tumbuhan meyakinkan semut untuk melakukan kerja berat membawa biji benihnya pulang ke sarang? Tumbuhan ini menghasilkan biji benih dengan struktur luaran khas yang dipanggil elaiosom. Elaiosom ialah apendaj berisi dan kaya dengan lipid yang melekat terus pada kulit biji benih. Ia padat dengan lipid, protein dan vitamin penting yang sangat berkhasiat serta menarik perhatian semut. PELAJAR: Um, tumpang tanya, Profesor. Adakah semut akhirnya memakan biji benih itu sendiri? Kerana, jika mereka memakan biji benih itu, ia tidak dapat tumbuh menjadi tumbuhan baharu, bukan? PROFESOR: Soalan yang sangat bagus, Tomas. Tidak, mereka tidak memakannya. Begini, semut mengambil biji benih pada bahagian elaiosom, membawanya pulang ke sarang bawah tanah, dan memberi makan apendaj yang berkhasiat itu kepada larvanya. Biji benih yang sebenar—yang mempunyai kulit luar yang keras dan tidak boleh dimakan langsung oleh semut—kekal tidak rosak sama sekali. Sebaik sahaja elaiosom dimakan, semut akan membawa biji benih yang kosong itu keluar dari tempat tinggal utama mereka dan membuangnya ke dalam tempat pembuangan sisa bawah tanah, atau kebuk sisa. PROFESOR: Dan di sinilah keajaiban berlaku. Kebuk sisa sarang semut tersebut pada asasnya adalah timbunan kompos yang terlindung dan kaya dengan nutrien. Ia kaya dengan bahan organik, yang melindungi biji benih daripada pemangsa seperti burung atau tikus, serta melindunginya daripada kebakaran hutan. Jadi, biji benih itu diletakkan dalam persekitaran yang sempurna untuk bercambah. PROFESOR: Tetapi di sinilah ia menjadi lebih menarik. Kajian baru-baru ini menunjukkan bahawa tumbuhan tidak hanya bergantung pada ganjaran nutrisi. Mereka juga menggunakan peniruan kimia. Ini merujuk kepada tumbuhan yang menghasilkan sebatian kimia pada elaiosom yang meniru bau serangga secara kimia. Khususnya, sesetengah tumbuhan membebaskan asid lemak tertentu yang berbau persis seperti serangga mati atau mangsa semut. Bagi semut, isyarat deria bau ini seolah-olah berkata, 'Hei, ini makanan yang berharga, ambil saya sekarang juga!' Semut pada asasnya telah diperdayakan oleh sistem komunikasi kimianya sendiri untuk mengangkut—uh, mengangkut biji benih tersebut. Ia merupakan strategi evolusi yang sangat bijak. Dengan memanipulasi sistem deria semulajadi semut, tumbuhan ini memastikan anak-anak mereka tersimpan dengan selamat di bawah tanah.

  1. Soalan 7

    According to the professor, what is an elaiosome?

    • AA protective shell that prevents birds from consuming seeds.
    • BA nutrient-rich structure attached to the outside of a seed.
    • CAn underground chamber where ants store their winter food supply.
    • DA chemical compound that ants secrete to mark their territory.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q6.) [Q7] According to the professor, what is an elaiosome?

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi bersama S6.) [S7] Menurut profesor tersebut, apakah itu elaiosom?

  1. Soalan 8 (pilih semua yang berkenaan)

    According to the professor, what are two benefits that a plant seed receives from being discarded in an ant nest's waste chamber? Choose 2 answers.

    • AProtection from seed-eating predators
    • BIncreased exposure to direct sunlight
    • CA soil environment rich in nutrients
    • DAccess to water from the ants' storage systems
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q6.) [Q8] According to the professor, what are two benefits that a plant seed receives from being discarded in an ant nest's waste chamber? Choose 2 answers.

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S6.) [S8] Menurut profesor tersebut, apakah dua kebaikan yang diperoleh oleh biji benih tumbuhan apabila dibuang ke dalam kebuk sisa sarang semut? Pilih 2 jawapan.

  1. Soalan 9

    Why does the professor mention that the outer coat of the seed is tough and inedible?

    • ATo explain why ants are unable to carry the seed very far.
    • BTo suggest that the seed contains toxic chemicals.
    • CTo support the idea that the seed remains unharmed during the process.
    • DTo contrast it with the soft texture of insect prey.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q6.) [Q9] Why does the professor mention that the outer coat of the seed is tough and inedible?

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S6.) [S9] Mengapakah profesor menyebut bahawa kulit luar biji benih adalah keras dan tidak boleh dimakan?

  1. Soalan 10

    According to the professor, how do some plants use chemical mimicry to influence ants?

    • ABy neutralising the chemical signals of competing plant species.
    • BBy producing pheromones that make ants aggressive toward predators.
    • CBy masking the scent of the seed to hide it from herbivores.
    • DBy emitting odors that resemble the ants' natural food sources.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q6.) [Q10] According to the professor, how do some plants use chemical mimicry to influence ants?

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S6.) [S10] Menurut profesor itu, bagaimanakah sesetengah tumbuhan menggunakan peniruan kimia untuk mempengaruhi semut?

  1. Soalan 11

    Why does the speaker say this:

    • ATo emphasize how effectively plants exploit the natural instincts of ants.
    • BTo express doubt about the efficiency of the seed dispersal process.
    • CTo correct a previous statement about how ants communicate.
    • DTo apologize for using an incorrect scientific term.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q6.) [Replay: "The ant is essentially tricked by its own chemical communication system into transport—uh, transporting the seed."] [Q11] Why does the speaker say this:

    Terjemahan

    Semut itu seolah-olah diperdaya oleh sistem komunikasi kimianya sendiri untuk mengang—uh, mengangkut biji benih tersebut.

Conversation 2

  1. Soalan 12

    Why does the student go to see the registrar office administrator?

    • ATo resolve a discrepancy in his graduation credit requirements.
    • BTo submit a petition to take a summer class at another college.
    • CTo request an official academic transcript from his online portal.
    • DTo obtain the contact information for the sociology department head.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    NARRATOR: Listen to a conversation between a student and a registrar office administrator. STUDENT: Hi there. Um, my name is Tomas. I'm a senior, and I'm planning to graduate this coming spring. I'm here because I was checking my online degree audit, and, well, it says I'm three credits short of the general education requirement for social sciences. But I was sure I'd completed that. STAFF: Hello, Tomas. Let me pull up your file... Okay, I see your record here. Yes, the system shows you have 117 credits, but you need 120 to graduate, with those three missing from social sciences. Did you take a course that maybe didn't get counted? STUDENT: Right, that's what I think happened. Last summer, I took an introductory sociology course at Westmore Community College. I had the official transcript sent here directly from their registrar back in August, but it's not showing up on my portal. STAFF: Ah, I see. Let me check our pending transfer credit database... Ah, yes, here it is. The transcript from Westmore did arrive, but it looks like there's a hold on it because of a missing Transfer Course Equivalency Form. Did you submit one of those before you took the class? STUDENT: A course equivalency form? I don't think I did. I thought as long as it was an accredited college, the credits would just transfer over automatically. STAFF: Unfortunately, no. To make sure a course at another institution matches our curriculum, our department heads have to review the syllabus and sign off on it. Without that signed form, the credits just sit in our queue. But don't worry, we can get this sorted out. STUDENT: Oh, good. Because the deadline to submit the final Graduation Audit Petition is... well, it's this coming Friday at five, right? I'm a bit stressed about missing it. STAFF: Yes, Friday at five is correct. Here's what you need to do. First, download the Transfer Course Equivalency Form from our website. You'll need to email it to the head of the Sociology department, along with the syllabus of the course you took at Westmore. Once they sign it to confirm it's equivalent to our Intro to Sociology, they'll email it back to you, and you can forward it to us. STUDENT: Okay, that sounds manageable. But what if the department chair doesn't get back to me by Friday? Professors are usually pretty busy. STAFF: Tell you what. Go ahead and submit your Graduation Audit Petition today online. There's a checkbox on the form that says "Pending Transfer Credit." If you check that, it alerts our office that an external transcript is being processed. That way, you won't miss the Friday deadline, even if the department chair takes a few extra days to sign off on the equivalency. STUDENT: Oh, that is such a relief! I'll fill out the petition right now. Thank you so much for your help. STAFF: You're very welcome, Tomas. Just make sure to get that equivalency form to the sociology department as soon as possible so we can finalize everything. [Q12] Why does the student go to see the registrar office administrator?

    Terjemahan

    NARATOR: Dengar perbualan antara seorang pelajar dan seorang pentadbir pejabat pendaftar. PELAJAR: Hai. Um, nama saya Tomas. Saya pelajar tahun akhir, dan saya merancang untuk bergraduasi pada musim bunga akan datang ini. Saya ke sini kerana saya sedang menyemak audit ijazah dalam talian saya, dan, nampaknya, ia menyatakan saya kekurangan tiga kredit untuk keperluan pendidikan am bagi sains sosial. Tetapi saya pasti saya telah menyelesaikannya. STAF: Helo, Tomas. Biar saya buka fail anda... Baiklah, saya nampak rekod anda di sini. Ya, sistem menunjukkan anda mempunyai 117 kredit, tetapi anda memerlukan 120 untuk bergraduasi, dengan tiga kredit yang hilang itu daripada sains sosial. Adakah anda mengambil kursus yang mungkin tidak dikira? PELAJAR: Betul, itulah yang saya rasa telah berlaku. Musim panas lalu, saya mengambil kursus pengenalan sosiologi di Kolej Komuniti Westmore. Saya telah meminta transkrip rasmi dihantar ke sini terus daripada pendaftar mereka pada bulan Ogos lalu, tetapi ia tidak dipaparkan dalam portal saya. STAF: Ah, begitu. Biar saya semak pangkalan data kredit pindahan kami yang belum selesai... Ah, ya, ini dia. Transkrip dari Westmore memang telah sampai, tetapi nampaknya ia ditahan kerana ketiadaan Borang Kesetaraan Kursus Pindahan. Adakah anda menyerahkan borang tersebut sebelum mengambil kelas itu? PELAJAR: Borang kesetaraan kursus? Rasanya saya tidak melakukannya. Saya fikir selagi ia kolej yang diiktiraf, kredit tersebut akan dipindahkan secara automatik. STAF: Malangnya, tidak. Untuk memastikan kursus di institusi lain sepadan dengan kurikulum kami, ketua jabatan kami perlu menyemak silibus dan meluluskannya. Tanpa borang yang ditandatangani itu, kredit tersebut hanya akan berada dalam senarai menunggu kami. Tetapi jangan risau, kita boleh selesaikan perkara ini. PELAJAR: Oh, baguslah. Kerana tarikh akhir untuk menyerahkan Petisyen Audit Pengijazahan akhir adalah... pada hari Jumaat ini pukul lima petang, bukan? Saya agak risau jika terlepas tarikh itu. STAF: Ya, hari Jumaat pukul lima petang adalah betul. Ini yang perlu anda lakukan. Pertama, muat turun Borang Kesetaraan Kursus Pindahan dari laman web kami. Anda perlu menghantarnya melalui e-mel kepada ketua jabatan Sosiologi, bersama-sama dengan silibus kursus yang anda ambil di Westmore. Sebaik sahaja mereka menandatanganinya untuk mengesahkan ia setara dengan Pengenalan kepada Sosiologi kami, mereka akan menghantarnya semula kepada anda melalui e-mel, dan anda boleh memajukannya kepada kami. PELAJAR: Baik, itu nampak mudah untuk diuruskan. Tetapi bagaimana jika ketua jabatan tidak membalas e-mel saya menjelang hari Jumaat? Profesor biasanya agak sibuk. STAF: Begini sahaja. Teruskan dan serahkan Petisyen Audit Pengijazahan anda secara dalam talian hari ini. Terdapat kotak pilihan pada borang yang tertulis "Pending Transfer Credit." Jika anda menandakan kotak itu, ia akan memaklumkan pejabat kami bahawa transkrip luaran sedang diproses. Dengan cara itu, anda tidak akan terlepas tarikh akhir hari Jumaat, walaupun ketua jabatan mengambil masa beberapa hari lagi untuk menandatangi borang kesetaraan tersebut. PELAJAR: Oh, lega rasanya! Saya akan mengisi petisyen itu sekarang juga. Terima kasih banyak-banyak atas bantuan anda. STAF: Sama-sama, Tomas. Pastikan anda menghantar borang kesetaraan itu kepada jabatan sosiologi secepat mungkin supaya kami dapat memuktamadkan semuanya.

  1. Soalan 13

    According to the administrator, why were the student's transfer credits not added to his record?

    • AThe community college failed to mail his official transcript.
    • BThe registrar's office has not received a required course approval form.
    • CThe department head rejected the syllabus of the sociology course.
    • DThe student took the course after the administrative deadline.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q12.) [Q13] According to the administrator, why were the student's transfer credits not added to his record?

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S12.) [S13] Menurut pentadbir tersebut, mengapakah pemindahan kredit pelajar itu tidak dimasukkan ke dalam rekodnya?

  1. Soalan 14

    What can be inferred about the student's attitude regarding contacting the sociology department head?

    • AHe is confident that the professor will remember him from the summer course.
    • BHe is reluctant to share the syllabus from his previous institution.
    • CHe is concerned that the professor might not respond quickly enough.
    • DHe is confused about how to locate the department head's office.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q12.) [Q14] What can be inferred about the student's attitude regarding contacting the sociology department head?

    Terjemahan

    (Berkongsi dengan S12.) [S14] Apakah yang boleh disimpulkan tentang sikap pelajar itu berkaitan tindakan menghubungi ketua jabatan sosiologi?

  1. Soalan 15

    Why does the administrator mention the "Pending Transfer Credit" checkbox?

    • ATo point out a common technical error students experience on the portal.
    • BTo explain why transfer credits usually take several weeks to process.
    • CTo justify a late submission fee for graduation applications.
    • DTo suggest a way for the student to meet the upcoming application deadline.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q12.) [Q15] Why does the administrator mention the "Pending Transfer Credit" checkbox?

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S12.) [S15] Mengapakah pentadbir menyebut tentang kotak semak "Pending Transfer Credit"?

  1. Soalan 16

    Why does the administrator say this: "Tell you what."

    • AShe is introducing a practical solution to the student's dilemma.
    • BShe is asking the student to repeat his previous statement.
    • CShe is expressing dissatisfaction with the university's strict deadlines.
    • DShe is requesting that the student choose between two different forms.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q12.) [Replay: "Tell you what."] [Q16] Why does the administrator say this: "Tell you what."

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S12.) [Main semula: "Tell you what."] [S16] Mengapa pentadbir tersebut berkata demikian: "Tell you what."

Lecture 2

  1. Soalan 17

    What is the lecture mainly about?

    • AThe biological and physical processes associated with cryoconite holes.
    • BThe historical discovery of micro-ecosystems on polar ice sheets.
    • CMethods used by glaciologists to measure the albedo of glaciers.
    • DThe impact of industrial soot on the survival of tardigrades.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    NARRATOR: Listen to part of a lecture in an environmental science class. PROFESSOR: When we picture glaciers, we typically imagine pristine, white expanses of ice. But if you actually walk onto a glacier, especially during the summer, you'll find it's often peppered with tiny, water-filled pits. These are called cryoconite holes. And today, we're going to explore how these miniature features play a massive role in both glacial melt rates and global carbon cycles. Let’s start with what creates them. The process begins with 'cryoconite'—a term for the dark, powdery dust that settles on ice surfaces. This dust is a complex mixture of fine mineral soil, industrial soot carried by winds from hundreds of miles away, and organic matter, including microbes. Now, because this dust is dark, it has a very low albedo. Albedo, as you may recall, is the measure of how much solar radiation a surface reflects. While clean ice reflects up to eighty percent of sunlight, cryoconite reflects very little. Consequently, the dust absorbs solar heat, melts the underlying ice, and sinks vertically, forming a cylindrical pocket of water with a layer of dark sediment at the bottom. Now, you might think these holes are scattered uniformly, but they are concentrated in specific regions. They primarily form in the accumulation zone—uh, correction, the ablation zone. That’s the lower portion of the glacier where annual ice loss from melting exceeds the accumulation of new winter snow. In the ablation zone, the winter snow melts away, exposing the older glacier ice beneath and allowing the cryoconite to gather and melt inward. STUDENT: Professor, if the dark dust keeps absorbing heat, what stops it? I mean, why don't these cryoconite holes just melt all the way through the glacier to the bedrock? PROFESSOR: That seems logical, doesn't it? If it's dark, it absorbs heat, so it should just keep boring downward. But actually, a physical constraint prevents this. As a cryoconite hole deepens, the surrounding ice walls begin to shade the sediment at the bottom. At a certain depth, the angle of the sun is such that the bottom of the hole receives very little direct solar radiation. The system reaches what’s known as a thermal equilibrium depth—typically between twenty and fifty centimeters deep—where the heat absorbed by the sediment matches the heat lost to the surrounding cold ice. So, the hole stops deepening. But here’s where it gets truly fascinating. These holes are not just physical features; they are highly active 'biophotoreactors'—a term scientists use to describe self-sustaining, biological systems powered by light. The cyanobacteria in the cryoconite sediment perform photosynthesis, capturing carbon dioxide dissolved in the water and turning it into organic matter. The cyanobacteria actually secrete a sticky substance—extracellular polymeric substances, or EPS—which binds the loose mineral dust and soot together into stable granules. This biological binding prevents the wind from easily blowing the dark material away, keeping it anchored to the ice and driving the melting process over successive years. This organic matter then feeds other microscopic life-forms, like tardigrades and rotifers, which live inside these tiny wells. In fact, researchers have found that these holes can accumulate significant amounts of organic carbon. During the late summer melt-out, when the glacier surface degrades, the water and organic material stored in these holes are released. This nutrient-rich runoff is swept downslope, where it fuels downstream ecosystems, like glacial rivers and coastal fjords. But this also has a feedback effect. As the ice melts, the dark sediment is redistributed across the glacier’s surface, further lowering the overall albedo of the ablation zone, which, in turn, accelerates the melting of the entire glacier. So, these tiny, microscopic habitats actually dictate large-scale physical changes on a regional level. [Q17] What is the lecture mainly about?

    Terjemahan

    PENCERITA: Dengar sebahagian daripada kuliah dalam kelas sains persekitaran. PROFESOR: Apabila kita membayangkan glasier, kita biasanya membayangkan hamparan ais putih yang bersih. Tetapi jika anda benar-benar berjalan di atas glasier, terutamanya semasa musim panas, anda akan mendapati ia sering ditaburi dengan lubang-lubang kecil yang dipenuhi air. Ini dipanggil lubang kriokonit (cryoconite holes). Dan hari ini, kita akan meneroka bagaimana ciri-ciri miniatur ini memainkan peranan yang besar dalam kedua-dua kadar pencairan glasier dan kitaran karbon global. Mari kita mulakan dengan cara ia terbentuk. Proses ini bermula dengan 'kriokonit'—istilah bagi debu halus berwarna gelap yang mendap di atas permukaan ais. Debu ini merupakan campuran kompleks tanah mineral halus, jelaga industri yang dibawa oleh angin dari beratus-ratus batu jauhnya, dan bahan organik, termasuk mikrob. Oleh kerana debu ini berwarna gelap, ia mempunyai albedo yang sangat rendah. Albedo, seperti yang mungkin anda ingat, ialah ukuran tentang seberapa banyak radiasi suria yang dipantulkan oleh sesuatu permukaan. Walaupun ais yang bersih memantulkan sehingga lapan puluh peratus cahaya matahari, kriokonit memantulkan sangat sedikit. Akibatnya, debu tersebut menyerap haba matahari, mencairkan ais di bawahnya, dan tenggelam secara menegak, lalu membentuk poket air berbentuk silinder dengan lapisan sedimen gelap di bahagian bawah. Anda mungkin berfikir lubang-lubang ini tersebar secara sekata, tetapi ia sebenarnya tertumpu di kawasan-kawasan tertentu. Ia terbentuk terutamanya di zon pengumpulan—eh, maaf, zon ablasi. Iaitu bahagian bawah glasier di mana kehilangan ais tahunan akibat pencairan melebihi pengumpulan salji musim sejuk yang baharu. Di zon ablasi, salji musim sejuk mencair, mendedahkan ais glasier yang lebih tua di bawahnya dan membolehkan kriokonit berkumpul lalu mencair ke dalam. PELAJAR: Profesor, jika debu gelap itu terus menyerap haba, apakah yang menghalangnya? Maksud saya, mengapakah lubang kriokonit ini tidak mencair sepenuhnya menembusi glasier sehingga ke batuan dasar? PROFESOR: Itu kelihatan logik, bukan? Jika ia gelap, ia menyerap haba, jadi ia sepatutnya terus mengorek ke bawah. Tetapi sebenarnya, terdapat kekangan fizikal yang menghalang perkara ini. Apabila lubang kriokonit semakin mendalam, dinding ais di sekelilingnya mula melindungi sedimen di bahagian bawah daripada cahaya matahari. Pada kedalaman tertentu, sudut matahari menyebabkan bahagian bawah lubang tersebut menerima sangat sedikit radiasi suria secara langsung. Sistem ini mencapai apa yang dikenali sebagai kedalaman keseimbangan haba (thermal equilibrium depth)—biasanya antara dua puluh hingga lima puluh sentimeter dalam—di mana haba yang diserap oleh sedimen adalah sama dengan haba yang hilang ke dalam ais sejuk di sekelilingnya. Oleh itu, lubang tersebut berhenti menjadi lebih dalam. Tetapi di sinilah ia menjadi sangat menarik. Lubang-lubang ini bukan sekadar ciri fizikal; ia merupakan 'bioreaktor foto' (biophotoreactors) yang sangat aktif—istilah yang digunakan oleh saintis untuk menggambarkan sistem biologi yang mampan diri dan dijana oleh cahaya. Sianobakteria di dalam sedimen kriokonit melakukan fotosintesis, menangkap karbon dioksida yang larut di dalam air dan menukarkannya kepada bahan organik. Sianobakteria sebenarnya merembeskan bahan melekit—bahan polimer ekstraselular, atau EPS—yang mengikat debu mineral longgar dan jelaga bersama-sama menjadi granul yang stabil. Ikatan biologi ini menghalang angin daripada meniup bahan gelap itu dengan mudah, memastikannya kekal melekat pada ais dan memacu proses pencairan selama bertahun-tahun berturut-turut. Bahan organik ini kemudiannya memberi makan kepada hidupan mikroskopik lain, seperti tardigrad dan rotifer, yang hidup di dalam telaga kecil ini. Malah, para penyelidik mendapati bahawa lubang-lubang ini boleh mengumpul jumlah karbon organik yang ketara. Semasa pencairan akhir musim panas, apabila permukaan glasier merosot, air dan bahan organik yang disimpan di dalam lubang-lubang ini akan dilepaskan. Larian air yang kaya dengan nutrien ini mengalir ke bawah cerun, di mana ia membekalkan nutrien kepada ekosistem hiliran, seperti sungai glasier dan fjord pantai. Tetapi ini juga mempunyai kesan maklum balas. Apabila ais mencair, sedimen gelap diagihkan semula ke seluruh permukaan glasier, yang seterusnya menurunkan lagi albedo keseluruhan zon ablasi, lalu mempercepatkan pencairan seluruh glasier. Jadi, habitat mikroskopik yang kecil ini sebenarnya menentukan perubahan fizikal berskala besar pada peringkat wilayah.

  1. Soalan 18

    According to the professor, what is the role of the sticky substance secreted by cyanobacteria?

    • AIt isolates the microbes from toxic industrial soot in the cryoconite.
    • BIt prevents wind from dispersing the dark sediment off the glacier.
    • CIt accelerates the rate at which the holes reach thermal equilibrium depth.
    • DIt filters solar radiation to protect deep-dwelling organisms.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q17.) [Q18] According to the professor, what is the role of the sticky substance secreted by cyanobacteria?

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S17.) [S18] Menurut profesor tersebut, apakah peranan bahan melekit yang dirembeskan oleh sianobakteria?

  1. Soalan 19

    Why does the professor mention the "ablation zone" of a glacier?

    • ATo correct a common misconception about where glaciers accumulate the most snow.
    • BTo explain why industrial soot is rarely found on high-altitude ice.
    • CTo specify the geographical area where cryoconite holes are primarily concentrated.
    • DTo contrast the temperature of surface meltwater with that of deeper glacial layers.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q17.) [Q19] Why does the professor mention the "ablation zone" of a glacier?

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S17.) [S19] Mengapakah profesor menyebut tentang "ablation zone" sesebuah glasier?

  1. Soalan 20

    Based on the lecture, how does the depth of a cryoconite hole regulate its own growth?

    • AAs the hole deepens, the pressure of the water column prevents further ice melting.
    • BThe accumulation of organic carbon at the bottom creates an insulating barrier.
    • CThe rising temperature of the surrounding ice accelerates lateral melting instead of vertical sinking.
    • DAs the hole gets deeper, shading from the walls reduces solar heating at the bottom.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q17.) [Q20] Based on the lecture, how does the depth of a cryoconite hole regulate its own growth?

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S17.) [S20] Berdasarkan kuliah tersebut, bagaimanakah kedalaman lubang kriokonit mengawal atur pertumbuhannya sendiri?

  1. Soalan 21

    What can be inferred about the downstream ecosystems that receive runoff from glaciers in late summer?

    • AThey benefit from nutrients produced biologically within the cryoconite holes.
    • BThey are negatively impacted by the sudden increase in glacial albedo.
    • CThey are sterile environments until they merge with warmer ocean water.
    • DThey experience a decline in biological activity due to the influx of industrial soot.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q17.) [Q21] What can be inferred about the downstream ecosystems that receive runoff from glaciers in late summer?

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S17.) [S21] Apakah yang boleh disimpulkan tentang ekosistem hiliran yang menerima air larian daripada glasier pada lewat musim panas?

  1. Soalan 22

    Why does the speaker say this:

    • ATo point out an obvious flaw in the student's understanding of thermal physics.
    • BTo validate the student's reasoning before introducing a counterintuitive physical limit.
    • CTo express surprise that the student anticipated the next topic of the lecture.
    • DTo challenge the class to find a solution to a glaciological paradox.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q17.) [Replay: "That seems logical, doesn't it? If it's dark, it absorbs heat, so it should just keep boring downward."] [Q22] Why does the speaker say this:

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S17.) [Ulang tayang: "Itu nampak logik, bukan? Jika ia berwarna gelap, ia menyerap haba, jadi ia sepatutnya terus mengorek ke bawah."]

Lecture 3

  1. Soalan 23

    What is the lecture mainly about?

    • AHow children utilize grammatical structure to deduce the meanings of verbs.
    • BExperimental evidence showing how physical actions help children learn complex nouns.
    • CA comparison of two theories explaining how children identify grammatical subjects.
    • DThe historical debate over whether language acquisition is innate or learned.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    NARRATOR: Listen to part of a lecture in a linguistics class. PROFESSOR: Good morning, everyone. Today, we're diving into developmental psycholinguistics, specifically how infants acquire the meanings of verbs. Now, nouns are relatively straightforward. A parent points to a cup and says, 'cup.' The child associates the sound with the physical object. But verbs—verbs are trickier. How does a toddler figure out what words like 'think,' 'give,' or 'push' actually mean when the physical world is full of simultaneous, confusing actions? For decades, the dominant view was what we call semantic bootstrapping. Semantic bootstrapping is the theory that children use their innate knowledge of semantic categories—like identifying who is performing an action, the 'agent,' and who is receiving it, the 'patient'—to map out the basic grammatical structure of their native language. So, they see a dog chasing a cat, recognize the dog as the cause or agent, and assume that 'dog' must be the subject of the sentence. But this theory has a, uh, a major blind spot. It doesn't fully explain how children learn verbs that aren't easily paired with obvious, observable physical actions, or how they distinguish between two actions happening at the exact same time. PROFESSOR: This is where syntactic bootstrapping comes in. Syntactic bootstrapping is a cognitive mechanism where children use the grammatical structure of a sentence—its syntax—to deduce the meaning of an unfamiliar verb. Instead of relying solely on what they see, they use the sentence's form as a linguistic clue. Let me give you a classic experiment that illustrates this beautifully, conducted by Letitia Naigles in 1990. Naigles took two-year-old toddlers and showed them a television screen split in two. On one side of the screen, a duck was actively pushing a bunny down into a squatting position. On the other side, both the duck and the bunny were simply waving their arms in circles, doing the same motion side by side. Now, while the toddlers watched this, they heard a voiceover. One group of children heard: 'The duck is gorping the bunny.' This is a transitive sentence structure—meaning it has a subject acting directly on an object. The other group heard: 'The duck and the bunny are gorping.' This is an intransitive structure, where there is no direct object, just two subjects performing an action together. By the way, 'gorping' is a nonsense verb, completely made up, to ensure the children had no prior knowledge of its meaning. STUDENT: Wait, so how did the researchers know what the kids actually thought 'gorping' meant? They can't exactly explain their reasoning at two years old. PROFESSOR: Excellent question, Tariq. The researchers used a preferential looking paradigm. This is a technique based on the fact that children will look longer at a visual display that matches what they are hearing. When the voiceover said, 'Find gorping!', the children who had heard 'The duck is gorping the bunny' spent significantly more time staring at the side of the screen where the duck was forcing the bunny to squat. They deduced that 'gorping' must mean the causative, transitive action—the pushing. Conversely, the children who had heard 'The duck and the bunny are gorping' looked longer at the side where both characters were waving their arms. They inferred that 'gorping' referred to the coordinated, intransitive motion. What this proves is that the toddlers didn't just look at the physical scene and guess. They used the syntactic frame—the presence or absence of a direct object—to narrow down and choose the correct meaning of the novel verb. They boot-strapped, or pulled themselves up, into the verb's meaning using their existing grasp of syntax. Of course, this doesn't mean semantic bootstrapping is useless. In fact, most modern linguists agree that children likely employ both strategies in tandem, depending on the stage of development and the complexity of the vocabulary they are encountering. [Q23] What is the lecture mainly about?

    Terjemahan

    NARATOR: Dengar sebahagian daripada syarahan dalam kelas linguistik. PROFESOR: Selamat pagi, semua. Hari ini, kita akan mendalami bidang psikolinguistik perkembangan, khususnya bagaimana bayi memperoleh makna kata kerja. Kata nama agak mudah difahami. Ibu bapa menunjuk ke arah cawan dan menyebut, 'cawan.' Kanak-kanak itu mengaitkan bunyi tersebut dengan objek fizikal itu. Tetapi kata kerja—kata kerja lebih sukar. Bagaimanakah seorang kanak-kanak kecil memahami maksud sebenar perkataan seperti 'fikir', 'beri' atau 'tolak' apabila dunia fizikal ini penuh dengan tindakan yang berlaku serentak dan mengelirukan? Selama beberapa dekad, pandangan utama yang diterima dikenali sebagai bootstrapping semantik (semantic bootstrapping). Bootstrapping semantik ialah teori bahawa kanak-kanak menggunakan pengetahuan sedia ada mereka tentang kategori semantik—seperti mengenal pasti siapa yang melakukan tindakan, iaitu 'agen', dan siapa yang menerimanya, iaitu 'pesakit'—untuk merangka struktur tatabahasa asas bahasa ibunda mereka. Jadi, mereka melihat seekor anjing mengejar seekor kucing, mengecam anjing itu sebagai penyebab atau agen, dan mengandaikan bahawa 'anjing' mestilah subjek dalam ayat tersebut. Tetapi teori ini mempunyai, um, satu kelemahan besar. Ia tidak menjelaskan sepenuhnya bagaimana kanak-kanak mempelajari kata kerja yang tidak mudah dipadankan dengan tindakan fizikal yang jelas dan nyata, atau bagaimana mereka membezakan antara dua tindakan yang berlaku pada masa yang sama. PROFESOR: Di sinilah letaknya peranan bootstrapping sintaksis (syntactic bootstrapping). Bootstrapping sintaksis ialah mekanisme kognitif di mana kanak-kanak menggunakan struktur tatabahasa sesuatu ayat—iaitu sintaksisnya—untuk merumuskan makna kata kerja yang tidak dikenali. Bukannya bergantung semata-mata pada apa yang mereka lihat, mereka menggunakan bentuk ayat tersebut sebagai petunjuk linguistik. Biar saya berikan satu eksperimen klasik yang menggambarkan perkara ini dengan sangat baik, yang dijalankan oleh Letitia Naigles pada tahun 1990. Naigles memilih kanak-kanak berumur dua tahun dan menunjukkan kepada mereka skrin televisyen yang dibahagikan kepada dua. Di satu sisi skrin, seekor itik sedang aktif menolak seekor arnab ke bawah sehingga mencangkung. Di sisi yang satu lagi pula, kedua-dua itik dan arnab tersebut sekadar melambai-lambaikan tangan mereka secara membulat, melakukan gerakan yang sama secara bersebelahan. Semasa kanak-kanak tersebut menonton paparan ini, mereka mendengar suara latar. Satu kumpulan kanak-kanak mendengar: 'The duck is gorping the bunny.' Ini ialah struktur ayat transitif—bermaksud terdapat subjek yang bertindak secara langsung ke atas objek. Kumpulan satu lagi pula mendengar: 'The duck and the bunny are gorping.' Ini ialah struktur tak transitif, di mana tiada objek langsung, sebaliknya hanya dua subjek yang melakukan tindakan bersama-sama. Suka saya ingatkan, 'gorping' ialah kata kerja rekaan yang tidak mempunyai sebarang makna, dicipta semata-mata untuk memastikan kanak-kanak tersebut tidak mempunyai pengetahuan sedia ada tentang maksudnya. PELAJAR: Kejap, jadi bagaimanakah para pengkaji tahu apa yang sebenarnya difikirkan oleh kanak-kanak itu tentang maksud 'gorping'? Mereka tidak dapat menjelaskan alasan mereka pada usia dua tahun. PROFESOR: Soalan yang bagus, Tariq. Para pengkaji menggunakan paradigma pandangan pilihan (preferential looking paradigm). Ini ialah teknik yang berdasarkan hakikat bahawa kanak-kanak akan memandang lebih lama pada paparan visual yang sepadan dengan apa yang mereka dengar. Apabila suara latar menyebut, 'Find gorping!', kanak-kanak yang telah mendengar 'The duck is gorping the bunny' meluangkan masa yang jauh lebih lama untuk merenung bahagian skrin di mana itik sedang memaksa arnab itu mencangkung. Mereka merumuskan bahawa 'gorping' mestilah bermaksud tindakan transitif yang menyebabkan sesuatu berlaku—iaitu perbuatan menolak. Sebaliknya, kanak-kanak yang mendengar 'The duck and the bunny are gorping' memandang lebih lama pada bahagian di mana kedua-dua watak sedang melambai-lambaikan tangan mereka. Mereka membuat kesimpulan bahawa 'gorping' merujuk kepada gerakan tak transitif yang diselaraskan bersama. Apa yang dibuktikan di sini ialah kanak-kanak tersebut tidak sekadar melihat situasi fizikal itu dan meneka. Mereka menggunakan rangka sintaksis—iaitu kehadiran atau ketiadaan objek langsung—untuk mengecilkan skop dan memilih makna yang betul bagi kata kerja baharu tersebut. Mereka melakukan 'bootstrapping', atau membina pemahaman sendiri tentang makna kata kerja tersebut dengan menggunakan penguasaan sintaksis sedia ada mereka. Tentu sekali, ini tidak bermakna bootstrapping semantik tidak berguna langsung. Malah, kebanyakan ahli linguistik moden bersetuju bahawa kanak-kanak kemungkinan besar menggunakan kedua-dua strategi ini secara serentak, bergantung pada tahap perkembangan dan kerumitan kosa kata yang mereka temui.

  1. Soalan 24

    According to the professor, what is a limitation of semantic bootstrapping?

    • AIt overestimates a child's ability to distinguish between subjects and objects in a sentence.
    • BIt fails to account for how children learn verbs that do not have obvious physical representations.
    • CIt assumes that children have no innate knowledge of semantic roles like "agent" and "patient."
    • DIt requires children to have prior exposure to nonsense verbs before they can map sentence structures.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q23.) [Q24] According to the professor, what is a limitation of semantic bootstrapping?

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S23.) [S24] Menurut profesor tersebut, apakah limitasi bagi 'semantic bootstrapping'?

  1. Soalan 25 (pilih semua yang berkenaan)

    In the experiment described by the professor, what did the children see on the split screen? Choose 2 answers.

    • AOne character forcing another character to perform an action.
    • BA character pointing to and naming a physical object.
    • CTwo characters independently performing the same movement.
    • DA character performing an action while saying a nonsense word.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q23.) [Q25] In the experiment described by the professor, what did the children see on the split screen? Choose 2 answers.

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S23.) [S25] Dalam eksperimen yang diterangkan oleh profesor tersebut, apakah yang dilihat oleh kanak-kanak pada skrin terbahagi? Pilih 2 jawapan.

  1. Soalan 26

    Why does the professor mention the preferential looking paradigm?

    • ATo argue that visual stimuli are more effective than auditory stimuli in language experiments.
    • BTo point out a flaw in Letitia Naigles's original experimental design.
    • CTo explain how researchers determined which visual scene the toddlers associated with the novel verb.
    • DTo describe how toddlers naturally learn to distinguish between transitive and intransitive verbs at home.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q23.) [Q26] Why does the professor mention the preferential looking paradigm?

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S23.) [S26] Mengapakah profesor menyebut tentang paradigma pandangan terpilih (preferential looking paradigm)?

  1. Soalan 27

    What does the professor imply about the relationship between semantic bootstrapping and syntactic bootstrapping?

    • ASyntactic bootstrapping has entirely replaced semantic bootstrapping as the accepted model of language acquisition.
    • BSemantic bootstrapping is only useful for learning nouns, while syntactic bootstrapping is used exclusively for verbs.
    • CChildren must fully master semantic bootstrapping before they can begin using syntactic bootstrapping.
    • DThey are complementary processes that children likely use together rather than mutually exclusive theories.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q23.) [Q27] What does the professor imply about the relationship between semantic bootstrapping and syntactic bootstrapping?

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi bersama S23.) [S27] Apakah yang dinyatakan secara tersirat oleh profesor tentang hubungan antara "semantic bootstrapping" dan "syntactic bootstrapping"?

  1. Soalan 28

    Why does the speaker say this:

    • ATo clarify why a specific control measure was necessary in the experiment.
    • BTo apologize for using informal language during an academic presentation.
    • CTo suggest that the toddlers were confused by the researchers' choice of words.
    • DTo highlight the difficulty of teaching abstract verbs to very young children.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q23.) [Replay: "By the way, 'gorping' is a nonsense verb, completely made up, to ensure the children had no prior knowledge of its meaning."] [Q28] Why does the speaker say this:

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi bersama S23.) [Main semula: "Untuk makluman, 'gorping' ialah kata kerja tanpa makna yang direka sepenuhnya bagi memastikan kanak-kanak tidak mempunyai pengetahuan sedia ada tentang maksudnya."]

Kertas soalan serupa