TOEFL · Pendengaran · 28 soalan

Ujian Latihan TOEFL Pendengaran 3

Ujian percubaan pendengaran dan bacaan yang asli, berdasarkan format TOEFL iBT yang diterbitkan.

Ini ialah ujian latihan asli yang ditulis oleh Loopy berdasarkan format yang diterbitkan. Ia bukan ujian rasmi ETS.

TOEIC® dan TOEFL® ialah tanda dagangan berdaftar ETS. IELTS dimiliki bersama oleh British Council, IDP dan Cambridge English. Ujian latihan Loopy dihasilkan sendiri dan tidak bergabung dengan atau disokong oleh organisasi-organisasi ini.

Audio ujian penuh

Conversation 1

  1. Soalan 1

    Why does the student go to see the professor?

    • ATo get advice on narrowing down his research topic
    • BTo ask for an extension on his ecology paper
    • CTo find out how many pages his final paper needs to be
    • DTo ask the professor to recommend some science journals
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    NARRATOR: Listen to a conversation between a student and a professor. Student: Hi, Professor Carmen. Do you have a few minutes? I wanted to talk about my research proposal for our ecology class. Professor: Of course, Diego. Come on in. Is this about the final paper project? Student: Yes, it is. The proposal is due this Friday, but I am having some trouble. I chose ocean warming as my topic, but now I feel a bit lost. Professor: Ah, yes. Ocean warming is a very important topic. However, it is also extremely broad. Remember, our final paper has a strict limit of five pages. You cannot cover the whole world's oceans in just five pages! Student: Right, I see the problem now. I started reading some articles, and there was just too much information. I did not know what to include. Professor: That is a common issue. My advice is to narrow your focus. Instead of the entire planet, you should look at one specific ecosystem. For example, you could write about how rising temperatures affect the kelp forests... uh, I mean, the giant kelp forests along the California coast. Student: Oh, that sounds much more manageable. I actually read a short article about California's kelp forests last week. Professor: Perfect! If you focus on that one area, you can easily explain the local effects in five pages. You can look at how the warmer water affects the kelp, and then how that impacts the fish that live there. Student: That makes a lot of sense. It gives me a clear structure for my paper. First, I will introduce the kelp forests, next, I will discuss the temperature changes, and finally, I will explain the impact on the fish. Professor: Exactly. That is a solid plan. Now, you just need to update your written proposal with this new focus. Student: Okay, I can do that. Is there a specific format for the proposal? Professor: Yes, it should be just one page. It needs a brief title, your main research question, and a list of three academic sources you plan to use. Student: Okay, one page is very reasonable. I will rewrite the proposal tonight and submit it online. I know the deadline is Friday at five o'clock, so I will definitely have it done by then. Professor: Excellent. If you need help finding those three sources, you can also ask the science librarian. Student: Thanks, Professor Carmen. I will head to the library right now. [Q1] Why does the student go to see the professor?

    Terjemahan

    PENGACARA: Dengarkan perbualan antara seorang pelajar dengan seorang profesor. Pelajar: Hai, Profesor Carmen. Adakah profesor mempunyai masa lapang sebentar? Saya mahu berbincang tentang cadangan penyelidikan saya untuk kelas ekologi kita. Profesor: Tentu saja, Diego. Masuklah. Adakah ini tentang projek tugasan akhir? Pelajar: Ya, betul. Cadangan tersebut perlu dihantar pada hari Jumaat ini, tetapi saya menghadapi sedikit masalah. Saya memilih pemanasan lautan sebagai topik saya, tetapi sekarang saya rasa agak buntu. Profesor: Ah, ya. Pemanasan lautan ialah topik yang sangat penting. Walau bagaimanapun, skopnya juga terlampau luas. Ingat, tugasan akhir kita mempunyai had ketat sebanyak lima muka surat. Anda tidak boleh merangkumi lautan di seluruh dunia dalam masa lima muka surat sahaja! Pelajar: Betul, sekarang baru saya nampak masalahnya. Saya mula membaca beberapa artikel, dan maklumatnya terlalu banyak. Saya tidak tahu apa yang patut dimasukkan. Profesor: Itu masalah biasa. Nasihat saya adalah untuk mengecilkan fokus anda. Berbanding seluruh planet, anda patut melihat satu ekosistem yang khusus. Sebagai contoh, anda boleh menulis tentang bagaimana peningkatan suhu menjejaskan hutan kelp... eh, maksud saya, hutan kelp gergasi di sepanjang pantai California. Pelajar: Oh, itu nampaknya jauh lebih mudah untuk dikendalikan. Saya ada membaca satu artikel pendek tentang hutan kelp California pada minggu lepas. Profesor: Bagus sekali! Jika anda fokus pada kawasan itu sahaja, anda boleh menerangkan kesan tempatannya dengan mudah dalam lima muka surat. Anda boleh melihat bagaimana air yang lebih panas menjejaskan kelp, dan kemudian bagaimana perkara itu memberi kesan kepada ikan yang hidup di sana. Pelajar: Itu sangat masuk akal. Ini memberikan struktur yang jelas untuk tugasan saya. Mula-mula, saya akan memperkenalkan hutan kelp, kemudian saya akan membincangkan perubahan suhu, dan akhirnya, saya akan menerangkan kesannya terhadap ikan. Profesor: Tepat sekali. Itu rancangan yang mantap. Sekarang, anda hanya perlu mengemas kini cadangan bertulis anda dengan fokus baharu ini. Pelajar: Baik, saya boleh lakukannya. Adakah terdapat format khusus untuk cadangan tersebut? Profesor: Ya, panjangnya hendaklah satu muka surat sahaja. Ia memerlukan tajuk ringkas, soalan penyelidikan utama anda, dan senarai tiga sumber akademik yang anda rancang untuk gunakan. Pelajar: Baik, satu muka surat adalah sangat munasabah. Saya akan menulis semula cadangan itu malam ini dan menghantarnya secara dalam talian. Saya tahu tarikh akhir adalah pada hari Jumaat pukul lima petang, jadi saya pasti akan menyiapkannya sebelum waktu itu. Profesor: Cemerlang. Jika anda memerlukan bantuan untuk mencari tiga sumber tersebut, anda juga boleh bertanya kepada pustakawan sains. Pelajar: Terima kasih, Profesor Carmen. Saya akan pergi ke perpustakaan sekarang juga. [Q1] Mengapakah pelajar itu pergi berjumpa dengan profesor?

  1. Soalan 2

    According to the professor, what is one requirement for the final paper?

    • AIt must focus on several different oceans
    • BIt cannot exceed a length of five pages
    • CIt is due by five o'clock this Friday
    • DIt must include at least ten academic sources
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q1.) [Q2] According to the professor, what is one requirement for the final paper?

    Terjemahan

    (Berkongsi dengan S1.) [S2] Menurut profesor tersebut, apakah salah satu syarat untuk tugasan akhir?

  1. Soalan 3

    What does the professor suggest that Diego focus his research on?

    • AThe general history of global ocean warming
    • BA comparison between California and other coastal ecosystems
    • CThe impact of temperature changes on giant kelp in California
    • DThe migration patterns of deep-sea fish
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q1.) [Q3] What does the professor suggest that Diego focus his research on?

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S1.) [S3] Apakah yang disarankan oleh profesor supaya dijadikan fokus penyelidikan Diego?

  1. Soalan 4

    What can be inferred about Diego's plan after speaking with the professor?

    • AHe will change his major to marine biology
    • BHe will ask for extra time to write his first draft
    • CHe will write his paper about global warming in general
    • DHe will locate a few academic references before Friday
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q1.) [Q4] What can be inferred about Diego's plan after speaking with the professor?

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S1.) [S4] Apakah yang boleh disimpulkan tentang rancangan Diego selepas bercakap dengan profesor itu?

  1. Soalan 5

    Why does the professor say this:

    • ATo explain why the student's original topic is too broad
    • BTo complain about the strict length limits set by the university
    • CTo suggest that the student write a longer research paper
    • DTo point out that oceans contain too much water to study
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q1.) [Replay: "You cannot cover the whole world's oceans in just five pages!"] [Q5] Why does the professor say this:

    Terjemahan

    [Main semula: "Anda tidak boleh merangkumi semua lautan di dunia dalam hanya lima muka surat!"]

Lecture 1

  1. Soalan 6

    What is the lecture mainly about?

    • ABiological mechanisms that allow certain plants to survive extreme dehydration
    • BThe evolutionary history of desert vegetation in North America
    • CThe physical differences between resurrection plants and desert mosses
    • DHow climate change affects the growth rates of slow-growing plant species
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    NARRATOR: Listen to part of a lecture in a biology class. PROFESSOR: Alright, today we’re going to look at some extraordinary survivors in the plant kingdom. Most plants, as you know, can’t survive losing more than about ten percent of their water content. If they dry out beyond that, their cells collapse and they die. But there is a rare group of plants known as resurrection plants. These plants can tolerate losing up to ninety-five percent of their water. They shrivel up, look completely dead for months, or even years, and then, within hours of receiving water, they green up and resume photosynthesis. This incredible state of suspended animation is called anhydrobiosis—literally, life without water. STUDENT: Wait, so they don’t actually die? Their metabolic processes just stop? PROFESSOR: Exactly, Diego. Their metabolism drops to an undetectable level. Now, how do they do this without damaging their cellular machinery? Normally, when a plant cell dehydrates, its internal proteins fold incorrectly and clump together, causing irreversible damage. Resurrection plants prevent this using specialized proteins called Late Embryogenesis Abundant proteins, or LEA proteins for short. LEA proteins act as molecular shields. They bind to other cellular proteins and prevent them from unfolding or sticking to one another during dehydration. It’s like putting bubble wrap around fragile items before shipping them. PROFESSOR: But LEA proteins are only part of the story. The cells also undergo a process called vitrification. Vitrification is the transition of the cell's liquid cytoplasm into a non-crystalline, glass-like solid. Instead of forming sharp ice crystals—or, you know, collapsing under the pressure of water loss—the interior of the cell becomes a highly viscous, glassy substance. This sugary glass stabilizes the cellular structure, locking everything in place. It's like a biological pause button. When water is introduced, this glass dissolves instantly, and the cell goes right back to its normal liquid state. STUDENT: That sounds amazing. But isn't there a cost? I mean, if it's so great, why don't all plants do it? PROFESSOR: That's a crucial point. Yes, the energetic cost of producing these protective sugars and LEA proteins is immense. Resurrection plants grow very slowly compared to ordinary plants because they divert so much energy into protective mechanisms instead of rapid growth. So, in wet environments, they easily get outcompeted by normal plants. They only have an evolutionary advantage in extremely harsh, arid environments where other plants can't survive at all. Let's look at a specific example: the rose of Jericho. In the Chihuahuan Desert... Actually, let's call it by its common name, the false rose of Jericho, to avoid confusion with an unrelated Middle Eastern plant. This desert moss-like herb curls its stems into a tight, brown ball when dry. This curling isn't just a passive response; it actually protects the plant's inner, photosynthetic tissues from intense sunlight and wind damage while it is in its dormant state. It protects the machinery from photo-oxidation—damage caused by excess light when the plant cannot use that light for photosynthesis. [Q6] What is the lecture mainly about?

    Terjemahan

    PENYAMPAI: Dengar sebahagian daripada syarahan dalam kelas biologi. PENSYARAH: Baiklah, hari ini kita akan membincangkan tentang beberapa hidupan yang mempunyai daya tahan yang luar biasa dalam alam tumbuhan. Kebanyakan tumbuhan, seperti yang anda tahu, tidak dapat bertahan jika kehilangan lebih daripada sepuluh peratus kandungan airnya. Jika keadaan menjadi lebih kering daripada itu, sel-selnya akan musnah dan tumbuhan itu akan mati. Namun, terdapat satu kumpulan tumbuhan unik yang dikenali sebagai 'resurrection plants' (tumbuhan kebangkitan semula). Tumbuhan ini boleh bertolak ansur dengan kehilangan sehingga sembilan puluh lima peratus kandungan airnya. Tumbuhan ini akan mengecut dan kelihatan mati sepenuhnya selama berbulan-bulan, atau bertahun-tahun, tetapi dalam tempoh beberapa jam selepas menerima air, tumbuhan ini akan kembali menghijau dan menyambung semula proses fotosintesis. Keadaan hidup tergantung (suspended animation) yang menakjubkan ini dipanggil 'anhydrobiosis'—yang secara harfiahnya bermaksud, kehidupan tanpa air. PELAJAR: Tunggu, jadi tumbuhan itu tidak benar-benar mati? Adakah proses metaboliknya hanya terhenti? PENSYARAH: Tepat sekali, Diego. Metabolisme tumbuhan ini merosot ke tahap yang tidak dapat dikesan. Jadi, bagaimanakah tumbuhan ini melakukannya tanpa merosakkan sistem selular mereka? Kebiasaannya, apabila sel tumbuhan mengalami dehidrasi, protein dalamannya akan melipat secara salah dan menggumpal bersama, lalu menyebabkan kerosakan yang tidak dapat dipulihkan. Tumbuhan kebangkitan semula menghalang perkara ini daripada berlaku menggunakan protein khusus yang dipanggil protein 'Late Embryogenesis Abundant', atau singkatannya protein LEA. Protein LEA bertindak sebagai pelindung molekul. Protein ini mengikat protein selular yang lain dan menghalangnya daripada terungkai atau melekat antara satu sama lain semasa proses dehidrasi. Ia seperti meletakkan plastik gelembung (bubble wrap) pada barangan rapuh sebelum dihantar. PENSYARAH: Tetapi protein LEA hanyalah sebahagian daripada cerita ini. Sel-sel tumbuhan tersebut juga melalui proses yang dipanggil vitrifikasi (vitrification). Vitrifikasi ialah peralihan cecair sitoplasma sel menjadi pepejal seperti kaca yang tidak menghablur. Daripada membentuk hablur ais yang tajam—atau, anda tahu, musnah akibat tekanan daripada kehilangan air—bahagian dalam sel bertukar menjadi bahan seperti kaca yang sangat likat. Gula kaca ini menstabilkan struktur selular dan menetapkan setiap komponen di tempatnya. Ia seperti butang jeda biologi. Apabila air dimasukkan semula, kaca ini akan larut serta-merta, dan sel akan kembali ke keadaan cecair asalnya yang normal. PELAJAR: Itu kedengaran sangat menakjubkan. Tetapi bukankah ada kosnya? Maksud saya, jika proses ini sangat bagus, mengapa tidak semua tumbuhan melakukannya? PENSYARAH: Itu satu perkara yang sangat penting. Ya, kos tenaga untuk menghasilkan gula pelindung dan protein LEA ini adalah sangat besar. Tumbuhan kebangkitan semula tumbuh dengan sangat perlahan berbanding tumbuhan biasa kerana tumbuhan ini mengalihkan begitu banyak tenaga kepada mekanisme perlindungan berbanding pertumbuhan yang cepat. Oleh itu, dalam persekitaran yang basah, tumbuhan ini mudah kalah dalam persaingan dengan tumbuhan biasa. Tumbuhan ini hanya mempunyai kelebihan evolusi dalam persekitaran gersang yang sangat ekstrem di mana tumbuhan lain tidak dapat hidup langsung. Mari kita lihat satu contoh khusus: 'rose of Jericho'. Di Gurun Chihuahuan... Sebenarnya, mari kita panggil dengan nama biasanya, iaitu 'false rose of Jericho' (mawar Jericho palsu), untuk mengelakkan kekeliruan dengan tumbuhan Timur Tengah lain yang tidak berkaitan. Herba seakan-akan lumut gurun ini menggulung batangnya menjadi gumpalan bulat berwarna coklat yang padat apabila kering. Penggulungan ini bukan sekadar tindak balas pasif; ia sebenarnya melindungi tisu fotosintesis bahagian dalam tumbuhan daripada cahaya matahari yang terik dan kerosakan angin semasa ia berada dalam keadaan dorman. Tindakan ini melindungi sistem selular daripada foto-oksidasi—iaitu kerosakan yang disebabkan oleh cahaya berlebihan apabila tumbuhan tidak dapat menggunakan cahaya tersebut untuk fotosintesis.

  1. Soalan 7

    According to the professor, what is the primary function of Late Embryogenesis Abundant (LEA) proteins?

    • AThey speed up the absorption of water when the plant is rehydrated.
    • BThey prevent other cellular proteins from clumping together during drying.
    • CThey absorb excess sunlight to protect the plant from heat damage.
    • DThey dissolve the sugary glass structure inside the cell cytoplasm.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q6.) [Q7] According to the professor, what is the primary function of Late Embryogenesis Abundant (LEA) proteins?

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S6.) [S7] Menurut profesor tersebut, apakah fungsi utama protein Late Embryogenesis Abundant (LEA)?

  1. Soalan 8 (pilih semua yang berkenaan)

    According to the lecture, what happens during the process of vitrification? Choose 2 answers.

    • AThe cytoplasm transforms into a glass-like solid.
    • BSharp ice crystals form to protect the cell wall.
    • CThe cellular structures are locked in place and stabilized.
    • DThe plant's stems curl into a tight ball to block wind.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q6.) [Q8] According to the lecture, what happens during the process of vitrification? Choose 2 answers.

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S6.) [S8] Menurut kuliah tersebut, apakah yang berlaku semasa proses vitrifikasi? Pilih 2 jawapan.

  1. Soalan 9

    Why does the professor mention the "energetic cost" of producing LEA proteins and protective sugars?

    • ATo explain why resurrection plants are unable to survive in desert climates
    • BTo argue that these plants are more closely related to agricultural crops than previously thought
    • CTo illustrate why these plants do not dominate wetter environments where ordinary plants grow
    • DTo suggest that resurrection plants will eventually lose their ability to undergo anhydrobiosis
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q6.) [Q9] Why does the professor mention the "energetic cost" of producing LEA proteins and protective sugars?

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S6.) [S9] Mengapakah profesor menyebut tentang "kos tenaga" untuk menghasilkan protein LEA dan gula pelindung?

  1. Soalan 10

    According to the professor, why does the false rose of Jericho curl its stems into a ball?

    • ATo trap moisture inside the root system for later use
    • BTo allow wind to roll the plant to areas with more water
    • CTo signal to surrounding plants that a drought is starting
    • DTo shield its inner tissues from damage caused by intense sunlight
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q6.) [Q10] According to the professor, why does the false rose of Jericho curl its stems into a ball?

    Terjemahan

    (Berkongsi dengan Q6.) [Q10] Menurut profesor tersebut, mengapakah mawar Jericho palsu menggulung batangnya menjadi bentuk bola?

  1. Soalan 11

    Why does the speaker say this:

    • ATo clarify the specific terminology she wants to use for the example
    • BTo correct an error regarding the plant's geographic origin
    • CTo explain why the plant's scientific name is no longer accepted by biologists
    • DTo transition into a discussion about Middle Eastern plant ecology
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q6.) [Replay: "Actually, let's call it by its common name, the false rose of Jericho, to avoid confusion with an unrelated Middle Eastern plant."] [Q11] Why does the speaker say this:

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S6.) [Main semula: "Sebenarnya, mari kita panggil tumbuhan ini dengan nama umumnya, iaitu 'false rose of Jericho', bagi mengelakkan kekeliruan dengan tumbuhan Timur Tengah yang tidak berkaitan."]

Conversation 2

  1. Soalan 12

    Why does the student go to see the academic advisor?

    • ATo resolve an issue with how a study-abroad course is categorized on her graduation audit.
    • BTo apply for a new study-abroad program in Sweden.
    • CTo pay a fifty-dollar fee for submitting a late graduation application.
    • DTo ask about the registration deadline for senior seminar courses.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    NARRATOR: Listen to a conversation between a student and an academic advisor. ADVISOR: Hi Ingrid, come on in. What can I do for you today? STUDENT: Thanks, Dr. Hanson. Well, I'm doing my preliminary graduation audit online, and I noticed a discrepancy in my credit count. Specifically, my environmental studies major requires three upper-level electives. I took a course on sustainable urban development when I studied abroad in Sweden, and I was under the impression it would count. But on my student portal, it's just showing up as a general university elective, not fulfilling the major requirement. ADVISOR: Ah, I see. When courses are transferred from international programs, the registrar's system automatically categorizes them as general credits. To make them count toward a specific major, you need to file a formal Course Substitution Petition. Did you complete one of those? STUDENT: No, I didn't realize I had to. I thought because the study-abroad office approved the course before I left, it would happen automatically. ADVISOR: Uh, unfortunately, pre-approval just guarantees that the credits will transfer to the university, not how they apply to your specific department. You'll need to get the syllabus from that Swedish course and have the head of the Environmental Studies department sign off on the petition. STUDENT: Okay, that makes sense. Is there a deadline for that? ADVISOR: Yes, actually. For students graduating this term, all substitution petitions must be submitted to the registrar by this coming Friday at 4:00 PM. If you miss that, you can still submit it, but there's a fifty-dollar late-filing fee, and it might delay your official graduation clearance by a month. STUDENT: Oh wow, fifty dollars? And a delay? I definitely want to avoid that. It's Tuesday today, so I have a few days. The problem is, the department head, Dr. Vance, is attending a conference this week. I don't think she's on campus. ADVISOR: Oh, that's right. Dr. Vance is presenting in Chicago. But she is checking her email regularly. If you email her the petition form along with the syllabus, she can sign it digitally and scan it back to you. She's usually very accommodating with graduating seniors. STUDENT: That's a relief. I actually took that course last year... wait, I took it in my junior year—actually, it was the first semester of my senior year, so I have the syllabus saved on my laptop. I'll download the petition form right now. ADVISOR: Excellent. Once she emails it back, just forward it to me, and I'll submit it directly to the registrar's office to speed things up. STUDENT: Thank you so much, Dr. Hanson! You've saved me a lot of stress. [Q12] Why does the student go to see the academic advisor?

    Terjemahan

    NARRATOR: Dengar perbualan antara seorang pelajar dan seorang penasihat akademik. ADVISOR: Hai Ingrid, masuklah. Apa yang boleh saya bantu hari ini? STUDENT: Terima kasih, Dr. Hanson. Begini, saya sedang menyemak audit pengijazahan awal saya secara dalam talian, dan saya dapati ada percanggahan dalam bilangan kredit saya. Khususnya, pengkhususan pengajian alam sekitar saya memerlukan tiga subjek elektif peringkat tinggi. Saya telah mengambil kursus pembangunan bandar mampan semasa saya belajar di luar negara di Sweden, dan saya menyangka ia akan diambil kira. Namun, dalam portal pelajar saya, ia hanya dipaparkan sebagai subjek elektif umum universiti, bukannya memenuhi keperluan pengkhususan tersebut. ADVISOR: Ah, begitu. Apabila kursus dipindahkan daripada program antarabangsa, sistem pendaftar secara automatik mengkategorikannya sebagai kredit am. Untuk membolehkannya diambil kira dalam pengkhususan tertentu, anda perlu mengemukakan Petisyen Penggantian Kursus secara rasmi. Adakah anda telah melengkapkannya? STUDENT: Tidak, saya tidak tahu saya perlu berbuat demikian. Saya fikir kerana pejabat pengajian luar negara telah meluluskan kursus tersebut sebelum saya pergi, ia akan diproses secara automatik. ADVISOR: Uh, sayangnya, kelulusan awal hanya menjamin kredit tersebut dipindahkan ke universiti, bukannya bagaimana ia digunakan untuk jabatan khusus anda. Anda perlu mendapatkan sukatan pelajaran bagi kursus Sweden tersebut dan meminta ketua jabatan Pengajian Alam Sekitar menandatangi petisyen itu. STUDENT: Okay, faham. Adakah terdapat tarikh akhir untuk itu? ADVISOR: Ya, sebenarnya ada. Bagi pelajar yang bergraduat pada semester ini, semua petisyen penggantian mesti diserahkan kepada pendaftar selewat-lewatnya pada hari Jumaat ini jam 4:00 petang. Jika anda terlepas tarikh tersebut, anda masih boleh menyerahkannya, tetapi terdapat yuran lewat sebanyak lima puluh dolar, dan ia mungkin melambatkan kelulusan pengijazahan rasmi anda selama sebulan. STUDENT: Oh biar betul, lima puluh dolar? Dan kelewatan? Saya pastinya mahu mengelakkan perkara itu. Hari ini hari Selasa, jadi saya ada beberapa hari lagi. Masalahnya, ketua jabatan, Dr. Vance, sedang menghadiri persidangan minggu ini. Saya rasa dia tiada di kampus. ADVISOR: Oh, betul juga. Dr. Vance sedang membuat pembentangan di Chicago. Tetapi dia kerap menyemak e-melnya. Jika anda menghantar borang petisyen bersama-sama sukatan pelajaran kepadanya melalui e-mel, dia boleh menandatanganinya secara digital dan mengimbasnya kembali kepada anda. Dia biasanya sangat membantu pelajar tahun akhir yang bakal bergraduat. STUDENT: Syukurlah. Sebenarnya saya mengambil kursus itu tahun lepas... tunggu, saya mengambilnya pada tahun ketiga saya—sebenarnya, pada semester pertama tahun akhir saya, jadi saya mempunyai sukatan pelajaran itu dalam komputer riba saya. Saya akan memuat turun borang petisyen itu sekarang juga. ADVISOR: Bagus sekali. Sebaik sahaja dia menghantarnya kembali melalui e-mel, majukan sahaja kepada saya, dan saya akan menyerahkannya terus ke pejabat pendaftar untuk mempercepatkan proses. STUDENT: Terima kasih banyak, Dr. Hanson! Anda telah menyelamatkan saya daripada banyak tekanan.

  1. Soalan 13

    According to the advisor, what is guaranteed by the study-abroad office's pre-approval of a course?

    • AThat the course will satisfy a specific major requirement.
    • BThat the credits will successfully transfer to the university.
    • CThat the student will not have to pay any processing fees.
    • DThat the department head will automatically sign the petition form.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q12.) [Q13] According to the advisor, what is guaranteed by the study-abroad office's pre-approval of a course?

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S12.) [S13] Menurut penasihat tersebut, apakah perkara yang dijamin apabila pejabat pengajian di luar negara memberikan kelulusan awal bagi sesuatu kursus?

  1. Soalan 14

    What does the advisor imply about Dr. Vance?

    • AShe rarely checks her email while attending conferences.
    • BShe prefers to review course syllabi in person rather than online.
    • CShe is willing to help students resolve graduation issues remotely.
    • DShe will likely deny the petition because the course was taken too late.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q12.) [Q14] What does the advisor imply about Dr. Vance?

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S12.) [S14] Apakah yang disiratkan oleh penasihat tersebut tentang Dr. Vance?

  1. Soalan 15

    Why does the advisor mention the fifty-dollar late-filing fee?

    • ATo explain why the registrar's office charges for international credit evaluations.
    • BTo suggest that the student should apply for financial aid to cover graduation costs.
    • CTo point out a discrepancy in the university's billing portal.
    • DTo emphasize the urgency of submitting the petition by the upcoming deadline.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q12.) [Q15] Why does the advisor mention the fifty-dollar late-filing fee?

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S12.) [S15] Mengapakah penasihat tersebut menyebut tentang yuran pemfailan lewat sebanyak lima puluh dolar?

  1. Soalan 16

    Why does the advisor say this:

    • ATo correct a misunderstanding the student has about the course transfer process.
    • BTo complain about a policy established by the registrar's office.
    • CTo express sympathy for the student's financial situation.
    • DTo encourage the student to take more courses in her major department.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q12.) [Replay: "Uh, unfortunately, pre-approval just guarantees that the credits will transfer to the university, not how they apply to your specific department."] [Q16] Why does the advisor say this:

    Terjemahan

    Uh, malangnya, kelulusan awal hanya menjamin bahawa kredit tersebut akan dipindahkan ke universiti, bukannya bagaimana kredit itu diguna pakai untuk jabatan khusus anda.

Lecture 2

  1. Soalan 17

    What is the lecture mainly about?

    • AHow geological and chemical evidence in lake sediments is used to reconstruct historical hurricane patterns.
    • BThe differences in sediment composition between tsunami deposits and storm surges.
    • CHow rising global sea-surface temperatures are increasing the frequency of category five hurricanes.
    • DThe historical development of meteorological instruments used to track modern tropical cyclones.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    NARRATOR: Listen to part of a lecture in an environmental science class. PROFESSOR: Alright, everyone. Today we're diving into a relatively young subfield of environmental science called paleotempestology. Now, that's a mouthful, but it basically refers to the study of past tropical cyclone activity—specifically, hurricanes that occurred before the era of modern meteorological instruments. You see, our reliable instrumental records, which rely on satellites and weather stations, only go back about a century and a half. That is a mere blink of an eye when we're trying to understand long-term climate cycles. Without a deeper historical context, it's incredibly difficult to determine whether recent increases in hurricane intensity are part of a natural cycle or a direct result of modern climate change. PROFESSOR: So, how do we reconstruct storm histories from hundreds or thousands of years ago? We look for geological archives. Coastal lakes and freshwater marshes near the ocean are ideal for this. Under normal conditions, these quiet bodies of water accumulate fine-grained, dark organic mud. But when an intense hurricane strikes, its powerful storm surge breaches the protective coastal sand dunes. This surge carries coarse ocean sand far inland, depositing it on top of the quiet lake mud. Over time, as normal conditions return, organic mud begins to accumulate again, trapping that sand layer. This distinct layer of marine sand sandwiched between layers of dark lake mud is what we call an overwash deposit. By taking sediment cores—long cylindrical tubes of sediment extracted from the lake bottom—we can see these layers and count them like tree rings. STUDENT: Um, Ingrid here... Professor? How do we know a sand layer was actually caused by a hurricane and not, say, a massive tsunami or just an unusually high tide? PROFESSOR: An excellent question, Ingrid. An ordinary high tide simply doesn't have the energy to transport large volumes of coarse sand over a high dune barrier. Tsunamis certainly do, but tsunami deposits have distinct characteristics—they are typically much thicker, more chaotic, and cover a wider area. To verify that a sand layer represents a storm event, we rely on secondary lines of evidence, such as marine microfossils. These are microscopic remains of ocean-dwelling organisms, like foraminifera—single-celled organisms that secrete tiny, delicate calcium carbonate shells. Since these organisms cannot survive in freshwater lakes, finding their shells preserved within a lake's sand layer is a definitive biological signature of a marine intrusion caused by a storm surge. PROFESSOR: In addition to these microfossils, researchers also analyze geochemical proxies, which are chemical signatures preserved in the sediment that reflect environmental conditions. For instance, we often look at the ratio of strontium to calcium. Seawater has a much higher concentration of strontium than fresh water does. When a storm surge floods a coastal lake, it leaves behind a distinct chemical footprint—a spike in the strontium-to-calcium ratio within the sediment core. This allows us to detect past storms even when the physical sand layer is too thin or degraded to be easily seen. PROFESSOR: Let's look at a concrete example of how this plays out in practice. Researchers extracted sediment cores from a freshwater lake located along the Gulf of Mexico. This lake is separated from the ocean by a wide beach barrier. By analyzing the overwash deposits and the microfossils in these cores, they managed to reconstruct a five-thousand-year history of intense category four and five hurricanes. PROFESSOR: Now, what they found was quite surprising. Instead of a steady, uniform distribution of storms over those five millennia, there was a highly active period between three thousand four hundred and one thousand years ago, during which intense hurricanes hit the region about three times more frequently than they do today. But here is the kicker: global sea-surface temperatures during that active period were not significantly warmer than they are now. This suggests that while warm water is the engine of a hurricane, other factors, such as shifts in regional atmospheric circulation patterns—like the positioning of high-pressure systems over the ocean—might play an even greater role in directing where these powerful storms make landfall over long timescales. Without this paleotempestology data, we would still be operating under the assumption that sea-surface temperature is the sole driver of long-term hurricane trends. [Q17] What is the lecture mainly about?

    Terjemahan

    NARRATOR: Dengar sebahagian daripada kuliah dalam kelas sains alam sekitar. PROFESOR: Baiklah, semua. Hari ini kita akan menerokai satu subbidang sains alam sekitar yang agak baharu yang dipanggil paleotempestologi. Istilah itu agak sukar disebut, tetapi ia pada asasnya merujuk kepada kajian tentang aktiviti siklon tropika masa lalu—khususnya, hurikan yang berlaku sebelum era instrumen meteorologi moden. Seperti yang anda tahu, rekod instrumen kita yang boleh dipercayai, yang bergantung pada satelit dan stesen cuaca, hanya menjangkau masa sekitar satu setengah abad yang lalu. Tempoh itu hanyalah sekelip mata jika dibandingkan dengan usaha kita untuk memahami kitaran iklim jangka panjang. Tanpa konteks sejarah yang lebih mendalam, adalah sangat sukar untuk menentukan sama ada peningkatan keamatan hurikan kebelakangan ini merupakan sebahagian daripada kitaran semula jadi atau kesan langsung daripada perubahan iklim moden. PROFESOR: Jadi, bagaimanakah kita membina semula sejarah ribut dari ratusan atau ribuan tahun yang lalu? Kita mencari arkib geologi. Tasik pantai dan paya air tawar berhampiran lautan adalah sangat sesuai untuk tujuan ini. Dalam keadaan biasa, jasad air yang tenang ini mengumpul lumpur organik gelap yang berbutir halus. Namun, apabila hurikan yang kuat melanda, pusuan ributnya yang kuat akan memecahkan benteng bukit pasir pantai yang melindungi kawasan tersebut. Pusuan ini membawa pasir laut yang kasar jauh ke daratan, lalu mendepositkannya di atas lumpur tasik yang tenang itu. Lama-kelamaan, apabila keadaan kembali normal, lumpur organik mula terkumpul semula, lalu memerangkap lapisan pasir tersebut. Lapisan pasir marin yang jelas ini, yang terhimpit di antara lapisan lumpur tasik yang gelap, dipanggil sebagai mendapan limpahan (overwash deposit). Dengan mengambil teras sedimen—iaitu tiub silinder panjang berisi sedimen yang dikeluarkan dari dasar tasik—kita dapat melihat lapisan-lapisan ini dan mengiranya seperti gelang pertumbuhan pokok. PELAJAR: Hmm, saya Ingrid... Profesor? Bagaimanakah kita tahu bahawa lapisan pasir itu benar-benar disebabkan oleh hurikan dan bukannya, sebagai contoh, tsunami besar atau sekadar air pasang yang sangat tinggi? PROFESOR: Soalan yang sangat bagus, Ingrid. Air pasang biasa sememangnya tidak mempunyai tenaga untuk mengangkut sejumlah besar pasir kasar melepasi benteng bukit pasir yang tinggi. Tsunami sudah tentu boleh melakukannya, tetapi mendapan tsunami mempunyai ciri-ciri yang berbeza—ia biasanya jauh lebih tebal, lebih bercelaru dan meliputi kawasan yang lebih luas. Untuk mengesahkan bahawa sesuatu lapisan pasir itu mewakili peristiwa ribut, kita bergantung pada bukti sekunder, seperti mikrofosil marin. Ini merupakan sisa-sisa mikroskopik organisma yang hidup di lautan, seperti foraminifera—organisma sel tunggal yang merembeskan cangkerang kalsium karbonat yang halus dan rapuh. Memandangkan organisma ini tidak boleh hidup di dalam tasik air tawar, penemuan cangkerang mereka yang terpelihara di dalam lapisan pasir tasik merupakan petunjuk biologi yang muktamad bagi pencerobohan air laut yang disebabkan oleh pusuan ribut. PROFESOR: Selain mikrofosil ini, para penyelidik juga menganalisis proksi geokimia, iaitu petunjuk kimia yang terpelihara di dalam sedimen yang mencerminkan keadaan alam sekitar. Sebagai contoh, kita sering melihat nisbah strontium kepada kalsium. Air laut mempunyai kepekatan strontium yang jauh lebih tinggi berbanding dengan air tawar. Apabila pusuan ribut membanjiri tasik pantai, ia meninggalkan jejak kimia yang jelas—iaitu peningkatan mendadak dalam nisbah strontium kepada kalsium di dalam teras sedimen. Ini membolehkan kita mengesan ribut masa lalu walaupun lapisan pasir fizikalnya terlalu nipis atau telah rosak untuk dilihat dengan mudah. PROFESOR: Mari kita lihat contoh konkrit tentang bagaimana perkara ini berlaku dalam praktiknya. Para penyelidik telah mengeluarkan teras sedimen dari sebuah tasik air tawar yang terletak di sepanjang Teluk Mexico. Tasik ini dipisahkan dari lautan oleh benteng pantai yang luas. Dengan menganalisis mendapan limpahan dan mikrofosil dalam teras ini, mereka berjaya membina semula sejarah hurikan kategori empat dan lima yang kuat selama lima ribu tahun. PROFESOR: Apa yang mereka temui adalah sangat mengejutkan. Bukannya menunjukkan taburan ribut yang sekata dan seragam sepanjang lima milenium tersebut, data menunjukkan terdapat satu tempoh yang sangat aktif antara tiga ribu empat ratus hingga seribu tahun dahulu, di mana hurikan yang kuat melanda wilayah tersebut kira-kira tiga kali ganda lebih kerap berbanding hari ini. Namun, apa yang paling menarik ialah: suhu permukaan laut global semasa tempoh aktif tersebut tidak jauh lebih hangat berbanding sekarang. Ini menunjukkan bahawa walaupun air hangat merupakan penjana utama hurikan, faktor-faktor lain seperti peralihan dalam corak peredaran atmosfera serantau—seperti kedudukan sistem tekanan tinggi di atas lautan—mungkin memainkan peranan yang lebih besar dalam menentukan di mana ribut kencang ini mendarat bagi tempoh jangka panjang. Tanpa data paleotempestologi ini, kita mungkin masih membuat andaian bahawa suhu permukaan laut merupakan satu-satunya pemacu arah aliran hurikan jangka panjang.

  1. Soalan 18

    According to the professor, what distinguishes an overwash deposit from normal coastal lake sediment?

    • AIt consists of dark organic material that accumulated during a period of high tide.
    • BIt contains coarser marine sand rather than fine-grained organic mud.
    • CIt shows a uniform distribution of strontium that matches the surrounding freshwater.
    • DIt is composed primarily of delicate freshwater shells that were crushed by wind.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q17.) [Q18] According to the professor, what distinguishes an overwash deposit from normal coastal lake sediment?

    Terjemahan

    (Berkongsi dengan S17.) [S18] Menurut profesor tersebut, apakah yang membezakan mendapan limpahan daripada sedimen tasik pantai yang biasa?

  1. Soalan 19

    Why does the professor discuss tsunamis?

    • ATo argue that tsunami deposits are the primary source of strontium in freshwater lakes.
    • BTo explain why sediment cores cannot be used to study coastal areas prone to earthquakes.
    • CTo contrast their physical impact on coastal landscapes with that of regular high tides and storm surges.
    • DTo emphasize that paleotempestology is ineffective in regions with active tectonic plates.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q17.) [Q19] Why does the professor discuss tsunamis?

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S17.) [S19] Mengapakah profesor membincangkan tsunami?

  1. Soalan 20

    Based on the discussion of the Gulf of Mexico lake study, what did the researchers conclude about long-term hurricane frequency?

    • ACategory four and five hurricanes have become progressively more frequent over the last five thousand years.
    • BThe frequency of intense hurricanes is directly proportional to stable global temperatures.
    • CCoastal sand dunes have successfully prevented marine intrusions for the past one thousand years.
    • DAtmospheric circulation patterns may influence storm landfall rates more than sea-surface temperatures alone.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q17.) [Q20] Based on the discussion of the Gulf of Mexico lake study, what did the researchers conclude about long-term hurricane frequency?

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S17.) [S20] Berdasarkan perbincangan tentang kajian tasik Teluk Mexico, apakah kesimpulan yang dibuat oleh para penyelidik tentang kekerapan taufan jangka panjang?

  1. Soalan 21

    What can be inferred about the use of microfossils in paleotempestology?

    • AThey provide biological verification of ocean water reaching areas that are normally isolated from the sea.
    • BThey allow researchers to determine the precise wind speed of ancient hurricanes.
    • CThey are only found in sediment cores that contain visible, thick sand layers.
    • DThey indicate that foraminifera can adapt to freshwater environments after a storm surge.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q17.) [Q21] What can be inferred about the use of microfossils in paleotempestology?

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi bersama S17.) [S21] Apakah yang boleh disimpulkan tentang penggunaan mikrofosil dalam paleotempestologi?

  1. Soalan 22

    Why does the speaker say this:

    • ATo express skepticism about the accuracy of the temperature data collected from the Gulf of Mexico.
    • BTo introduce a finding that challenges a common assumption about the primary cause of intense hurricane activity.
    • CTo suggest that modern climate change has had no measurable impact on global ocean temperatures.
    • DTo explain why researchers had to rely on geochemical proxies instead of sediment core layers.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q17.) [Replay: "But here is the kicker: global sea-surface temperatures during that active period were not significantly warmer than they are now."] [Q22] Why does the speaker say this:

    Terjemahan

    Namun, inilah perkara yang mengejutkan: suhu permukaan laut global semasa tempoh aktif tersebut tidak jauh lebih panas berbanding sekarang.

Lecture 3

  1. Soalan 23

    What is the lecture mainly about?

    • AA cognitive bias that causes people to overestimate their understanding of complex systems and its social implications.
    • BHow the mechanical cylinder lock experiment proved that people lack basic scientific knowledge.
    • CThe history of how human communities developed a cognitive division of labor.
    • DWhy evolutionary psychologists believe that outsourcing information is harmful to modern decision-making.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    NARRATOR: Listen to part of a lecture in a psychology class. PROFESSOR: Good morning, everyone. Today we are exploring a rather humbling aspect of cognitive psychology... how we think we know much more than we actually do. This phenomenon is known as the Illusion of Explanatory Depth. Now, what does this mean? Simply put, it is a cognitive bias where individuals believe they understand the mechanics of complex systems—say, how a zipper works, or how a helicopter flies—far better than they actually do. We mistake our familiarity with these objects for actual, functional understanding. PROFESSOR: This was famously demonstrated in studies where, um, participants were asked to rate their understanding of everyday devices on a scale of one to seven. Most people confidently rated themselves quite high—fives or sixes. But then, they were asked to do something... well, something seemingly simple: write down a detailed, step-by-step explanation of exactly how that device operates. For example, a mechanical cylinder lock. When forced to explain how the key aligns the pins inside the cylinder—actually, it's the cylinder's plug—to allow it to rotate... well, they couldn't. Their self-ratings plummeted to ones and twos. STUDENT: Excuse me, Professor? Why does this happen? Is it just because we are lazy, or is there a deeper cognitive reason? PROFESSOR: That is exactly the pivot we need, Sofia. It is not mere laziness. It actually stems from what psychologists call the Community of Knowledge. This concept suggests that human beings do not store all information individually; instead, we rely on what we call a cognitive division of labor. We treat the expertise of others—engineers, lockmakers, scientists—as if it were stored inside our own heads. Because we can easily access this external expertise, or because we see the device working every day, our brains fail to draw a clear boundary between where our own knowledge ends and the community's knowledge begins. PROFESSOR: Now, this leads to a secondary effect: Epistemic Overreliance. This is the tendency to mistake our mere access to information for personal, internal comprehension. In our modern digital age, this is amplified. When you can look up how a touchscreen works in five seconds on your phone, you know, you feel as though you already understood it. You confuse 'retrievability' with 'understanding.' PROFESSOR: But let us go back to the lock experiment. It is crucial to realize that this illusion is not entirely a bad thing. In fact, evolutionary psychologists argue that the Illusion of Explanatory Depth is highly adaptive. If we had to fully comprehend the intricate mechanics of every tool we used, from a simple stone axe to a computer, our cognitive bandwidth would be completely overwhelmed. By outsourcing the details, we free up our mental resources for higher-level decision making. PROFESSOR: However, the trouble starts when we must make collective decisions—such as voting on complex public policies or environmental regulations. If we suffer from this illusion, we might support simplistic, highly flawed policies because we mistakenly believe we understand the underlying science. We ignore the nuance because we think we already have it figured out. [Q23] What is the lecture mainly about?

    Terjemahan

    NARATOR: Dengar sebahagian daripada syarahan dalam kelas psikologi. PROFESOR: Selamat pagi, semua. Hari ini kita akan meneroka aspek psikologi kognitif yang mengajar kita erti rendah diri... iaitu bagaimana kita berfikir kita tahu jauh lebih banyak daripada apa yang sebenarnya kita ketahui. Fenomena ini dikenali sebagai 'Illusion of Explanatory Depth' (Ilusi Kedalaman Penjelasan). Jadi, apakah maksudnya? Secara ringkasnya, ia merupakan satu bias kognitif di mana seseorang individu percaya mereka memahami mekanisme sistem yang kompleks—katakanlah, bagaimana zip berfungsi, atau bagaimana helikopter terbang—jauh lebih baik daripada yang sebenarnya. Kita tersalah anggap kebiasaan kita dengan objek-objek ini sebagai pemahaman fungsian yang sebenar. PROFESOR: Perkara ini telah dibuktikan dengan jelas dalam beberapa kajian di mana, um, para peserta diminta menilai tahap pemahaman mereka tentang peranti harian menggunakan skala satu hingga tujuh. Kebanyakan orang dengan yakin menilai diri mereka agak tinggi—pada skala lima atau enam. Namun, mereka kemudiannya diminta melakukan sesuatu... sesuatu yang kelihatan mudah: menulis penjelasan terperinci, langkah demi langkah tentang bagaimana peranti itu berfungsi secara tepat. Sebagai contoh, kunci silinder mekanikal. Apabila terpaksa menerangkan bagaimana anak kunci menyelaraskan pin di dalam silinder—sebenarnya, palam silinder—untuk membolehkannya berputar... mereka gagal berbuat demikian. Penilaian kendiri mereka merosot mendadak ke skala satu dan dua. PELAJAR: Maafkan saya, Profesor? Mengapakah perkara ini berlaku? Adakah ia hanya kerana kita malas, atau terdapat sebab kognitif yang lebih mendalam? PROFESOR: Itulah peralihan fokus yang kita perlukan, Sofia. Ia bukan sekadar kemalasan semata-mata. Perkara ini sebenarnya berpunca daripada apa yang dipanggil oleh ahli psikologi sebagai 'Community of Knowledge' (Komuniti Pengetahuan). Konsep ini mencadangkan bahawa manusia tidak menyimpan semua maklumat secara individu; sebaliknya, kita bergantung pada apa yang kita panggil sebagai pembahagian kerja kognitif. Kita menganggap kepakaran orang lain—seperti jurutera, pembuat kunci, saintis—seolah-olah ia disimpan di dalam kepala kita sendiri. Oleh sebab kita boleh mengakses kepakaran luaran ini dengan mudah, atau kerana kita melihat peranti tersebut berfungsi setiap hari, otak kita gagal menetapkan sempadan yang jelas antara had pengetahuan kita sendiri dengan permulaan pengetahuan komuniti tersebut. PROFESOR: Seterusnya, ini membawa kepada kesan sekunder: 'Epistemic Overreliance' (Kebergantungan Epistemik yang Berlebihan). Ini adalah kecenderungan untuk tersalah anggap bahawa akses mudah kita kepada maklumat bermaksud kita mempunyai pemahaman dalaman secara peribadi. Dalam era digital moden kita, perkara ini semakin ketara. Apabila anda boleh mencari cara skrin sentuh berfungsi dalam masa lima saat sahaja di telefon anda, anda akan berasa seolah-olah anda sudah pun memahaminya sejak awal. Anda keliru antara 'kebolehcarian' dengan 'pemahaman'. PROFESOR: Namun, mari kita kembali kepada eksperimen kunci tadi. Sangat penting untuk kita sedar bahawa ilusi ini bukanlah sesuatu yang buruk sepenuhnya. Malah, ahli psikologi evolusi berpendapat bahawa 'Illusion of Explanatory Depth' ini sangat adaptif. Jika kita terpaksa memahami sepenuhnya mekanik yang rumit bagi setiap alatan yang kita gunakan, daripada kapak batu yang mudah hinggalah kepada komputer, kapasiti kognitif kita akan menjadi sangat terbeban. Dengan menyerahkan perincian tersebut kepada sumber luar, kita dapat membebaskan sumber mental kita untuk membuat keputusan pada peringkat yang lebih tinggi. PROFESOR: Walau bagaimanapun, masalah mula timbul apabila kita perlu membuat keputusan kolektif—seperti mengundi dalam dasar awam yang kompleks atau peraturan alam sekitar. Jika kita mengalami ilusi ini, kita mungkin akan menyokong dasar yang terlalu ringkas dan mempunyai banyak kelemahan kerana kita tersalah anggap bahawa kita memahami sains di sebaliknya. Kita mengabaikan kehalusan perincian kerana kita fikir kita sudah memahaminya.

  1. Soalan 24

    According to the professor, what happened when participants in the lock study were asked to write down a step-by-step explanation?

    • AThey successfully explained the general concept but struggled with technical terminology.
    • BThey realized they could not explain the mechanism, leading to lower self-assessments of their knowledge.
    • CThey blamed their lack of understanding on the complexity of the cylinder lock.
    • DThey rated their own comprehension even higher after attempting the task.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q23.) [Q24] According to the professor, what happened when participants in the lock study were asked to write down a step-by-step explanation?

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S23.) [S24] Menurut profesor tersebut, apakah yang berlaku apabila peserta dalam kajian kunci diminta untuk menulis penjelasan langkah demi langkah?

  1. Soalan 25 (pilih semua yang berkenaan)

    According to the lecture, what are two key characteristics of the "Community of Knowledge"? Choose 2 answers.

    • AIt allows individuals to rely on the specialized expertise of others.
    • BIt blurs the distinction between individual knowledge and shared information.
    • CIt requires individuals to undergo formal training to access collective data.
    • DIt prevents the occurrence of epistemic overreliance.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q23.) [Q25] According to the lecture, what are two key characteristics of the "Community of Knowledge"? Choose 2 answers.

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan Q23.) [Q25] Berdasarkan syarahan tersebut, apakah dua ciri utama "Community of Knowledge"? Pilih 2 jawapan.

  1. Soalan 26

    Why does the professor mention a touchscreen?

    • ATo argue that modern devices are significantly more difficult to understand than mechanical locks.
    • BTo provide an example of a tool that does not rely on the community of knowledge.
    • CTo illustrate how modern technology can reinforce the tendency to mistake access to information for genuine comprehension.
    • DTo correct a misconception about how digital screens process human touch.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q23.) [Q26] Why does the professor mention a touchscreen?

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi bersama S23.) [S26] Mengapakah profesor menyebut tentang skrin sentuh?

  1. Soalan 27

    What does the professor imply about the Illusion of Explanatory Depth from an evolutionary perspective?

    • AIt is an evolutionary flaw that humans must actively try to overcome in daily tasks.
    • BIt did not exist before the development of complex modern technologies like smartphones.
    • CIt has become entirely obsolete due to the rise of digital search engines.
    • DIt is a beneficial trait that prevents human minds from becoming overloaded with unnecessary details.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q23.) [Q27] What does the professor imply about the Illusion of Explanatory Depth from an evolutionary perspective?

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S23.) [S27] Apakah yang dimaksudkan secara tersirat oleh profesor tentang Ilusi Kedalaman Penjelasan (Illusion of Explanatory Depth) dari perspektif evolusi?

  1. Soalan 28

    Why does the speaker say this:

    • ATo correct a technical detail while describing the difficulty of the task.
    • BTo express frustration with the participants' lack of basic mechanical skills.
    • CTo show that the experiment was designed with flawed equipment.
    • DTo suggest that mechanical locks are too simple to prove his theory.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q23.) [Replay: "When forced to explain how the key aligns the pins inside the cylinder—actually, it's the cylinder's plug—to allow it to rotate... well, they couldn't."] [Q28] Why does the speaker say this:

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S23.) [Main semula: "Apabila dipaksa untuk menerangkan bagaimana anak kunci menjajarkan pin di dalam silinder—sebenarnya, ia adalah palam silinder—untuk membolehkannya berputar... mereka nampaknya tidak boleh berbuat demikian."]

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