TOEFL · Pendengaran · 28 soalan

Ujian Latihan TOEFL Pendengaran 8

Ujian percubaan pendengaran dan bacaan yang asli, berdasarkan format TOEFL iBT yang diterbitkan.

Ini ialah ujian latihan asli yang ditulis oleh Loopy berdasarkan format yang diterbitkan. Ia bukan ujian rasmi ETS.

TOEIC® dan TOEFL® ialah tanda dagangan berdaftar ETS. IELTS dimiliki bersama oleh British Council, IDP dan Cambridge English. Ujian latihan Loopy dihasilkan sendiri dan tidak bergabung dengan atau disokong oleh organisasi-organisasi ini.

Audio ujian penuh

Conversation 1

  1. Soalan 1

    Why does the student go to see the professor?

    • ATo ask for help narrowing down her research proposal topic.
    • BTo request an extension on a writing assignment deadline.
    • CTo discuss a grade she received on a solar energy test.
    • DTo volunteer for the university's green roof initiative.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    NARRATOR: Listen to a conversation between a student and a professor. STUDENT: Hi, Professor. Thanks for meeting with me today during your office hours. I really appreciate your time. PROFESSOR: Of course, Aisha. How can I help you with your Environmental Studies course? STUDENT: Well, I am working on the research proposal draft. It is due soon, but, uh, I am having a really hard time with the topic. I wanted to write about solar energy in cities, but when I started reading, I realized there is just too much information out there. PROFESSOR: Ah, yes. Solar energy in urban areas is a huge subject. Remember, this proposal has a strict limit. It can only be three pages long. If your topic is too broad, you simply cannot cover it well in three pages. STUDENT: Right, three pages is not very long. I was afraid I would write too much and go over the limit. So, how can I make it smaller... I mean, narrower? PROFESSOR: Well, you should focus on a specific, local project. For example, did you know our campus library recently installed solar panels on its roof? It is part of the new university green roof initiative. STUDENT: Oh, really? I did not know that! I study in that library almost every day, but I never noticed. PROFESSOR: Yes, it was finished just last month. You could write your proposal about measuring the energy savings of the library's solar panels over the next academic year. STUDENT: That is a great idea! It is very specific, and I can easily write a three-page proposal about that. It makes the project feel much more real. PROFESSOR: I agree. It is much easier to write a proposal when you have a concrete example. Now, remember the deadline. The online submission portal closes this Friday at five p.m. Exactly five p.m. Late submissions lose points automatically. STUDENT: I understand. Friday at five p.m. is the hard deadline. I will focus my draft on the library solar project and submit it online on time. Thank you so much for your help! PROFESSOR: You are very welcome, Aisha. I look forward to reading your proposal. [Q1] Why does the student go to see the professor?

    Terjemahan

    PENCERITA: Dengar perbualan antara seorang pelajar dengan seorang profesor. PELAJAR: Hai, Profesor. Terima kasih kerana sudi berjumpa dengan saya pada waktu pejabat anda hari ini. Saya amat menghargai masa profesor. PROFESOR: Sama-sama, Aisha. Bagaimanakah saya boleh membantu anda dengan kursus Pengajian Alam Sekitar anda? PELAJAR: Begini, saya sedang menyiapkan draf cadangan penyelidikan saya. Tarikh hantarnya sudah dekat, tetapi, um, saya benar-benar menghadapi kesukaran dengan tajuknya. Saya ingin menulis tentang tenaga solar di kawasan bandar, tetapi apabila saya mula membaca, saya menyedari bahawa terdapat terlalu banyak maklumat di luar sana. PROFESOR: Ah, ya. Tenaga solar di kawasan bandar merupakan subjek yang sangat besar. Ingat, cadangan ini mempunyai had yang ketat. Panjangnya hanya boleh tiga halaman sahaja. Jika tajuk anda terlalu luas, anda pastinya tidak dapat membincangkannya dengan baik dalam tiga halaman. PELAJAR: Betul, tiga halaman tidaklah begitu panjang. Saya bimbang saya akan menulis terlalu banyak dan melebihi had tersebut. Jadi, bagaimanakah saya boleh mengecilkannya... maksud saya, menyempitkan skopnya? PROFESOR: Baiklah, anda patut memberi tumpuan kepada projek tempatan yang khusus. Sebagai contoh, tahukah anda bahawa perpustakaan kampus kita baru-baru ini telah memasang panel solar pada bumbungnya? Ia adalah sebahagian daripada inisiatif bumbung hijau universiti yang baharu. PELAJAR: Oh, ya kah? Saya tidak tahu tentang perkara itu! Saya belajar di perpustakaan itu hampir setiap hari, tetapi saya tidak pernah menyedarinya. PROFESOR: Ya, ia baru sahaja siap bulan lepas. Anda boleh menulis cadangan anda tentang mengukur penjimatan tenaga panel solar perpustakaan tersebut sepanjang tahun akademik akan datang. PELAJAR: Itu idea yang hebat! Skopnya sangat khusus, dan saya boleh menulis cadangan tiga halaman mengenainya dengan mudah. Ini membuatkan projek itu terasa jauh lebih nyata. PROFESOR: Saya setuju. Jauh lebih mudah untuk menulis cadangan apabila anda mempunyai contoh yang konkrit. Sekarang, ingat tarikh akhir hantar. Portal penghantaran dalam talian akan ditutup pada hari Jumaat ini jam lima petang. Tepat jam lima petang. Penghantaran lewat akan ditolak markah secara automatik. PELAJAR: Saya faham. Hari Jumaat jam lima petang ialah tarikh akhir yang tetap. Saya akan memfokuskan draf saya pada projek solar perpustakaan dan menghantarnya secara dalam talian tepat pada masanya. Terima kasih banyak-banyak atas bantuan profesor! PROFESOR: Sama-sama, Aisha. Saya tidak sabar untuk membaca cadangan anda.

  1. Soalan 2

    According to the professor, what is a strict requirement for the research proposal?

    • AIt must focus on international energy policies.
    • BIt must be exactly three pages long.
    • CIt must be submitted as a paper copy.
    • DIt must include a list of local interviews.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q1.) [Q2] According to the professor, what is a strict requirement for the research proposal?

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S1.) [S2] Menurut profesor tersebut, apakah syarat ketat bagi kertas cadangan penyelidikan itu?

  1. Soalan 3

    What local project does the professor suggest the student write about?

    • AA community recycling program near the university.
    • BThe construction of a new science department building.
    • CSolar panels installed on the campus library roof.
    • DAn energy-saving contest between student dormitories.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q1.) [Q3] What local project does the professor suggest the student write about?

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S1.) [S3] Apakah projek tempatan yang disyorkan oleh profesor untuk ditulis oleh pelajar tersebut?

  1. Soalan 4

    What can be inferred about the student's preparation before the meeting?

    • AShe had already written a full draft of her three-page paper.
    • BShe had missed the previous lecture about environmental initiatives.
    • CShe had interviewed the staff working at the campus library.
    • DShe had done some preliminary reading on solar energy.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q1.) [Q4] What can be inferred about the student's preparation before the meeting?

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S1.) [S4] Apakah yang boleh disimpulkan tentang persediaan pelajar tersebut sebelum pertemuan itu?

  1. Soalan 5

    Why does the student say this:

    • ATo express surprise about a campus feature she was unaware of.
    • BTo complain about the noise during the construction of the roof.
    • CTo explain why she prefers to study in her dormitory.
    • DTo suggest that the library needs more study space.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q1.) [Replay: "Oh, really? I did not know that! I study in that library almost every day, but I never noticed."] [Q5] Why does the student say this:

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S1.) [Main semula: "Oh, sungguhkah? Saya tidak tahu tentang perkara itu! Saya belajar di perpustakaan itu hampir setiap hari, tetapi saya tidak pernah perasan."] [S5]

Lecture 1

  1. Soalan 6

    What is the lecture mainly about?

    • AA mutually beneficial relationship between plants and ants for seed dispersal.
    • BHow plants use chemical mimicry to deter predatory insects.
    • CThe nutritional differences between elaiosomes and other plant structures.
    • DEvolutionary adaptations that protect ant colonies from underground mold.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    NARRATOR: Listen to part of a lecture in a biology class. PROFESSOR: Okay, everyone, let's get started. In our last session on plant ecology, we discussed how plants utilize abiotic factors like wind and water to disperse their seeds. Today, we're going to focus on a fascinating biotic partnership, specifically, seed dispersal by ants. This symbiotic relationship is known as myrmecochory—which simply means seed dispersal facilitated by ants. PROFESSOR: Now, why would a plant rely on ants? Well, plants have evolved a clever incentive to recruit these tiny helpers: a specialized structure called an elaiosome. An elaiosome is a fleshy, nutrient-rich appendage attached to the outside of the seed. Actually, let me rephrase that—it's not just fatty; it's a precise mixture of lipids, proteins, and essential vitamins that represents a significant energy investment for the plant. PROFESSOR: When an ant encounters one of these seeds, it doesn't eat the seed itself. Instead, it grips the elaiosome with its mandibles and carries the entire package back to its underground colony. Once inside, the ants feed the nutritious elaiosome to their developing larvae. The seed itself, which is tough and undamaged, is then discarded. But here is the brilliant part: the ants don't just throw it outside. They discard it in their nest's refuse chamber—basically, the colony's underground garbage dump. STUDENT: Excuse me, Professor? Why is being thrown into an ant garbage dump a good thing for a plant? It sounds... well, a bit counterproductive if the seed wants to grow. PROFESSOR: Ah, great question, Lukas. It might sound unappealing to us, but think about what a colony's refuse chamber contains. It's packed with decomposed organic waste, dead insects, and soil rich in nitrogen and phosphorus. In other words, it is an extremely high-quality fertilizer! By being 'thrown away' there, the seed is essentially planted in nutrient-dense, moist soil, protected from seed-eating birds and rodents, and even shielded from surface wildfires. It's the ultimate subterranean nursery. PROFESSOR: But how do plants ensure that only ants—and not, say, larger seed-eating insects or birds—find these seeds first? This is where chemical mimicry comes in. Chemical mimicry is when an organism produces chemical compounds that copy the scent of another organism to influence its behavior. The elaiosomes release specific fatty acids, like oleic acid. To an ant, oleic acid is the exact chemical signature of a dead insect, which is their primary food source. This chemical trick triggers the ant's hardwired retrieval behavior. A beetle might just ignore the seed, but to an ant, it's an irresistible call to bring the item home. So, the plant exploits the ant's natural foraging instincts to secure safe transport for its offspring. [Q6] What is the lecture mainly about?

    Terjemahan

    NARATOR: Dengar sebahagian daripada kuliah dalam kelas biologi. PROFESOR: Baiklah, semua, mari kita mulakan. Dalam sesi lepas tentang ekologi tumbuhan, kita telah membincangkan bagaimana tumbuhan menggunakan faktor abiotik seperti angin dan air untuk menyebarkan biji benih mereka. Hari ini, kita akan menumpukan perhatian kepada perkongsian biotik yang menarik, khususnya, penyebaran biji benih oleh semut. Hubungan simbiotik ini dikenali sebagai mirmekokori (myrmecochory)—yang bermaksud penyebaran biji benih yang dipermudah oleh semut. PROFESOR: Sekarang, mengapakah tumbuhan perlu bergantung pada semut? Tumbuhan telah mengembangkan satu insentif yang bijak untuk menarik pembantu kecil ini: struktur khusus yang dipanggil elaiosom (elaiosome). Elaiosom ialah apendaj berdaging yang kaya dengan nutrien yang melekat pada bahagian luar biji benih. Sebenarnya, biar saya perjelaskan semula—ia bukan sekadar berlemak; ia adalah campuran tepat lipid, protein dan vitamin penting yang mewakili pelaburan tenaga yang besar bagi tumbuhan tersebut. PROFESOR: Apabila semut menemui salah satu biji benih ini, ia tidak memakan biji benih itu sendiri. Sebaliknya, ia mencengkam elaiosom dengan mandibelnya dan membawa seluruh pakej itu kembali ke koloninya di bawah tanah. Setibanya di dalam, semut-semut tersebut akan memberi makan elaiosom yang berkhasiat itu kepada larva mereka yang sedang membesar. Biji benih itu sendiri, yang keras dan tidak rosak, kemudiannya dibuang. Tetapi ini bahagian yang bijak: semut tidak hanya membuangnya ke luar. Mereka membuangnya di dalam kebuk sisa sarang mereka—pada asasnya, tempat pembuangan sampah bawah tanah koloni tersebut. PELAJAR: Maafkan saya, Profesor? Mengapakah dibuang ke dalam tempat pembuangan sampah semut adalah perkara yang baik untuk tumbuhan? Ia kedengaran... agak tidak produktif jika biji benih itu mahu tumbuh. PROFESOR: Ah, soalan yang bagus, Lukas. Ia mungkin kedengaran tidak menarik bagi kita, tetapi fikirkan tentang apa yang terkandung dalam kebuk sisa koloni tersebut. Ia dipenuhi dengan sisa organik yang mereput, serangga mati dan tanah yang kaya dengan nitrogen serta fosforus. Dalam erti kata lain, ia adalah baja yang sangat berkualiti tinggi! Dengan 'dibuang' di situ, biji benih itu seolah-olah ditanam di dalam tanah lembap yang padat dengan nutrien, dilindungi daripada burung dan tikus pemakan biji benih, malah terselamat daripada kebakaran liar di permukaan tanah. Ia adalah tapak semaian bawah tanah yang terbaik. PROFESOR: Tetapi bagaimanakah tumbuhan memastikan bahawa hanya semut—dan bukannya, katakanlah, serangga pemakan biji benih yang lebih besar atau burung—yang menemui biji benih ini dahulu? Di sinilah peniruan kimia (chemical mimicry) memainkan peranan. Peniruan kimia berlaku apabila organisma menghasilkan sebatian kimia yang meniru bau organisma lain untuk mempengaruhi tingkah lakunya. Elaiosom membebaskan asid lemak tertentu, seperti asid oleik. Bagi semut, asid oleik adalah isyarat kimia yang tepat bagi serangga mati, iaitu sumber makanan utama mereka. Helah kimia ini mencetuskan tingkah laku pengambilan semula jadi semut. Seekor kumbang mungkin mengabaikan sahaja biji benih itu, tetapi bagi semut, ia adalah panggilan yang tidak dapat ditolak untuk membawa pulang item tersebut. Jadi, tumbuhan tersebut mengeksploitasi naluri mencari makan semula jadi semut untuk memastikan pengangkutan yang selamat bagi zuriatnya.

  1. Soalan 7

    According to the professor, what is an elaiosome?

    • AA defensive toxin secreted by plants to ward off birds.
    • BA nutrient-rich appendage attached to a seed that attracts ants.
    • CA specialized underground chamber where ants store seeds.
    • DA chemical compound that mimics the scent of dead larvae.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q6.) [Q7] According to the professor, what is an elaiosome?

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S6.) [S7] Menurut profesor tersebut, apakah itu elaiosom?

  1. Soalan 8 (pilih semua yang berkenaan)

    According to the professor, what are two benefits that seeds gain from being discarded in an ant colony's refuse chamber? Choose 2 answers.

    • AAccess to nutrient-rich organic waste.
    • BIncreased exposure to sunlight for photosynthesis.
    • CProtection from seed-eating predators.
    • DAccelerated decomposition of the outer seed coat.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q6.) [Q8] According to the professor, what are two benefits that seeds gain from being discarded in an ant colony's refuse chamber? Choose 2 answers.

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S6.) [S8] Menurut profesor itu, apakah dua manfaat yang diperoleh biji benih apabila dibuang di dalam ruang pembuangan sisa koloni semut? Pilih 2 jawapan.

  1. Soalan 9

    Why does the professor mention oleic acid?

    • ATo explain how ants identify and avoid toxic seeds.
    • BTo illustrate how larvae digest hard-to-process nutrients.
    • CTo provide an example of a chemical used in plant mimicry.
    • DTo contrast the diet of ants with that of other insects.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q6.) [Q9] Why does the professor mention oleic acid?

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S6.) [S9] Mengapakah profesor menyebut tentang asid oleik?

  1. Soalan 10

    According to the lecture, how do ants respond to the chemical compounds released by elaiosomes?

    • AThey bury the seeds immediately outside the nest entrance.
    • BThey consume the seed coat before moving the seed.
    • CThey aggressively defend the plant from other foraging insects.
    • DThey carry the seeds back to their nest as if they were prey.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q6.) [Q10] According to the lecture, how do ants respond to the chemical compounds released by elaiosomes?

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi bersama S6.) [S10] Berdasarkan kuliah tersebut, bagaimanakah semut bertindak balas terhadap sebatian kimia yang dilepaskan oleh elaiosom?

  1. Soalan 11

    Why does the speaker say this:

    • ATo clarify the specific nutritional value of the elaiosome.
    • BTo correct a scientific inaccuracy in her previous lecture.
    • CTo express doubt about the energy efficiency of seed production.
    • DTo suggest that ants prefer lipids over protein-rich foods.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q6.) [Replay: "Actually, let me rephrase that—it's not just fatty; it's a precise mixture of lipids, proteins, and essential vitamins that represents a significant energy investment for the plant."] [Q11] Why does the speaker say this:

    Terjemahan

    "Sebenarnya, biar saya nyatakan semula—ia bukan sekadar berlemak; ia adalah campuran tepat lipid, protein, dan vitamin penting yang mewakili pelaburan tenaga yang besar bagi tumbuhan tersebut."

Conversation 2

  1. Soalan 12

    Why does the student go to the registrar's office?

    • ATo resolve a potential fee associated with transferring his credits.
    • BTo request an extension on his graduation audit deadline.
    • CTo find out why his study abroad credits were rejected.
    • DTo submit an official transcript he received from an international university.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    NARRATOR: Listen to a conversation between a student and a registrar's office administrator. STUDENT: Hi there. I'm hoping you can help me with a credit transfer issue. I did a summer study abroad program in Spain, at the University of Salamanca, and I need to get those credits applied to my degree here before, you know, my graduation audit next semester. I want to make sure I'm fully on track to graduate in the spring. STAFF: Sure, I can help with that. Did you already fill out the external transfer credit petition? STUDENT: Yes, I have the form right here. But my problem is with the official transcript from Salamanca. The program coordinator there told me they sent it out last week, but it hasn't arrived in your system yet. And I know the absolute deadline to submit everything to avoid the late processing fee is October fifteenth. STAFF: Ah, yes. The fifteen-day grace period after the start of the semester ends on October fifteenth. If the official transcript isn't on file by then, there is a fifty-dollar late fee to process external credits. Let me check our database to see if it's pending in our digital mailroom... No, nothing has shown up under your student ID yet. STUDENT: Oh, that's what I feared. Mail from overseas can take forever. I mean, I did my part and requested it weeks ago. It feels a bit unfair to be charged fifty dollars just because of international shipping delays. STAFF: I completely understand. It's a common issue with summer programs. Fortunately, there is a workaround. We have a form called the 'Pending Transcript Waiver.' Have you heard of it? STUDENT: No, I haven't. What does that do? STAFF: Essentially, it's a placeholder. You submit the Waiver form along with your transfer petition before the October fifteenth deadline. It officially logs your intent to transfer the credits on time. Once we receive that waiver, we waive—well, we put a hold on the fifty-dollar late fee, giving the host institution in Spain until November first to get the official transcript to us. STUDENT: That sounds perfect! Do I need any proof that the transcript was actually sent? STAFF: Yes, you do. You'll need to attach some sort of confirmation, like an email receipt from the university in Spain showing that you requested and paid for the transcript delivery. As long as that receipt is dated before October fifteenth, you're good. STUDENT: Oh, I definitely have that. I have the confirmation email right here on my phone. I can print it out at the library and bring it back. STAFF: Actually, you don't even need to print it. You can upload the PDF of the receipt directly through the student portal when you submit the waiver form online. It's much faster. STUDENT: Wow, that's incredibly convenient. I'll go ahead and do that right now. Thank you so much for your help! STAFF: My pleasure. Just make sure you get it submitted before five p.m. on the fifteenth, or the system locks the standard waiver option. [Q12] Why does the student go to the registrar's office?

    Terjemahan

    NARATOR: Dengar perbualan antara seorang pelajar dengan pentadbir pejabat pendaftar. PELAJAR: Hai. Saya berharap anda boleh membantu saya dengan isu pemindahan kredit. Saya telah menyertai program pengajian luar negara musim panas di Sepanyol, di Universiti Salamanca, dan saya perlu memastikan kredit tersebut dimasukkan ke dalam ijazah saya di sini sebelum, maklumlah, audit pengijazahan saya pada semester depan. Saya ingin memastikan saya berada di landasan yang betul untuk bergraduasi pada musim bunga. KAKITANGAN: Tentu, saya boleh bantu. Adakah anda sudah mengisi borang petisyen pemindahan kredit luaran? PELAJAR: Ya, saya ada borangnya di sini. Tetapi masalah saya adalah dengan transkrip rasmi dari Salamanca. Penyelaras program di sana memberitahu saya bahawa mereka telah menghantarnya minggu lepas, tetapi ia belum sampai dalam sistem anda lagi. Dan saya tahu tarikh akhir mutlak untuk menyerahkan semua perkara bagi mengelakkan yuran pemprosesan lewat adalah pada lima belas Oktober. KAKITANGAN: Ah, ya. Tempoh ihsan selama lima belas hari selepas permulaan semester berakhir pada lima belas Oktober. Jika transkrip rasmi belum ada dalam fail menjelang tarikh itu, terdapat yuran lewat sebanyak lima puluh dolar untuk memproses kredit luaran. Biar saya semak pangkalan data kami untuk melihat jika ia sedang menunggu dalam bilik mel digital kami... Tiada, belum ada apa-apa yang muncul di bawah ID pelajar anda. PELAJAR: Oh, itulah yang saya bimbangkan. Mel dari luar negara boleh mengambil masa yang sangat lama. Maksud saya, saya telah menjalankan bahagian saya dan memohonnya beberapa minggu lalu. Rasanya agak tidak adil untuk dikenakan bayaran lima puluh dolar hanya disebabkan kelewatan penghantaran antarabangsa. KAKITANGAN: Saya sangat faham. Ia adalah isu biasa bagi program musim panas. Mujurlah, ada jalan penyelesaiannya. Kami mempunyai borang yang dipanggil 'Pending Transcript Waiver'. Pernahkah anda mendengarnya? PELAJAR: Tidak, saya belum mendengarnya. Apakah kegunaannya? KAKITANGAN: Pada asasnya, ia berfungsi sebagai entri sementara. Anda menyerahkan borang Pengecualian tersebut bersama-sama petisyen pemindahan anda sebelum tarikh akhir lima belas Oktober. Ia merekodkan secara rasmi niat anda untuk memindahkan kredit tepat pada masanya. Sebaik sahaja kami menerima pengecualian itu, kami menangguhkan yuran lewat lima puluh dolar tersebut, memberikan institusi hos di Sepanyol sehingga satu November untuk menghantar transkrip rasmi kepada kami. PELAJAR: Itu kedengaran sangat bagus! Adakah saya memerlukan sebarang bukti bahawa transkrip tersebut memang telah dihantar? KAKITANGAN: Ya, anda memerlukannya. Anda perlu melampirkan beberapa bukti pengesahan, seperti resit e-mel daripada universiti di Sepanyol yang menunjukkan anda telah meminta dan membayar untuk penghantaran transkrip tersebut. Selagi resit itu bertarikh sebelum lima belas Oktober, anda selamat. PELAJAR: Oh, saya pasti ada bukti itu. Saya mempunyai e-mel pengesahan di sini dalam telefon saya. Saya boleh mencetaknya di perpustakaan dan membawanya semula ke sini. KAKITANGAN: Sebenarnya, anda tidak perlu mencetaknya pun. Anda boleh memuat naik PDF resit tersebut secara terus melalui portal pelajar apabila anda menyerahkan borang pengecualian secara dalam talian. Ia jauh lebih cepat. PELAJAR: Wah, itu sangat memudahkan. Saya akan lakukan perkara itu sekarang juga. Terima kasih banyak-banyak atas bantuan anda! KAKITANGAN: Sama-sama. Cuma pastikan anda menyerahkannya sebelum pukul lima petang pada lima belas hari bulan, jika tidak, sistem akan mengunci pilihan pengecualian standard tersebut.

  1. Soalan 13

    According to the administrator, what is the purpose of the "Pending Transcript Waiver" form?

    • AIt allows the student to register for spring classes before credits are finalized.
    • BIt temporarily exempts the student from the late processing fee.
    • CIt requests the host university to expedite the delivery of the transcript.
    • DIt permanently waives the requirement to submit an official transcript.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q12.) [Q13] According to the administrator, what is the purpose of the "Pending Transcript Waiver" form?

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S12.) [S13] Menurut pentadbir tersebut, apakah tujuan borang "Pending Transcript Waiver"?

  1. Soalan 14

    What can be inferred about the student's situation regarding the confirmation receipt?

    • AHe has already printed a physical copy of it.
    • BHe needs to request it from the University of Salamanca.
    • CHe is able to access it immediately on his mobile device.
    • DHe forgot to save it when he ordered his transcript.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q12.) [Q14] What can be inferred about the student's situation regarding the confirmation receipt?

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi bersama S12.) [S14] Apakah yang boleh disimpulkan tentang situasi pelajar tersebut mengenai resit pengesahan?

  1. Soalan 15

    Why does the administrator mention the "five p.m." deadline on October fifteenth?

    • ATo explain why the registrar's office will be closed on that day.
    • BTo encourage the student to submit his paperwork in person.
    • CTo point out that international mail is processed only once a day.
    • DTo warn the student about when the online waiver system becomes unavailable.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q12.) [Q15] Why does the administrator mention the "five p.m." deadline on October fifteenth?

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S12.) [S15] Mengapakah pentadbir menyebut tentang tarikh akhir "pukul lima petang" pada lima belas Oktober?

  1. Soalan 16

    Why does the student say this:

    • ATo express frustration about a policy that seems unreasonable under his circumstances.
    • BTo request a permanent discount on all of his administrative fees.
    • CTo complain about the poor customer service at the Spanish university.
    • DTo argue that shipping fees for official documents should be eliminated.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q12.) [Replay: "I mean, I did my part and requested it weeks ago. It feels a bit unfair to be charged fifty dollars just because of international shipping delays."] [Q16] Why does the student say this:

    Terjemahan

    Maksud saya, saya telah menjalankan tanggungjawab saya dan memohonnya beberapa minggu yang lalu. Rasa seperti agak tidak adil untuk dikenakan caj lima puluh dolar hanya disebabkan kelewatan penghantaran antarabangsa.

Lecture 2

  1. Soalan 17

    What is the lecture mainly about?

    • AThe atmospheric and geological conditions that trigger frost quakes.
    • BThe differences in structural damage caused by shallow and deep earthquakes.
    • CHow seismologists differentiate between tectonic plates and cryoseisms.
    • DThe historical evolution of measuring non-tectonic seismic activity.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    NARRATOR: Listen to part of a lecture in a geology class. PROFESSOR: Good morning, everyone. Today, we're exploring a geological phenomenon that's often mistaken for a minor earthquake, though its origin is atmospheric rather than tectonic. I'm talking about cryoseisms—sometimes colloquially called "frost quakes." A cryoseism is a non-tectonic seismic event, meaning it doesn't involve the movement of tectonic plates. Instead, it's caused by a sudden, rapid freezing of water-saturated soil or rock. Now, how does this happen? PROFESSOR: First, we need specific environmental conditions. It begins with saturated ground—soil that's completely soaked with water. If we have a sudden, extreme drop in temperature, what we call a flash freeze, the water in the soil rapidly freezes. As we know from basic chemistry, when water freezes, it expands. But because the surface soil freezes first, it forms an impermeable, rigid icy crust. This crust traps the liquid water beneath it. As that sub-surface water continues to freeze, it has nowhere to expand, creating immense hydrostatic pressure—that's the force exerted by a fluid at rest due to the force of gravity, or in this case, confined expansion. PROFESSOR: When this hydrostatic pressure exceeds the strength of the surrounding frozen soil and rock, the ground literally ruptures. This sudden cracking releases a burst of seismic energy, producing a loud booming sound and localized ground shaking. To those nearby, it feels like an earthquake or even a localized explosion. STUDENT: Professor, does this happen every time there's a cold snap? I mean, shouldn't we hear these booms all winter in cold climates? PROFESSOR: That's a fair question, Tomas. And the answer is no, cryoseisms are actually quite rare because they require a very precise sequence of events. One critical factor is the absence of snow cover. You see, snow acts as an insulating blanket. A thick layer of snow prevents the ambient air temperature from rapidly penetrating deep into the soil. If there is snow on the ground, the soil temperature drops gradually, allowing the pressure to dissipate slowly without a sudden rupture. So, we need bare, saturated ground followed by a drastic temperature plunge—typically a drop of at least fifteen to twenty degrees Celsius within a single day. PROFESSOR: Let’s look at a documented event from a few years ago in a northern temperate region to illustrate this. In early December, the area experienced heavy, persistent rainfall, which thoroughly saturated the clay-rich soil. Now, clay is important because it retains moisture exceptionally well. The next day, a powerful cold front swept through. The temperature plummeted from five degrees above freezing to minus twenty-two degrees Celsius in less than eighteen hours. And because it was early winter, there was absolutely no snow cover to insulate the ground. PROFESSOR: In the middle of the night, residents reported hearing explosive cracks that sounded like trees snapping or heavy objects falling on their roofs. Some even felt their houses shake. Seismographs in the region recorded high-frequency waves, but the source was extremely shallow—less than a few meters deep. This shallow depth is another key difference; tectonic earthquakes originate miles beneath the surface, whereas cryoseisms are strictly surficial, occurring right at the boundary between the frozen crust and the saturated layer. PROFESSOR: Wait, let me clarify one thing about the energy release. Unlike tectonic quakes, which can devastate vast regions, the seismic waves from a cryoseism decay—or lose energy—very quickly. This means the structural vibrations are highly localized. If a cryoseism occurs in your backyard, you will definitely feel it and hear it, but your neighbor down the street might not experience a thing. This high rate of attenuation, which refers to the rapid reduction in the intensity of a wave as it travels through a medium, is why cryoseisms rarely cause significant structural damage beyond minor cracks in driveways or foundations. [Q17] What is the lecture mainly about?

    Terjemahan

    NARATOR: Dengarkan sebahagian daripada syarahan dalam kelas geologi. PROFESOR: Selamat pagi, semua. Hari ini, kita akan meneroka satu fenomena geologi yang sering kali disalah anggap sebagai gempa bumi kecil, walaupun asalnya adalah daripada atmosfera dan bukannya tektonik. Saya merujuk kepada krioseism—atau kadangkala dipanggil secara kolokial sebagai "gempa fros." Krioseism ialah peristiwa seismik bukan tektonik, bermakna ia tidak melibatkan pergerakan plat tektonik. Sebaliknya, ia disebabkan oleh pembekuan pantas yang mendadak pada tanah atau batuan yang tepu dengan air. Jadi, bagaimanakah perkara ini berlaku? PROFESOR: Pertama, kita memerlukan keadaan persekitaran yang khusus. Ia bermula dengan tanah yang tepu—tanah yang basah lencun dengan air. Jika berlaku penurunan suhu yang mendadak secara tiba-tiba, yang kita panggil sebagai pembekuan kilat, air di dalam tanah akan membeku dengan cepat. Seperti yang kita ketahui daripada kimia asas, apabila air membeku, ia mengembang. Tetapi disebabkan tanah di permukaan membeku terlebih dahulu, ia membentuk kerak ais yang keras dan tidak telap air. Kerak ini memerangkap air cecair di bawahnya. Apabila air di bawah permukaan itu terus membeku, ia tidak mempunyai ruang untuk mengembang, lalu menghasilkan tekanan hidrostatik yang amat besar—iaitu daya yang dikenakan oleh cecair pegun disebabkan oleh daya graviti, atau dalam kes ini, pengembangan yang terhalang. PROFESOR: Apabila tekanan hidrostatik ini melebihi kekuatan tanah dan batuan beku di sekelilingnya, tanah tersebut akan merekah dengan nyata sekali. Keretakan mengejut ini membebaskan tenaga seismik yang kuat, menghasilkan bunyi ledakan yang kuat dan gegaran tanah yang setempat. Bagi mereka yang berada berhampiran, ia terasa seperti gempa bumi atau letupan setempat. MAHASISWA: Profesor, adakah ini berlaku setiap kali cuaca sejuk melampau melanda? Maksud saya, tidakkah kita sepatutnya mendengar bunyi ledakan ini sepanjang musim sejuk di kawasan beriklim sejuk? PROFESOR: Itu soalan yang bagus, Tomas. Dan jawapannya tidak, krioseism sebenarnya agak jarang berlaku kerana ia memerlukan urutan peristiwa yang sangat tepat. Satu faktor penting ialah ketiadaan litupan salji. Salji bertindak sebagai selimut penebat. Lapisan salji yang tebal menghalang suhu udara sekeliling daripada menembusi jauh ke dalam tanah dengan cepat. Jika terdapat salji di atas tanah, suhu tanah akan turun secara beransur-ansur, membolehkan tekanan hilang secara perlahan-lahan tanpa berlaku keretakan mengejut. Oleh itu, kita memerlukan tanah gondol yang tepu air, diikuti oleh penurunan suhu yang drastik—biasanya penurunan sekurang-kurangnya lima belas hingga dua puluh darjah Celsius dalam masa satu hari sahaja. PROFESOR: Mari kita lihat satu peristiwa yang direkodkan beberapa tahun lalu di kawasan beriklim sederhana utara untuk menggambarkan perkara ini. Pada awal Disember, kawasan tersebut mengalami hujan lebat yang berterusan, yang menyebabkan tanah kaya tanah liat menjadi sangat tepu. Tanah liat adalah penting kerana ia menyimpan kelembapan dengan sangat baik. Keesokan harinya, satu luruan udara sejuk yang kuat telah melanda. Suhu menjunam daripada lima darjah melebihi tahap beku kepada minus dua puluh dua darjah Celsius dalam masa kurang daripada lapan belas jam. Dan disebabkan ia masih awal musim sejuk, langsung tiada litupan salji untuk menebat tanah. PROFESOR: Di tengah malam, penduduk melaporkan mendengar bunyi retakan kuat seperti pokok patah atau objek berat jatuh di atas bumbung mereka. Sesetengah daripada mereka mendapati rumah mereka bergegar. Seismograf di rantau tersebut merekodkan gelombang frekuensi tinggi, tetapi puncanya adalah sangat cetek—kurang daripada beberapa meter dalam. Kedalaman cetek ini merupakan satu lagi perbezaan utama; gempa bumi tektonik berpunca berbatu-batu di bawah permukaan, manakala krioseism adalah fenomena permukaan sahaja, berlaku tepat di sempadan antara kerak beku dan lapisan tepu. PROFESOR: Tunggu, biar saya jelaskan satu perkara tentang pembebasan tenaga. Berbeza dengan gempa tektonik yang boleh memusnahkan kawasan yang luas, gelombang seismik daripada krioseism menyusut—atau kehilangan tenaga—dengan sangat cepat. Ini bermakna getaran struktur sangat setempat. Jika krioseism berlaku di halaman rumah anda, anda pasti akan merasai dan mendengarnya, tetapi jiran anda di hujung jalan mungkin tidak merasai apa-apa. Kadar pelegetan yang tinggi ini, yang merujuk kepada pengurangan pantas keamatan gelombang semasa ia merambat melalui sesuatu medium, adalah sebab mengapa krioseism jarang menyebabkan kerosakan struktur yang ketara selain daripada retakan kecil pada laluan masuk kereta atau asas bangunan.

  1. Soalan 18

    According to the professor, what role does clay play in the occurrence of a cryoseism?

    • AIt expands more rapidly than other soil types when frozen.
    • BIt prevents water from draining away, keeping the ground saturated.
    • CIt acts as a natural insulator that slows down the freezing process.
    • DIt absorbs the seismic energy, reducing the loudness of the booming sound.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q17.) [Q18] According to the professor, what role does clay play in the occurrence of a cryoseism?

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S17.) [S18] Menurut profesor tersebut, apakah peranan tanah liat dalam berlakunya krioseisme?

  1. Soalan 19

    Why does the professor discuss snow cover?

    • ATo illustrate how thermal energy is stored in the soil during winter.
    • BTo challenge a common misconception about the depth of cryoseisms.
    • CTo explain why cryoseisms are relatively uncommon events.
    • DTo argue that winter precipitation is the primary cause of tectonic shifts.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q17.) [Q19] Why does the professor discuss snow cover?

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S17.) [S19] Mengapakah profesor membincangkan litupan salji?

  1. Soalan 20

    In the case study discussed by the professor, what sequence of events led to the cryoseism?

    • AAn early winter snowfall, a sudden rise in temperature, and rapid soil drainage.
    • BA period of dry weather, a minor tectonic shift, and a sudden drop in temperature.
    • CA gradual decrease in temperature over several weeks, followed by a sudden snowfall.
    • DHeavy rainfall that saturated the ground, followed by a rapid, extreme drop in temperature without snow.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q17.) [Q20] In the case study discussed by the professor, what sequence of events led to the cryoseism?

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan Q17.) [Q20] Dalam kajian kes yang dibincangkan oleh profesor tersebut, apakah urutan peristiwa yang membawa kepada berlakunya krioseisme?

  1. Soalan 21

    What can be inferred about the seismic waves produced by a cryoseism compared to those produced by a tectonic earthquake?

    • ACryoseism waves are less likely to be felt by people living a short distance away from the epicenter.
    • BCryoseism waves travel much further because they originate closer to the surface.
    • CCryoseism waves are measured using entirely different scientific instruments than tectonic waves.
    • DCryoseism waves cause more widespread foundation damage because of their higher frequency.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q17.) [Q21] What can be inferred about the seismic waves produced by a cryoseism compared to those produced by a tectonic earthquake?

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S17.) [S21] Apakah yang boleh disimpulkan tentang gelombang seismik yang dihasilkan oleh krioseisme berbanding gelombang yang dihasilkan oleh gempa bumi tektonik?

  1. Soalan 22

    Why does the speaker say this:

    • ATo correct an error she made in defining a geological term.
    • BTo introduce a transition to a related but distinct characteristic of cryoseisms.
    • CTo redirect the focus of the lecture back to tectonic earthquakes.
    • DTo acknowledge that her previous explanation of hydrostatic pressure was incomplete.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q17.) [Replay: "Wait, let me clarify one thing about the energy release."] [Q22] Why does the speaker say this:

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S17.) [Main semula: "Tunggu, biar saya perjelaskan satu perkara tentang pembebasan tenaga."]

Lecture 3

  1. Soalan 23

    What is the lecture mainly about?

    • AHow different linguistic frameworks influence the mental representation of time.
    • BHow cultural writing directions determine spatial awareness.
    • CWhy cardinal directions are superior to body-relative coordinates for navigation.
    • DThe historical development of absolute spatial-temporal mapping in ancient languages.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    NARRATOR: Listen to part of a lecture in a linguistics class. PROFESSOR: Good morning, everyone. Today we're exploring psycholinguistics, specifically how the language we speak influences our internal representation of time... a concept known as spatial-temporal mapping. Now, we all know—well, we assume that time is abstract, right? We can't physically see it or touch it. So, to think about it, our brains borrow spatial concepts. PROFESSOR: In most, uh, familiar languages, we use what's called 'ego-centered temporal mapping.' This means we organize time relative to our own physical bodies. The future is typically 'in front' of us—think of phrases like 'looking forward to next week'—while the past is 'behind' us, as in 'leaving the past behind.' PROFESSOR: But is this bodily coordinate, um, system universal? Actually, no. Some linguistic communities rely on what researchers call 'absolute temporal mapping.' Instead of using their own bodies as the reference point, these speakers organize time using fixed, external environmental coordinates, such as cardinal directions—north, south, east, and west. PROFESSOR: Let's look at a fascinating experiment that highlights this difference. Researchers gave participants a set of photographs showing a person at different stages of life—from childhood to old age. The task was simple: arrange the photos in chronological order. PROFESSOR: Now, when speakers of an ego-centered language, like English or Swedish, did this task, they almost always arranged the photos from left to right. Why? Because in their writing systems, reading progresses from left to right, which reinforces a horizontal, body-relative timeline. PROFESSOR: But when speakers of an absolute-frame language did the same task, their behavior was completely different. They didn't care about left or right. Instead, their arrangement depended entirely on which direction they were facing! If they were facing south, they laid the photos out from left to right—which happens to be east to west. If they were facing north, they laid them out from right to left—which is still east to west. And if they faced east, they laid the photos toward their body. In other words, for them, time always flows from east—where the sun rises—to west, where it sets. Their cognitive map of time is anchored to the Earth, not to their own shoulders. STUDENT: Wait, Professor, does that mean they have to constantly keep track of where north or east is, just to talk about yesterday or tomorrow? PROFESSOR: Precisely, Yuki. To speak these languages, you must possess an incredibly sharp, almost automatic sense of orientation. If you don't know which way is east, you can't grammatically construct sentences about time, or even space for that matter. PROFESSOR: This brings us to 'co-speech gestures'—the spontaneous hand movements we make while talking. When English speakers talk about the future, they might gesture forward. But when absolute-frame speakers talk about yesterday or tomorrow, their hand movements track the actual physical path of the sun, regardless of which way they are currently facing. If they say 'yesterday' while facing north, they might point to their right—toward the east. If they turn around to face south, and say 'yesterday' again, their hand will swing to their left, still pointing east. PROFESSOR: So, what does this tell us? It suggests that language isn't just a tool for translating fully formed thoughts into sound. Instead, the specific grammatical structures and vocabulary of our language actually shape how we construct our basic cognitive reality—including our fundamental perception of time itself. [Q23] What is the lecture mainly about?

    Terjemahan

    PENCERITA: Dengar sebahagian daripada syarahan dalam kelas linguistik. PROFESOR: Selamat pagi, semua. Hari ini kita akan meneroka psikolinguistik, khususnya bagaimana bahasa yang kita pertuturkan mempengaruhi representasi dalaman kita tentang masa... satu konsep yang dikenali sebagai pemetaan ruang-masa. Kita semua tahu—atau sekurang-kurangnya kita menganggap bahawa masa itu abstrak, bukan? Kita tidak boleh melihat atau menyentuhnya secara fizikal. Oleh itu, untuk memikirkannya, otak kita meminjam konsep ruang. PROFESOR: Dalam kebanyakan bahasa yang biasa kita dengar, kita menggunakan apa yang dipanggil 'pemetaan masa berpusatkan ego.' Ini bermakna kita menyusun masa secara relatif kepada tubuh fizikal kita sendiri. Masa depan biasanya berada 'di hadapan' kita—fikirkan frasa seperti 'looking forward to next week'—manakala masa lalu berada 'di belakang' kita, seperti dalam 'leaving the past behind.' PROFESOR: Tetapi adakah sistem koordinat tubuh ini universal? Sebenarnya tidak. Sesetengah komuniti linguistik bergantung kepada apa yang dipanggil oleh penyelidik sebagai 'pemetaan masa mutlak.' Alih-alih menggunakan tubuh mereka sendiri sebagai titik rujukan, penutur ini menyusun masa menggunakan koordinat persekitaran luaran yang tetap, seperti arah mata angin—utara, selatan, timur dan barat. PROFESOR: Mari kita lihat satu eksperimen menarik yang menonjolkan perbezaan ini. Penyelidik memberikan peserta sekumpulan foto yang menunjukkan seseorang pada peringkat kehidupan yang berbeza—daripada zaman kanak-kanak hingga usia tua. Tugasnya mudah: susun foto tersebut mengikut urutan kronologi. PROFESOR: Apabila penutur bahasa berpusatkan ego, seperti bahasa Inggeris atau Sweden, melakukan tugas ini, mereka hampir sentiasa menyusun foto dari kiri ke kanan. Mengapa? Kerana dalam sistem penulisan mereka, pembacaan bergerak dari kiri ke kanan, yang memperkukuh garis masa horizontal yang relatif kepada badan. PROFESOR: Tetapi apabila penutur bahasa berkerangka mutlak melakukan tugas yang sama, tingkah laku mereka sangat berbeza. Mereka tidak peduli tentang kiri atau kanan. Sebaliknya, susunan mereka bergantung sepenuhnya pada arah mana mereka menghadap! Jika mereka menghadap ke selatan, mereka menyusun foto dari kiri ke kanan—iaitu dari timur ke barat. Jika mereka menghadap ke utara, mereka menyusunnya dari kanan ke kiri—iaitu masih dari timur ke barat. Dan jika mereka menghadap ke timur, mereka menyusun foto tersebut menghala ke arah badan mereka. Dalam erti kata lain, bagi mereka, masa sentiasa mengalir dari timur—tempat matahari terbit—ke barat, tempat matahari terbenam. Peta kognitif mereka tentang masa berpandukan Bumi, bukan pada bahu mereka sendiri. PELAJAR: Tunggu sekejap, Profesor, adakah itu bermakna mereka perlu sentiasa tahu di mana arah utara atau timur, semata-mata untuk bercakap tentang semalam atau esok? PROFESOR: Tepat sekali, Yuki. Untuk bertutur dalam bahasa-bahasa ini, anda mesti mempunyai deria orientasi yang sangat tajam dan hampir automatik. Jika anda tidak tahu arah mana timur, anda tidak boleh membina ayat secara tatabahasa tentang masa, mahupun tentang ruang sekalipun. PROFESOR: Ini membawa kita kepada 'gerakan isyarat pertuturan bersama'—iaitu pergerakan tangan spontan yang kita lakukan semasa bercakap. Apabila penutur bahasa Inggeris bercakap tentang masa depan, mereka mungkin memberi isyarat ke hadapan. Namun, apabila penutur bahasa berkerangka mutlak bercakap tentang semalam atau esok, pergerakan tangan mereka menjejaki laluan fizikal matahari yang sebenar, tidak kira ke arah mana mereka sedang menghadap. Jika mereka menyebut 'yesterday' semasa menghadap ke utara, mereka mungkin menunjuk ke sebelah kanan mereka—iaitu ke arah timur. Jika mereka berpusing menghadap ke selatan, dan menyebut 'yesterday' sekali lagi, tangan mereka akan dihayunkan ke sebelah kiri mereka, yang masih menunjuk ke arah timur. PROFESOR: Jadi, apakah yang ditunjukkan oleh perkara ini kepada kita? Ia menunjukkan bahawa bahasa bukan sekadar alat untuk menterjemahkan fikiran yang lengkap kepada bunyi. Sebaliknya, struktur tatabahasa dan kosa kata khusus dalam bahasa kita sebenarnya membentuk cara kita membina realiti kognitif asas kita—termasuk persepsi asas kita terhadap masa itu sendiri.

  1. Soalan 24

    According to the professor, what determines the direction in which speakers of an absolute-frame language arrange chronological photos?

    • AThe physical distance between the speaker's body and the photos.
    • BThe direction the speakers are physically facing at the moment of the task.
    • CWhether the speaker is gesturing with their dominant or non-dominant hand.
    • DThe direction of the writing system they use in their daily lives.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q23.) [Q24] According to the professor, what determines the direction in which speakers of an absolute-frame language arrange chronological photos?

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S23.) [S24] Menurut profesor tersebut, apakah yang menentukan arah penutur bahasa bingkai mutlak menyusun foto mengikut urutan kronologi?

  1. Soalan 25 (pilih semua yang berkenaan)

    According to the lecture, which of the following are characteristic of speakers of absolute-frame languages? Choose 2 answers.

    • AThey maintain a constant, highly accurate awareness of their geographic orientation.
    • BThey use their own bodies as the primary reference point to locate past events.
    • CThey alter their physical gestures for temporal terms based on their spatial orientation.
    • DThey struggle to complete tasks that involve chronological ordering of photos.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q23.) [Q25] According to the lecture, which of the following are characteristic of speakers of absolute-frame languages? Choose 2 answers.

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S23.) [S25] Berdasarkan kuliah tersebut, yang manakah antara berikut merupakan ciri-ciri penutur bahasa berbingkai rujukan mutlak? Pilih 2 jawapan.

  1. Soalan 26

    Why does the professor mention the direction of writing systems, such as reading from left to right?

    • ATo argue that written language is more influential than spoken language in cognitive mapping.
    • BTo suggest that absolute-frame languages do not have a written form.
    • CTo explain why speakers of ego-centered languages arrange chronological photos horizontally.
    • DTo point out a flaw in the researchers' methodology during the photo-sorting experiment.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q23.) [Q26] Why does the professor mention the direction of writing systems, such as reading from left to right?

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi dengan S23.) [S26] Mengapakah profesor menyebut tentang arah sistem penulisan, seperti membaca dari kiri ke kanan?

  1. Soalan 27

    What does the professor imply about the relationship between language and cognitive reality?

    • ALanguage is merely a secondary tool used to label pre-existing concepts that all humans share.
    • BAbsolute-frame reasoning is a cognitive stage that most modern languages have outgrown.
    • CEgo-centered mapping is cognitively less demanding than absolute spatial mapping.
    • DThe grammar and vocabulary of a language can actively shape how its speakers structure abstract concepts.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q23.) [Q27] What does the professor imply about the relationship between language and cognitive reality?

    Terjemahan

    (Dikongsi bersama Q23.) [Q27] Apakah yang dimaksudkan secara tersirat oleh profesor tentang hubungan antara bahasa dengan realiti kognitif?

  1. Soalan 28

    Why does the speaker say this:

    • ATo emphasize how deeply embedded absolute spatial tracking is in certain languages.
    • BTo express skepticism about the practicality of absolute-frame languages.
    • CTo correct a common misconception about how cardinal directions are defined.
    • DTo criticize the grammatical complexity of absolute-frame languages.
    Tunjukkan transkrip

    (Shared with Q23.) [Replay: "If you don't know which way is east, you can't grammatically construct sentences about time, or even space for that matter."] [Q28] Why does the speaker say this:

    Terjemahan

    Jika anda tidak tahu di mana arah timur, anda tidak akan dapat membina ayat yang betul dari segi tatabahasa tentang masa, mahupun tentang ruang sekalipun.

Kertas soalan serupa