TOEFL · Listening · 28 soal

Latihan TOEFL Listening 7

Simulasi listening dan reading orisinal yang mengikuti format TOEFL iBT yang dipublikasikan.

Ini adalah soal latihan orisinal buatan Loopy yang mengikuti format yang dipublikasikan. Ini bukan tes resmi dari ETS.

TOEIC® dan TOEFL® adalah merek dagang terdaftar milik ETS. IELTS dimiliki bersama oleh British Council, IDP, dan Cambridge English. Tes latihan Loopy dibuat sendiri dan tidak berafiliasi dengan maupun didukung oleh organisasi-organisasi tersebut.

Audio satu tes penuh

Conversation 1

  1. Soal 1

    Why does the student go to see the professor?

    • ATo ask for advice on how to shorten her research proposal.
    • BTo request an extension on the paper's Friday deadline.
    • CTo change her paper topic from urban bees to another subject.
    • DTo get a list of books to include in her bibliography.
    Lihat transkrip

    NARRATOR: Listen to a conversation between a student and a professor. STUDENT: Hi, Professor. Thank you for meeting with me during your office hours today. I wanted to talk about my draft proposal for the environmental science paper on urban bee populations. I am having some trouble with the assignment guidelines. PROFESSOR: Hello, Sofia. It is good to see you. Yes, I read your draft proposal, and your topic on urban bees is excellent. What exactly is the trouble you are having with the guidelines? STUDENT: Well, it is the page limit. Right now, my draft is eight pages long. But the project guidelines say the final paper must be exactly five pages. I am really worried because I do not know what I should cut out. Also, uh, I mean, I wanted to ask if the bibliography counts as part of those five pages. PROFESSOR: Ah, I see. That is a very common question. Let me reassure you: the bibliography does not count toward the five-page limit. That page is extra. But without the bibliography, your main text is still seven pages, which is still too long. STUDENT: Yes, that is true. It is still seven pages. I wrote a very long introduction to explain the history of urban beekeeping, and that section alone took three pages. I thought it was important to give all that background. PROFESSOR: I understand. Background history is interesting, but for a short proposal, you only need a brief summary. First, you should focus on your specific research question. Next, you need to explain your methods. My advice is to cut your introduction down to just one page. That will instantly save you two pages and bring you to the limit. STUDENT: Oh, that makes a lot of sense. If I shorten the introduction to one page, the rest of my paper will fit perfectly. I want to make sure I get it right. Can I still email you the new version before the final deadline on Friday? PROFESSOR: Yes, absolutely. Please email it to me by Thursday morning. That way, I will have time to look at it and give you some quick feedback before you submit the final version on Friday afternoon. STUDENT: That is perfect. I will work on shortening the introduction tonight and send it to you tomorrow. Thank you so much for your help! [Q1] Why does the student go to see the professor?

    Terjemahan

    NARATOR: Dengarkan percakapan antara seorang mahasiswa dan seorang profesor. MAHASISWA: Halo, Profesor. Terima kasih telah bersedia menemui saya di jam konsultasi Anda hari ini. Saya ingin mendiskusikan draf proposal saya untuk makalah ilmu lingkungan tentang populasi lebah perkotaan. Saya mengalami sedikit kesulitan dengan panduan tugasnya. PROFESOR: Halo, Sofia. Senang bertemu denganmu. Ya, saya sudah membaca draf proposalmu, dan topikmu tentang lebah perkotaan sangat bagus. Apa sebenarnya kesulitan yang kamu hadapi terkait panduan tugas tersebut? MAHASISWA: Begini, ini tentang batasan halaman. Saat ini draf saya panjangnya delapan halaman. Padahal panduan tugas menyatakan bahwa makalah akhir harus tepat lima halaman. Saya sangat khawatir karena saya tidak tahu bagian mana yang harus saya potong. Selain itu, mmm, maksud saya, saya ingin bertanya apakah daftar pustaka termasuk dalam bagian dari lima halaman tersebut. PROFESOR: Ah, begitu. Itu pertanyaan yang sangat umum ditanyakan. Biar saya tenangkan kamu: daftar pustaka tidak dihitung dalam batasan lima halaman tersebut. Halaman itu merupakan tambahan. Namun, tanpa daftar pustaka pun, teks utama makalahmu masih tujuh halaman, yang berarti masih terlalu panjang. MAHASISWA: Ya, benar. Makalahnya masih tujuh halaman. Saya menulis pendahuluan yang sangat panjang untuk menjelaskan sejarah peternakan lebah perkotaan, dan bagian itu saja menghabiskan tiga halaman. Saya pikir penting untuk memberikan seluruh latar belakang tersebut. PROFESOR: Saya mengerti. Sejarah latar belakang memang menarik, tetapi untuk proposal singkat, kamu hanya memerlukan ringkasan yang singkat saja. Pertama, kamu harus fokus pada pertanyaan penelitian spesifikmu. Selanjutnya, kamu perlu menjelaskan metodemu. Saran saya adalah pangkas pendahuluanmu menjadi satu halaman saja. Hal itu akan langsung memangkas dua halaman dan membuat makalahmu sesuai batas. MAHASISWA: Oh, itu sangat masuk akal. Jika saya mempersingkat pendahuluan menjadi satu halaman, sisa makalah saya akan pas. Saya ingin memastikan hasilnya benar. Bolehkah saya mengirimkan versi barunya melalui email sebelum tenggat waktu akhir hari Jumat? PROFESOR: Ya, tentu saja. Silakan kirimkan email kepada saya sebelum Kamis pagi. Dengan begitu, saya punya waktu untuk membacanya dan memberikan umpan balik singkat sebelum kamu mengumpulkan versi finalnya pada Jumat sore. MAHASISWA: Sempurna sekali. Saya akan memangkas pendahuluannya malam ini dan mengirimkannya kepada Anda besok. Terima kasih banyak atas bantuan Anda!

  1. Soal 2

    According to the professor, what is true about the bibliography?

    • AIt must be exactly three pages long.
    • BIt is not included in the five-page limit.
    • CIt must be emailed to the professor on Thursday.
    • DIt should only focus on urban beekeeping history.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q1.) [Q2] According to the professor, what is true about the bibliography?

    Terjemahan

    (Sama dengan Q1.) [Q2] Menurut profesor, manakah hal yang benar mengenai daftar pustaka?

  1. Soal 3

    What does the professor advise the student to do with her introduction?

    • ARemove the section about her research methods.
    • BMove the background history to the bibliography.
    • CReduce its length to a single page.
    • DExpand it to explain more background history.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q1.) [Q3] What does the professor advise the student to do with her introduction?

    Terjemahan

    (Sama dengan Q1.) [Q3] Apa yang disarankan profesor kepada mahasiswa tersebut terkait bagian pendahuluannya?

  1. Soal 4

    What can be inferred about the student's research proposal?

    • AIt will be graded primarily on the quality of its bibliography.
    • BIt will be accepted even if it is seven pages long.
    • CThe student needs to find a new topic before Thursday morning.
    • DThe main focus should be on the research question and methods.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q1.) [Q4] What can be inferred about the student's research proposal?

    Terjemahan

    (Sama dengan Q1.) [Q4] Apa yang dapat disimpulkan mengenai proposal penelitian mahasiswa tersebut?

  1. Soal 5

    Why does the professor say this:

    • ATo encourage the student before addressing her concerns.
    • BTo suggest that the student needs to find more sources.
    • CTo explain why the paper is currently too long.
    • DTo ask the student to explain her research methods.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q1.) [Replay: "Yes, I read your draft proposal, and your topic on urban bees is excellent."] [Q5] Why does the professor say this:

    Terjemahan

    (Sama dengan Q1.) [Putar ulang: "Ya, saya sudah membaca draf proposalmu, dan topikmu tentang lebah perkotaan sangat bagus."]

Lecture 1

  1. Soal 6

    What is the lecture mainly about?

    • AMechanisms and ecological roles of kin recognition in plants.
    • BThe competitive advantages of sea rocket plants in crowded beach environments.
    • CHow fungal networks trade soil nutrients for plant sugars in forests.
    • DThe evolutionary reasons why animals and plants developed identical communication systems.
    Lihat transkrip

    NARRATOR: Listen to part of a lecture in a biology class. PROFESSOR: Yesterday we discussed how animals use scent or calls to recognize their relatives. Today, we're shifting our focus to the plant kingdom. It might sound surprising, but plants also exhibit what we call kin recognition. This is the ability of an organism to distinguish between close genetic relatives and unrelated individuals of the same species. For a long time, scientists thought plants just competed blindly with any neighbor for resources like water and light. But recent studies show they can actually identify their siblings—seeds from the same mother plant—and act cooperatively. Now, how do they do this without eyes or ears? The answer lies underground, primarily through root exudates. Root exudates are chemical compounds—like sugars, amino acids, and other metabolites—that roots secrete into the surrounding soil. Think of these exudates as a chemical signature, unique to each plant's genetic makeup. Yes, Lukas? STUDENT: So, if a plant detects a sibling's chemical signature, how does it react? Does it stop growing? PROFESSOR: Not exactly. Instead of stopping growth entirely, it modifies its resource allocation. In a famous experiment with a beach plant called the sea rocket, when plants were potted with strangers, they aggressively grew more roots to compete for nutrients. But when potted with siblings, they restricted their root growth. They, uh, they shared the space rather than trying to crowd each other out. But it gets even more sophisticated in forest ecosystems, thanks to common mycorrhizal networks, or CMNs. CMNs are underground webs of fungal threads that physically connect the root systems of multiple plants. These fungi trade soil nutrients for plant sugars. But here's the fascinating part: older 'mother trees' use these fungal networks to recognize and support their own offspring. In Douglas fir forests, researchers tracked isotopes and found that mature trees preferentially channel carbon and defense signals through the CMN to seedlings that are their direct kin, while offering far less support to unrelated seedlings of the exact same species. Now, some skeptics might say, 'Well, maybe the fungi are choosing where to send the nutrients, not the trees.' And that's a fair point. But experiments where fungal variables were controlled still showed that the mother tree actively regulates its resource distribution based on genetic relatedness. This challenges our traditional view of forests as purely competitive battlegrounds. Instead, they operate more like complex, cooperative family networks. [Q6] What is the lecture mainly about?

    Terjemahan

    NARATOR: Dengarkan bagian dari perkuliahan di kelas biologi. PROFESOR: Kemarin kita telah membahas bagaimana hewan menggunakan aroma atau panggilan suara untuk mengenali kerabat mereka. Hari ini, kita mengalihkan fokus kita ke kerajaan tumbuhan. Ini mungkin terdengar mengejutkan, tetapi tumbuhan juga menunjukkan apa yang kita sebut pengenalan kerabat (kin recognition). Ini adalah kemampuan suatu organisme untuk membedakan antara kerabat dekat secara genetik dan individu yang tidak berkerabat dari spesies yang sama. Untuk waktu yang lama, para ilmuwan mengira tumbuhan hanya berkompetisi secara buta dengan tetangga mana pun untuk memperebutkan sumber daya seperti air dan cahaya. Namun, penelitian terbaru menunjukkan bahwa mereka sebenarnya dapat mengidentifikasi saudara mereka—biji dari tanaman induk yang sama—dan bertindak secara kooperatif. Nah, bagaimana mereka melakukan ini tanpa mata atau telinga? Jawabannya ada di bawah tanah, terutama melalui eksudat akar. Eksudat akar adalah senyawa kimia—seperti gula, asam amino, dan metabolit lainnya—yang disekresikan oleh akar ke dalam tanah di sekitarnya. Anggap eksudat ini sebagai tanda tangan kimiawi, yang unik untuk susunan genetik setiap tumbuhan. Ya, Lukas? MAHASISWA: Jadi, jika suatu tumbuhan mendeteksi tanda tangan kimiawi saudaranya, bagaimana reaksinya? Apakah tumbuhan itu berhenti tumbuh? PROFESOR: Tidak juga. Alih-alih menghentikan pertumbuhan sepenuhnya, tumbuhan tersebut mengubah alokasi sumber dayanya. Dalam sebuah eksperimen terkenal dengan tanaman pantai yang disebut sea rocket, ketika tanaman ditanam dalam satu pot dengan tanaman asing, mereka secara agresif menumbuhkan lebih banyak akar untuk bersaing memperebutkan nutrisi. Namun ketika ditanam bersama saudaranya, mereka membatasi pertumbuhan akarnya. Mereka, eh, berbagi ruang alih-alih mencoba saling mendesak. Namun, hal ini menjadi lebih canggih lagi dalam ekosistem hutan, berkat jaringan mikoriza bersama, atau CMN (common mycorrhizal networks). CMN adalah jaring bawah tanah dari benang jamur yang menghubungkan sistem perakaran dari beberapa tumbuhan secara fisik. Jamur-jamur ini menukar nutrisi tanah dengan gula tumbuhan. Namun, inilah bagian yang menarik: 'pohon induk' yang lebih tua menggunakan jaringan jamur ini untuk mengenali dan mendukung keturunan mereka sendiri. Di hutan cemara Douglas, para peneliti melacak isotop dan menemukan bahwa pohon dewasa secara istimewa menyalurkan karbon dan sinyal pertahanan melalui CMN ke bibit yang merupakan kerabat langsung mereka, sementara memberikan dukungan yang jauh lebih sedikit kepada bibit yang tidak berkerabat dari spesies yang sama persis. Sekarang, beberapa orang yang skeptis mungkin berkata, 'Yah, mungkin jamurnya yang memilih ke mana harus mengirim nutrisi, bukan pohonnya.' Dan itu adalah argumen yang masuk akal. Namun eksperimen dengan variabel jamur yang dikendalikan tetap menunjukkan bahwa pohon induk secara aktif mengatur distribusi sumber dayanya berdasarkan kekerabatan genetik. Ini menantang pandangan tradisional kita tentang hutan yang murni sebagai medan pertempuran yang kompetitif. Sebaliknya, hutan beroperasi lebih seperti jaringan keluarga yang kompleks dan kooperatif.

  1. Soal 7

    According to the professor, what are root exudates?

    • AFungal threads that link different plant species underground.
    • BChemical compounds released by roots that carry a plant's genetic signature.
    • CNutrients that seedlings send back to mature mother trees.
    • DPoisons used by plants to eliminate competing species from the rhizosphere.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q6.) [Q7] According to the professor, what are root exudates?

    Terjemahan

    (Sama dengan Q6.) [Q7] Menurut profesor tersebut, apakah yang dimaksud dengan eksudat akar?

  1. Soal 8 (pilih semua yang benar)

    According to the lecture, in what ways do mature Douglas fir trees cooperate with their kin? Choose 2 answers.

    • AThey absorb excess water from the seedlings' roots during dry periods.
    • BThey preferentially channel carbon to related seedlings.
    • CThey transmit defense signals to their offspring through fungal webs.
    • DThey prevent fungal networks from connecting with unrelated species.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q6.) [Q8] According to the lecture, in what ways do mature Douglas fir trees cooperate with their kin? Choose 2 answers.

    Terjemahan

    (Sama dengan Pertanyaan 6.) [Q8] Berdasarkan kuliah tersebut, dengan cara apa saja pohon Douglas fir dewasa bekerja sama dengan kerabatnya? Pilih 2 jawaban.

  1. Soal 9

    Why does the professor mention the perspective of skeptics regarding fungal networks?

    • ATo argue that mycorrhizal networks are less cooperative than previously assumed.
    • BTo highlight a major flaw in the experimental design of the Douglas fir study.
    • CTo introduce evidence that confirms the active role of plants in resource distribution.
    • DTo suggest that fungi and plants are constantly competing for carbon.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q6.) [Q9] Why does the professor mention the perspective of skeptics regarding fungal networks?

    Terjemahan

    (Sama dengan Q6.) [Q9] Mengapa profesor menyebutkan perspektif kaum skeptis mengenai jaringan jamur?

  1. Soal 10

    What did researchers observe when sea rocket plants were potted with unrelated plants?

    • AThey released chemical compounds that stunted the strangers' growth.
    • BThey relied on mycorrhizal networks to share scarce water.
    • CThey stopped photosynthetic activity to conserve energy.
    • DThey grew more roots to compete more aggressively for resources.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q6.) [Q10] What did researchers observe when sea rocket plants were potted with unrelated plants?

    Terjemahan

    (Berbagi dengan Q6.) [Q10] Apa yang diamati oleh para peneliti ketika tanaman sea rocket ditanam dalam satu pot dengan tanaman yang tidak sekerabat?

  1. Soal 11

    Why does the speaker say this:

    • ATo describe the cooperative outcome of restricted root growth in sibling plants.
    • BTo correct a previous statement about the speed of plant root development.
    • CTo express skepticism about whether plants can actually share resources.
    • DTo explain why beach plants are unable to survive in crowded environments.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q6.) [Replay: "They, uh, they shared the space rather than trying to crowd each other out."] [Q11] Why does the speaker say this:

    Terjemahan

    Mereka, hm, mereka saling berbagi ruang daripada berusaha saling mendesak satu sama lain.

Conversation 2

  1. Soal 12

    Why does the student go to see the registrar's office administrator?

    • ATo resolve an issue regarding her graduation credit count
    • BTo appeal a grade she received for a summer internship
    • CTo request an extension for a course registration deadline
    • DTo submit a petition to change her major to environmental science
    Lihat transkrip

    NARRATOR: Listen to a conversation between a student and a registrar's office administrator. STUDENT: Hi there. I'm hoping you can help me with my graduation audit. I received an email saying I'm three credits short of the requirement for my bachelor's degree in environmental science, but... well, I'm pretty sure I have enough. STAFF: Hello. Let's take a look. What is your student ID number? ... Okay, Sofia. I see your record here. According to the system, you have 117 completed credits, and you need 120 to graduate. Are you currently enrolled in any other classes? STUDENT: Yes, I'm taking 15 credits this semester, which should bring me to, uh, wait, 132 total. But the audit says I only have 117 completed, which doesn't include the internship I did last summer. That was supposed to be worth three credits. STAFF: Ah, the summer internship. Did you register that with the department before you started? STUDENT: Yes, I did. My advisor, Professor Evans, approved it. I have the signed approval form right here, actually. STAFF: Okay, that's the pre-approval. But to actually get those credits on your transcript, you needed to submit a completed Internship Credit Validation Form—that's Form 402—along with a brief evaluation from your internship supervisor. Our deadline for submitting summer credit validation forms was October 15th. Today is, let's see, November 10th. So that's why it's not showing up. STUDENT: Oh, no. I thought... I thought Professor Evans would submit it directly to you once I emailed her my supervisor's evaluation. I didn't realize I had to submit a separate form myself. Is it too late to get those credits? I really need them to graduate in the spring. STAFF: Don't worry, it's not impossible to fix. You can still submit the form late, but you'll have to file a late-submission petition. It requires a signature from your department chair—not just your advisor—and there is a forty-five dollar late fee. STUDENT: Forty-five dollars? That's... well, I guess I don't have much of a choice. How long does the petition take to process? STAFF: Usually about two weeks once we receive all the paperwork and the payment. Since your graduation isn't until the end of the spring term, we have plenty of time. But I'd recommend getting that department chair's signature as soon as possible, because they can be hard to track down during midterms. STUDENT: Right, Dr. Ramirez is usually very busy. I'll head over to her office right now to see if she's in. Where do I get Form 402 and the petition form? STAFF: You can download both of them from our office website under the 'Student Forms' tab. Just print them out, get the signature, and bring them back here with the payment. We accept cards or student account billing. STUDENT: Great. Thank you so much for clarifying this. I was really panicking. STAFF: You're welcome. We'll get it sorted out. [Q12] Why does the student go to see the registrar's office administrator?

    Terjemahan

    Narator: Dengarkan percakapan antara seorang mahasiswa dan staf administrasi kantor registrasi. Mahasiswa: Halo. Saya harap Anda bisa membantu saya dengan audit kelulusan saya. Saya menerima email yang menyatakan bahwa saya kekurangan tiga SKS dari persyaratan untuk gelar sarjana sains lingkungan saya, tetapi... saya yakin SKS saya sudah cukup. Staf: Halo. Mari kita lihat. Berapa nomor induk mahasiswa Anda? ... Oke, Sofia. Saya melihat data Anda di sini. Menurut sistem, Anda telah menyelesaikan 117 SKS, dan Anda membutuhkan 120 SKS untuk lulus. Apakah saat ini Anda sedang mengambil kelas lain? Mahasiswa: Ya, saya mengambil 15 SKS semester ini, yang seharusnya membuat total SKS saya menjadi, eh, tunggu, 132 SKS. Tetapi hasil audit menyatakan saya baru menyelesaikan 117 SKS, yang belum termasuk magang yang saya lakukan musim panas lalu. Magang itu seharusnya bernilai tiga SKS. Staf: Ah, magang musim panas. Apakah Anda mendaftarkannya ke departemen sebelum memulainya? Mahasiswa: Ya, sudah. Dosen pembimbing saya, Profesor Evans, menyetujuinya. Sebenarnya, saya membawa formulir persetujuan yang sudah ditandatangani di sini. Staf: Oke, itu adalah persetujuan awal. Namun untuk benar-benar memasukkan SKS tersebut ke dalam transkrip nilai Anda, Anda harus menyerahkan Formulir Validasi SKS Magang yang telah diisi—yaitu Formulir 402—beserta evaluasi singkat dari supervisor magang Anda. Batas waktu kami untuk menyerahkan formulir validasi SKS musim panas adalah tanggal 15 Oktober. Hari ini tanggal, mari kita lihat, 10 November. Jadi itulah mengapa SKS tersebut belum muncul. Mahasiswa: Oh, tidak. Saya pikir... saya pikir Profesor Evans akan menyerahkannya langsung kepada Anda setelah saya mengirimkan evaluasi supervisor saya lewat email kepadanya. Saya tidak menyadari bahwa saya harus menyerahkan formulir terpisah sendiri. Apakah sudah terlambat untuk mendapatkan SKS tersebut? Saya sangat membutuhkannya untuk lulus pada musim semi nanti. Staf: Jangan khawatir, ini masih bisa diatasi. Anda masih bisa menyerahkan formulir tersebut terlambat, tetapi Anda harus mengajukan permohonan keterlambatan pengumpulan. Ini memerlukan tanda tangan dari ketua departemen Anda—bukan hanya dosen pembimbing Anda—dan ada biaya keterlambatan sebesar 45 dolar. Mahasiswa: Empat puluh lima dolar? Itu... yah, sepertinya saya tidak punya banyak pilihan. Berapa lama proses pengajuan permohonan tersebut? Staf: Biasanya sekitar dua minggu setelah kami menerima semua dokumen dan pembayarannya. Karena kelulusan Anda baru pada akhir semester musim semi, kita masih punya banyak waktu. Namun saya sarankan untuk segera mendapatkan tanda tangan ketua departemen tersebut, karena mereka biasanya sulit ditemui selama masa ujian tengah semester. Mahasiswa: Benar, Dr. Ramirez biasanya sangat sibuk. Saya akan pergi ke ruangannya sekarang untuk melihat apakah dia ada. Di mana saya bisa mendapatkan Formulir 402 dan formulir permohonan tersebut? Staf: Anda dapat mengunduh keduanya dari situs web kantor kami di bawah tab 'Formulir Mahasiswa'. Cukup cetak formulir tersebut, dapatkan tanda tangannya, lalu bawa kembali ke sini beserta pembayarannya. Kami menerima pembayaran dengan kartu atau tagihan akun mahasiswa. Mahasiswa: Bagus sekali. Terima kasih banyak telah memperjelas hal ini. Saya tadi benar-benar panik. Staf: Sama-sama. Kita akan menyelesaikannya.

  1. Soal 13

    According to the administrator, why are the student's internship credits missing from her audit?

    • AHer academic advisor did not approve the internship in advance.
    • BShe did not submit the required validation form by the deadline.
    • CHer internship supervisor failed to write an evaluation.
    • DThe registrar's office lost her original paperwork.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q12.) [Q13] According to the administrator, why are the student's internship credits missing from her audit?

    Terjemahan

    Menurut administrator, mengapa kredit magang mahasiswa tersebut tidak tercantum dalam hasil audit akademisnya?

  1. Soal 14

    What can be inferred about the department chair, Dr. Ramirez?

    • AShe is unlikely to approve the student's late-submission petition.
    • BShe has the authority to waive the forty-five dollar late fee.
    • CShe may be difficult to meet with during the current academic period.
    • DShe was responsible for submitting the validation form on behalf of the student.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q12.) [Q14] What can be inferred about the department chair, Dr. Ramirez?

    Terjemahan

    (Sama dengan Q12.) [Q14] Apa yang dapat disimpulkan mengenai ketua jurusan, Dr. Ramirez?

  1. Soal 15

    Why does the administrator mention October 15th?

    • ATo point out the date when the student's graduation audit was generated
    • BTo warn the student about an upcoming deadline for spring course registration
    • CTo clarify when the student's summer internship actually ended
    • DTo establish the deadline by which internship credits had to be validated
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q12.) [Q15] Why does the administrator mention October 15th?

    Terjemahan

    (Sama dengan Q12.) [Q15] Mengapa staf administrasi menyebutkan tanggal 15 Oktober?

  1. Soal 16

    Why does the student say this:

    • ATo express her frustration about a fee she must pay
    • BTo question the registrar's official policy regarding late submissions
    • CTo complain that she cannot afford the required fee
    • DTo suggest that the fee amount is unfair compared to other universities
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q12.) [Replay: "Forty-five dollars? That's... well, I guess I don't have much of a choice."] [Q16] Why does the student say this:

    Terjemahan

    (Sama dengan Pertanyaan 12.) [Putar ulang: "Empat puluh lima dolar? Itu... yah, sepertinya saya tidak punya banyak pilihan."] [Pertanyaan 16] Mengapa mahasiswi tersebut mengatakan hal ini:

Lecture 2

  1. Soal 17

    What is the lecture mainly about?

    • AThe atmospheric conditions and physical processes that trigger cryoseisms.
    • BThe geological differences between tectonic earthquakes and volcanic tremors.
    • CMethods used by geophysicists to measure rapid soil temperature fluctuations.
    • DThe historical impact of the polar vortex on agricultural soil erosion.
    Lihat transkrip

    NARRATOR: Listen to part of a lecture in a geophysics class. PROFESSOR: Today, we're venturing into a branch of geophysics that bridges meteorology and seismology, focusing on a phenomenon known as a cryoseism—often colloquially referred to as a frost quake. Now, unlike tectonic earthquakes, which are driven by the movement of tectonic plates deep within the Earth's crust, a cryoseism is a non-tectonic seismic event. It's caused by a sudden, rapid freezing of water-saturated soil or rock. When temperatures plummet rapidly, the water trapped underground freezes. And as we know, water expands when it freezes, which exerts immense hydrostatic pressure on the surrounding frozen ground. When this pressure exceeds the shear strength of the soil or rock, it ruptures violently, producing loud booming sounds and localized ground shaking. STUDENT: So, um, does this happen every winter in cold climates, or does it require very specific conditions? PROFESSOR: An excellent question, Aisha. It actually requires a highly precise sequence of meteorological events. First, you need a lack of significant snow cover. Why? Because snow acts as an insulating blanket. If there's a thick layer of snow, it insulates the soil, keeping it at a relatively stable temperature and preventing the rapid deep freeze needed. Second, you need saturated soil—usually from a recent rainstorm or rapid snowmelt—followed immediately by what we call thermal contraction cracking. This is a process where a sudden, extreme drop in temperature—say, a plunge of thirty degrees Celsius within a single day—causes the top layer of soil to rapidly contract and split. This split allows water to seep deeper and freeze almost instantaneously. PROFESSOR: To illustrate this, let's look at a well-documented case from early 2014 in the Great Lakes region. In January of that year, a sudden shift in the polar vortex brought unprecedented arctic air to areas that had just experienced unseasonably warm rain. The ground was completely saturated, and there was virtually no snow cover to protect it. Within twelve hours, temperatures dropped from above freezing to nearly minus twenty-five degrees—uh, actually, it was minus twenty-eight degrees, but the point is the extreme drop. Residents reported hearing loud, explosive booms—some even thought trees were falling on their roofs or that gas lines were exploding. Seismologists analyzed the data and found that these events had incredibly shallow focal depths—literally within the top few meters of the soil. This extremely shallow depth is a key distinguishing feature of cryoseisms. PROFESSOR: Another related concept here is cryoseismic frost-heaving, which is the localized upward displacement of soil that occurs during these rapid freeze-thaw cycles. In the 2014 event, this heaving actually cracked driveways and displaced road signs. Now, because these events are so localized and shallow, their seismic waves decay very quickly. This means while someone standing a hundred meters away might feel a violent jolt and hear a deafening bang, a standard seismic station ten kilometers away might barely register it. And that, of course, presents a major challenge for geophysicists trying to map these occurrences. They have to rely heavily on citizen science—on-the-ground reports from the public—to supplement their instrument data. [Q17] What is the lecture mainly about?

    Terjemahan

    NARATOR: Dengarkan bagian dari perkuliahan di kelas geofisika. DOSEN: Hari ini, kita akan mempelajari cabang geofisika yang menjembatani meteorologi dan seismologi, dengan fokus pada fenomena yang dikenal sebagai cryoseism—atau yang sering secara sehari-hari disebut gempa es (frost quake). Sekarang, tidak seperti gempa tektonik yang dipicu oleh pergerakan lempeng tektonik jauh di dalam kerak bumi, cryoseism adalah peristiwa seismik non-tektonik. Fenomena ini disebabkan oleh pembekuan yang tiba-tiba dan cepat pada tanah atau batuan yang jenuh air. Ketika suhu turun drastis dengan cepat, air yang terjebak di bawah tanah membeku. Dan seperti yang kita ketahui, air memuai saat membeku, yang memberikan tekanan hidrostatik yang sangat besar pada tanah beku di sekitarnya. Ketika tekanan ini melebihi kekuatan geser tanah atau batuan, tanah tersebut akan retak dengan keras, menghasilkan suara dentuman yang keras dan guncangan tanah lokal. MAHASISWA: Jadi, um, apakah ini terjadi setiap musim dingin di daerah beriklim dingin, atau apakah ini memerlukan kondisi yang sangat spesifik? DOSEN: Pertanyaan yang sangat bagus, Aisha. Fenomena ini sebenarnya memerlukan serangkaian peristiwa meteorologi yang sangat spesifik. Pertama, harus ada ketiadaan lapisan salju yang tebal. Mengapa? Karena salju bertindak sebagai selimut isolasi. Jika ada lapisan salju yang tebal, salju tersebut akan mengisolasi tanah, menjaga suhunya relatif stabil dan mencegah pembekuan dalam yang cepat yang dibutuhkan. Kedua, Anda memerlukan tanah yang jenuh air—biasanya akibat badai hujan yang baru saja terjadi atau pencairan salju yang cepat—yang segera diikuti oleh apa yang kami sebut retakan kontraksi termal. Ini adalah proses di mana penurunan suhu yang tiba-tiba dan ekstrem—katakanlah, penurunan sebesar tiga puluh derajat Celsius dalam satu hari saja—menyebabkan lapisan atas tanah berkontraksi dan terbelah dengan cepat. Belahan ini memungkinkan air merembes lebih dalam dan membeku seketika. DOSEN: Untuk mengilustrasikan hal ini, mari kita lihat kasus yang terdokumentasi dengan baik dari awal tahun 2014 di wilayah Great Lakes. Pada bulan Januari tahun itu, pergeseran mendadak pada pusaran kutub (polar vortex) membawa udara arktik yang belum pernah terjadi sebelumnya ke daerah-daerah yang baru saja mengalami hujan hangat yang tidak biasa untuk musim tersebut. Tanah benar-benar jenuh air, dan hampir tidak ada lapisan salju yang melindunginya. Dalam waktu dua belas jam, suhu turun dari atas titik beku menjadi hampir minus dua puluh lima derajat—eh, sebenarnya minus dua puluh delapan derajat, tetapi poin utamanya adalah penurunan ekstrem tersebut. Warga melaporkan mendengar dentuman keras yang meledak-ledak—beberapa bahkan mengira ada pohon tumbang di atap mereka atau pipa gas yang meledak. Para ahli seismologi menganalisis data dan menemukan bahwa peristiwa-peristiwa ini memiliki kedalaman fokus yang sangat dangkal—secara harfiah hanya dalam beberapa meter teratas dari tanah. Kedalaman yang sangat dangkal ini merupakan ciri pembeda utama dari cryoseism. DOSEN: Konsep terkait lainnya di sini adalah pengangkatan akibat embun beku (cryoseismic frost-heaving), yaitu perpindahan tanah ke atas secara lokal yang terjadi selama siklus pembekuan-pencairan yang cepat ini. Pada peristiwa tahun 2014, pengangkatan ini bahkan meretakkan jalan masuk rumah dan menggeser rambu-rambu jalan. Sekarang, karena peristiwa ini sangat lokal dan dangkal, gelombang seismiknya meluruh dengan sangat cepat. Ini berarti meskipun seseorang yang berdiri seratus meter jauhnya mungkin merasakan guncangan hebat dan mendengar ledakan yang memekakkan telinga, stasiun seismik standar yang berjarak sepuluh kilometer mungkin hampir tidak mencatatnya. Dan hal itu, tentu saja, menghadirkan tantangan besar bagi para ahli geofisika yang mencoba memetakan kejadian-kejadian ini. Mereka harus sangat bergantung pada sains warga (citizen science)—laporan langsung dari masyarakat di lapangan—untuk melengkapi data instrumen mereka.

  1. Soal 18

    According to the professor, why does a thick layer of snow prevent cryoseisms from occurring?

    • AIt prevents liquid water from saturating the underlying soil.
    • BIt insulates the ground against sudden, extreme temperature drops.
    • CIt absorbs the seismic energy generated by cracking bedrock.
    • DIt increases the shear strength of the surface soil layers.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q17.) [Q18] According to the professor, why does a thick layer of snow prevent cryoseisms from occurring?

    Terjemahan

    (Sama dengan Q17.) [Q18] Menurut profesor tersebut, mengapa lapisan salju yang tebal dapat mencegah terjadinya krioseisme?

  1. Soal 19

    Why does the professor mention the sound of falling trees and exploding gas lines reported during the 2014 event?

    • ATo explain why seismologists initially misclassified the event as a tectonic earthquake.
    • BTo provide evidence that the 2014 event was exceptionally destructive compared to typical frost quakes.
    • CTo illustrate how the sounds produced by cryoseisms are commonly misattributed to other sources.
    • DTo emphasize the extreme intensity of the acoustic energy generated by thermal contraction.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q17.) [Q19] Why does the professor mention the sound of falling trees and exploding gas lines reported during the 2014 event?

    Terjemahan

    (Sama dengan Q17.) [Q19] Mengapa profesor menyebutkan suara pohon tumbang dan pipa gas meledak yang dilaporkan selama peristiwa tahun 2014?

  1. Soal 20

    What is the relationship between thermal contraction cracking and cryoseismic frost-heaving?

    • AThermal contraction cracking only occurs after frost-heaving has weakened the structural integrity of the bedrock.
    • BBoth processes are initiated by an increase in tectonic stress, but they affect different depths of the Earth's crust.
    • CFrost-heaving prevents thermal contraction cracking by releasing the hydrostatic pressure built up in the soil.
    • DThermal contraction cracking creates pathways for water to enter, while frost-heaving is the resulting upward swelling as that water freezes.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q17.) [Q20] What is the relationship between thermal contraction cracking and cryoseismic frost-heaving?

    Terjemahan

    (Sama dengan Q17.) [Q20] Apakah hubungan antara retakan kontraksi termal dan pembubungan embun beku krioseismik?

  1. Soal 21

    What can be inferred about the seismic data recorded during a cryoseism?

    • AIt may go undetected by standard monitoring stations if the event occurs far away.
    • BIt is usually indistinguishable from the data of deep-focus tectonic earthquakes.
    • CIt is highly effective at predicting when subsequent frost-heaving will occur.
    • DIt shows that cryoseisms generate waves that travel much faster than typical seismic waves.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q17.) [Q21] What can be inferred about the seismic data recorded during a cryoseism?

    Terjemahan

    (Sama dengan Q17.) [Q21] Apa yang dapat disimpulkan mengenai data seismik yang terekam selama krioseisme?

  1. Soal 22

    Why does the speaker say this:

    • ATo suggest that current seismic mapping software is outdated.
    • BTo explain why geophysicists must gather observational reports from local residents.
    • CTo argue that financial resources should be redirected to monitoring tectonic faults instead.
    • DTo criticize the lack of scientific interest in non-tectonic seismic events.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q17.) [Replay: "And that, of course, presents a major challenge for geophysicists trying to map these occurrences."] [Q22] Why does the speaker say this:

    Terjemahan

    (Sama dengan Q17.) [Putar ulang: "Dan hal itu, tentu saja, menghadirkan tantangan besar bagi para ahli geofisika yang mencoba memetakan peristiwa-peristiwa ini."]

Lecture 3

  1. Soal 23

    What is the lecture mainly about?

    • AHow the human brain interprets and reconstructs silent intervals in spoken language
    • BWhy historical linguistic studies failed to account for acoustic occlusion
    • CThe acoustic differences between voiced and voiceless plosive consonants
    • DMethods used by cognitive psychologists to eliminate background noise in communication
    Lihat transkrip

    NARRATOR: Listen to part of a lecture in a linguistics class. PROFESSOR: Today, we are going to explore a rather counterintuitive aspect of psycholinguistics—specifically, how we perceive silence in spoken language. When you listen to someone speak, you probably feel like you're hearing a continuous, unbroken stream of sounds, occasionally punctuated by pauses between words. But acoustic measurements show that natural speech is actually riddled with tiny silences. PROFESSOR: Take, for instance, what linguists call stop gaps. A stop gap is a brief period of absolute silence—often lasting just a few milliseconds—that occurs right before we articulate voiceless plosive consonants, like the sound of 'p', 't', or 'k'. During a stop gap, your vocal tract completely blocks the airflow to build up pressure. Now, your brain doesn't register this silence as an empty void in the conversation. Instead, it interprets this micro-pause as a structural cue, recognizing it as the silent preparation phase of the upcoming consonant. If we artificially erase this tiny silence from a recording of the word 'split,' listeners will actually hear the word 'slit' instead. The silence is, quite literally, perceived as part of the consonant itself. PROFESSOR: Now, this brings us to an even more fascinating phenomenon: how our cognitive system actively manages external interruptions in speech. When a sound is completely obliterated by a loud noise, say, a door slamming, we don't just lose that part of the message. Our brain often restores it. This is known as the phonemic restoration effect, where listeners hear a missing speech sound as if it were actually present, provided it is replaced by a louder, non-speech sound like a cough or static. PROFESSOR: But here is the catch. This restoration only occurs if the missing segment is replaced by another sound. If we replace that same speech sound with absolute silence—with a literal gap in the acoustic signal—our brain fails to fill it in. We clearly hear the gap, and the word sounds fractured. Why does this happen? Well, it relates to what cognitive psychologists call acoustic occlusion. This is the perceptual assumption that a louder background sound is merely blocking, or occluding, a continuous underlying signal, rather than the signal itself having stopped. Our auditory system operates on a sort of continuity rule. If there's a loud noise, the brain assumes the speech signal is still there behind the noise, so it reconstructs the missing phonemes using contextual clues. But if there is pure silence during that gap, the brain has no acoustic excuse, so to speak, to assume the signal continued. It knows the speaker actually stopped producing sound. Yes, Aisha? STUDENT: So, wait... does this mean our brain is actually generating the acoustic frequency of the missing sound? Like, do our ears physically process it, or is it purely a mental projection? PROFESSOR: That's an excellent question, Aisha. Neurological studies suggest that the auditory cortex—the part of the brain that processes sound—actually fires in a way that closely mirrors the missing sound. It's not just a cognitive guess or a logical deduction after the fact; the brain genuinely reconstructs the sensory experience of the sound. It literally hears the missing consonant. PROFESSOR: Let's look at a classic experiment conducted by Richard Warren in 1970. He presented participants with a recorded sentence: 'The state governors met with their respective legislatures.' However, he deleted the 's' sound... uh, actually, the first 's' in 'legislatures'... and replaced it with a brief cough. Remarkably, nearly all participants reported hearing the complete word 'legislatures' and couldn't even pinpoint where the cough had occurred. But when the cough was removed and replaced with a silent gap of the exact same duration... well, the illusion vanished. The participants easily identified the gap and struggled to comprehend the word. This shows how crucial that masking sound is. Without it, our brains can't apply the continuity rule, leaving us with a fragmented stream of speech. [Q23] What is the lecture mainly about?

    Terjemahan

    NARATOR: Dengarkan bagian dari kuliah di kelas linguistik. DOSEN: Hari ini, kita akan mengeksplorasi aspek psikolinguistik yang agak berlawanan dengan intuisi—khususnya, bagaimana kita mempersepsikan keheningan dalam bahasa lisan. Ketika Anda mendengarkan seseorang berbicara, Anda mungkin merasa seperti sedang mendengar aliran suara yang terus-menerus dan tanpa putus, yang sesekali diselingi oleh jeda di antara kata-kata. Namun, pengukuran akustik menunjukkan bahwa ucapan alami sebenarnya dipenuhi dengan keheningan-keheningan kecil. DOSEN: Ambil contoh, apa yang disebut para ahli bahasa sebagai 'stop gap'. 'Stop gap' adalah periode singkat keheningan mutlak—sering kali hanya berlangsung beberapa milidetik—yang terjadi tepat sebelum kita melafalkan konsonan letup tak bersuara, seperti bunyi 'p', 't', atau 'k'. Selama 'stop gap', saluran suara Anda sepenuhnya menyumbat aliran udara untuk membangun tekanan. Nah, otak Anda tidak mendaftarkan keheningan ini sebagai kekosongan hampa dalam percakapan. Sebaliknya, otak menafsirkan jeda mikro ini sebagai isyarat struktural, mengenalinya sebagai fase persiapan diam dari konsonan berikutnya. Jika kita menghapus keheningan kecil ini secara artifisial dari rekaman kata 'split', pendengar sebenarnya akan mendengar kata 'slit'. Keheningan itu, secara harfiah, dipersepsikan sebagai bagian dari konsonan itu sendiri. DOSEN: Sekarang, ini membawa kita pada fenomena yang bahkan lebih menarik: bagaimana sistem kognitif kita secara aktif mengelola interupsi eksternal dalam ucapan. Ketika suatu bunyi sepenuhnya terhapus oleh suara keras, katakanlah pintu yang dibanting, kita tidak hanya kehilangan bagian dari pesan tersebut. Otak kita sering kali memulihkannya. Ini dikenal sebagai efek pemulihan fonem ('phonemic restoration effect'), di mana pendengar mendengar bunyi ucapan yang hilang seolah-olah bunyi itu benar-benar ada, asalkan bunyi tersebut digantikan oleh suara non-ucapan yang lebih keras seperti batuk atau derau statis. DOSEN: Tapi ada satu syaratnya. Pemulihan ini hanya terjadi jika segmen yang hilang digantikan oleh suara lain. Jika kita mengganti bunyi ucapan yang sama dengan keheningan mutlak—dengan celah harfiah dalam sinyal akustik—otak kita gagal mengisinya. Kita mendengar celah tersebut dengan jelas, dan kata tersebut terdengar patah-patah. Mengapa hal ini terjadi? Nah, ini berkaitan dengan apa yang disebut psikolog kognitif sebagai oklusi akustik ('acoustic occlusion'). Ini adalah asumsi persepsi bahwa suara latar belakang yang lebih keras hanya menghalangi, atau mengoklusi, sinyal dasar yang terus-menerus, alih-alih sinyal itu sendiri telah berhenti. Sistem pendengaran kita beroperasi pada semacam aturan kontinuitas. Jika ada suara keras, otak berasumsi bahwa sinyal ucapan masih ada di balik suara keras tersebut, sehingga otak merekonstruksi fonem yang hilang menggunakan petunjuk kontekstual. Namun jika ada keheningan murni selama celah tersebut, otak tidak memiliki alasan akustik, istilahnya, untuk mengasumsikan bahwa sinyal tersebut berlanjut. Otak tahu bahwa pembicara sebenarnya berhenti menghasilkan suara. Ya, Aisha? MAHASISWA: Jadi, tunggu... apakah ini berarti otak kita sebenarnya menghasilkan frekuensi akustik dari suara yang hilang? Maksudnya, apakah telinga kita memprosesnya secara fisik, atau ini murni proyeksi mental? DOSEN: Itu pertanyaan yang bagus, Aisha. Studi neurologis menunjukkan bahwa korteks auditori—bagian otak yang memproses suara—sebenarnya aktif dengan cara yang sangat mirip dengan suara yang hilang. Ini bukan sekadar tebakan kognitif atau deduksi logis setelah kejadian; otak benar-benar merekonstruksi pengalaman pengalaman sensorik dari suara tersebut. Otak secara harfiah mendengar konsonan yang hilang. DOSEN: Mari kita lihat eksperimen klasik yang dilakukan oleh Richard Warren pada tahun 1970. Dia menyajikan kalimat rekaman kepada para peserta: 'The state governors met with their respective legislatures.' Namun, dia menghapus bunyi 's'... eh, sebenarnya, huruf 's' pertama dalam kata 'legislatures'... dan menggantinya dengan batuk singkat. Hebatnya, hampir semua peserta melaporkan mendengar kata utuh 'legislatures' dan bahkan tidak bisa menunjukkan dengan tepat di mana batuk itu terjadi. Namun ketika batuk tersebut dihilangkan dan diganti dengan celah hening dengan durasi yang persis sama... well, ilusi itu pun lenyap. Para peserta dengan mudah mengidentifikasi celah tersebut dan kesulitan memahami kata itu. Ini menunjukkan betapa pentingnya suara penyamu tersebut. Tanpa suara itu, otak kita tidak dapat menerapkan aturan kontinuitas, sehingga meninggalkan kita dengan aliran ucapan yang terfragmentasi.

  1. Soal 24

    According to the professor, what happens when the silent "stop gap" is artificially removed from a recording of the word "split"?

    • AThe voiceless plosive consonant is perceived as being much louder
    • BListeners perceive a completely different word
    • CThe word sounds highly unnatural but remains recognizable
    • DListeners believe they hear a door slamming or a cough
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q23.) [Q24] According to the professor, what happens when the silent "stop gap" is artificially removed from a recording of the word "split"?

    Terjemahan

    (Sama dengan Q23.) [Q24] Menurut profesor, apa yang terjadi ketika "stop gap" sunyi dihilangkan secara artifisial dari rekaman kata "split"?

  1. Soal 25 (pilih semua yang benar)

    According to the professor, what conditions must be met for the phonemic restoration effect to occur? Choose 2 answers.

    • AThe missing speech sound must be replaced by a louder, non-speech noise.
    • BThe silent pause must occur directly before a voiceless plosive consonant.
    • CThe brain must have contextual clues to help reconstruct the missing sound.
    • DThe speaker must speak at a slower, more deliberate pace.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q23.) [Q25] According to the professor, what conditions must be met for the phonemic restoration effect to occur? Choose 2 answers.

    Terjemahan

    (Digunakan bersama dengan Q23.) [Q25] Menurut profesor tersebut, kondisi apa sajakah yang harus dipenuhi agar efek pemulihan fonemis (phonemic restoration effect) dapat terjadi? Pilih 2 jawaban.

  1. Soal 26

    Why does the professor discuss the "continuity rule" used by our auditory system?

    • ATo challenge Richard Warren's conclusions regarding phonemic restoration
    • BTo illustrate how listeners distinguish between different types of plosive consonants
    • CTo explain the cognitive mechanism behind the brain's reconstruction of masked sounds
    • DTo argue that absolute silence is necessary for speech comprehension
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q23.) [Q26] Why does the professor discuss the "continuity rule" used by our auditory system?

    Terjemahan

    (Sama dengan Q23.) [Q26] Mengapa profesor membahas "continuity rule" yang digunakan oleh sistem pendengaran kita?

  1. Soal 27

    What does the professor imply about the brain's reconstruction of missing speech sounds during phonemic restoration?

    • AIt occurs more frequently in people with professional linguistic training
    • BIt is limited to very simple words with few syllables
    • CIt prevents listeners from understanding the overall meaning of a sentence
    • DIt is an actual sensory reconstruction rather than just a logical guess
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q23.) [Q27] What does the professor imply about the brain's reconstruction of missing speech sounds during phonemic restoration?

    Terjemahan

    (Sama dengan Q23.) [Q27] Apa yang disiratkan oleh profesor mengenai rekonstruksi bunyi bicara yang hilang oleh otak selama restorasi fonemis?

  1. Soal 28

    Why does the speaker say this:

    • ATo clarify why absolute silence prevents the brain from filling in missing speech
    • BTo point out a flaw in the design of early acoustic experiments
    • CTo suggest that the brain actively ignores silence to save cognitive energy
    • DTo criticize speakers who pause too frequently during natural conversation
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q23.) [Replay: "But if there is pure silence during that gap, the brain has no acoustic excuse, so to speak, to assume the signal continued."] [Q28] Why does the speaker say this:

    Terjemahan

    (Sama dengan Q23.) [Putar ulang: "Namun jika ada keheningan total selama jeda tersebut, otak tidak memiliki alasan akustik, istilahnya, untuk mengasumsikan bahwa sinyal tersebut berlanjut."]

Soal serupa lainnya