TOEFL · Listening · 28 soal

Latihan TOEFL Listening 10

Simulasi listening dan reading orisinal yang mengikuti format TOEFL iBT yang dipublikasikan.

Ini adalah soal latihan orisinal buatan Loopy yang mengikuti format yang dipublikasikan. Ini bukan tes resmi dari ETS.

TOEIC® dan TOEFL® adalah merek dagang terdaftar milik ETS. IELTS dimiliki bersama oleh British Council, IDP, dan Cambridge English. Tes latihan Loopy dibuat sendiri dan tidak berafiliasi dengan maupun didukung oleh organisasi-organisasi tersebut.

Audio satu tes penuh

Conversation 1

  1. Soal 1

    Why does the student go to see the professor?

    • ATo get advice on how to narrow down his paper topic.
    • BTo ask for an extension on his final five-page paper.
    • CTo discuss the environmental benefits of rooftop gardens in Europe.
    • DTo apply for a job managing the university library's rooftop garden.
    Lihat transkrip

    NARRATOR: Listen to a conversation between a student and a professor. STUDENT: Hello, Professor Ingrid. Thank you for meeting with me during your office hours. PROFESSOR: Hello, Tomas. Come on in. You wanted to talk about your proposal for the environmental science paper, right? STUDENT: Yes. I submitted my initial topic draft online, but I got your email saying it was a bit too, uh, broad. I wanted to see how I can fix it. PROFESSOR: Right. Your proposal was on 'the global benefits of urban green spaces.' That is a wonderful topic for a whole textbook, but our assignment is a short research paper. Remember, the limit is strictly five pages. STUDENT: Ah, yes, five pages. I guess I got a little too excited about all the different examples. I wrote about parks in Europe, Asia, and South America. PROFESSOR: It is easy to do that! But for a five-page paper, you need a narrow focus. I suggest choosing just one local project. That way, you can analyze it in detail. STUDENT: Oh, that makes sense. Actually, I read that our university library just built a new rooftop garden. Could I write about that? PROFESSOR: Absolutely! That is a perfect case study. You can talk about the types of plants they used and how it helps insulate the building. It is local, and you can even go take photos yourself. STUDENT: That sounds much easier to manage. I can definitely write five pages on that. PROFESSOR: Excellent. Just make sure to submit the revised one-page proposal on our course website. The deadline for the revision is next Friday at five p.m. STUDENT: Next Friday at five. Got it. I will start working on the new proposal today. Thank you so much for your help! PROFESSOR: You are very welcome, Tomas. I look forward to reading it. [Q1] Why does the student go to see the professor?

    Terjemahan

    NARATOR: Dengarkan percakapan antara seorang mahasiswa dan seorang profesor. MAHASISWA: Halo, Profesor Ingrid. Terima kasih telah meluangkan waktu untuk menemui saya di jam konsultasi Anda. PROFESOR: Halo, Tomas. Silakan masuk. Kamu ingin membahas proposal untuk makalah ilmu lingkunganmu, kan? MAHASISWA: Ya. Saya sudah mengumpulkan draf topik awal secara daring, tetapi saya menerima email dari Anda yang menyatakan bahwa topiknya agak terlalu, um, luas. Saya ingin tahu bagaimana cara memperbaikinya. PROFESOR: Benar. Proposalmu adalah tentang 'the global benefits of urban green spaces.' Itu adalah topik yang luar biasa untuk sebuah buku teks utuh, tetapi tugas kita adalah makalah penelitian singkat. Ingat, batasnya mutlak lima halaman. MAHASISWA: Ah, ya, lima halaman. Sepertinya saya terlalu bersemangat dengan berbagai contoh yang ada. Saya menulis tentang taman di Eropa, Asia, dan Amerika Selatan. PROFESOR: Hal itu memang mudah terjadi! Namun, untuk makalah lima halaman, kamu membutuhkan fokus yang sempit. Saya menyarankan untuk memilih satu proyek lokal saja. Dengan begitu, kamu bisa menganalisisnya secara mendalam. MAHASISWA: Oh, itu masuk akal. Sebenarnya, saya membaca bahwa perpustakaan universitas kita baru saja membuat taman atap baru. Bisakah saya menulis tentang itu? PROFESOR: Tentu saja! Itu adalah studi kasus yang sempurna. Kamu bisa membahas jenis tanaman yang mereka gunakan dan bagaimana hal itu membantu menyekat suhu bangunan. Proyek itu lokal, dan kamu bahkan bisa pergi mengambil foto sendiri. MAHASISWA: Kedengarannya jauh lebih mudah untuk dikerjakan. Saya pasti bisa menulis lima halaman tentang hal itu. PROFESOR: Bagus sekali. Pastikan saja untuk menyerahkan revisi proposal satu halaman tersebut di situs web mata kuliah kita. Tenggat waktu untuk revisi adalah Jumat depan pukul lima sore. MAHASISWA: Jumat depan jam lima sore. Baik, saya mengerti. Saya akan mulai mengerjakan proposal baru hari ini. Terima kasih banyak atas bantuan Anda! PROFESOR: Sama-sama, Tomas. Saya tidak sabar untuk membacanya.

  1. Soal 2

    According to the professor, what was the problem with the student's initial proposal?

    • AIt did not contain any scientific sources.
    • BIt covered too many different geographical areas.
    • CIt exceeded the five-page limit for proposals.
    • DIt focused too much on local projects.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q1.) [Q2] According to the professor, what was the problem with the student's initial proposal?

    Terjemahan

    (Sama dengan Q1.) [Q2] Menurut profesor tersebut, apa masalah dengan proposal awal mahasiswa tersebut?

  1. Soal 3

    What does the professor suggest the student do to improve his paper?

    • ARead a textbook about global urban design.
    • BInterview students who visit European parks.
    • CAnalyze a specific green space on their own campus.
    • DSubmit a longer draft by next Friday.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q1.) [Q3] What does the professor suggest the student do to improve his paper?

    Terjemahan

    (Sama dengan Q1.) [Q3] Apa yang disarankan oleh profesor kepada mahasiswa tersebut untuk meningkatkan kualitas makalahnya?

  1. Soal 4

    What can be inferred about the student's new research paper?

    • AIt will compare the university's garden to parks in Asia.
    • BIt will be published on the library's official website.
    • CIt will require him to travel during the weekend.
    • DIt will likely include original observations or visual evidence.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q1.) [Q4] What can be inferred about the student's new research paper?

    Terjemahan

    (Sama dengan Q1.) [Q4] Apa yang dapat disimpulkan tentang makalah penelitian baru mahasiswa tersebut?

  1. Soal 5

    Why does the student say this:

    • ATo acknowledge that his initial plan was unrealistic for the assignment.
    • BTo express his disappointment with the strict page limit.
    • CTo explain why he needs more time to complete his draft.
    • DTo show his pride in having researched so many countries.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q1.) [Replay: "Ah, yes, five pages. I guess I got a little too excited about all the different examples."] [Q5] Why does the student say this:

    Terjemahan

    Ah, ya, lima halaman. Sepertinya saya terlalu bersemangat dengan berbagai contoh yang ada.

Lecture 1

  1. Soal 6

    What is the lecture mainly about?

    • AHow plants use airborne chemical signals to defend themselves and coordinate with neighbors.
    • BThe evolutionary advantages of direct chemical defenses over indirect defenses in agricultural crops.
    • CThe metabolic pathways involved in the synthesis of nicotine by wild tobacco plants.
    • DHow wind patterns influence the hunting behavior of predatory insect species.
    Lihat transkrip

    NARRATOR: Listen to part of a lecture in a biology class. PROFESSOR: Today we're going to talk about a fascinating aspect of plant ecology: plant-to-plant communication. Now, for a long time, people thought of plants as passive organisms, just sitting there getting eaten by insects. But we now know they have sophisticated defense systems. Specifically, we'll look at how plants use what we call volatile organic compounds, or VOCs. VOCs are airborne chemical signals that plants release into the atmosphere when they are damaged by herbivores—you know, plant-eating pests. PROFESSOR: When a caterpillar, say, starts chewing on a leaf, the plant doesn't just suffer in silence. It synthesizes and emits these VOCs. This triggers what biologists call an indirect defense. Instead of poisoning the herbivore directly, which would be a direct defense, the plant releases a specific chemical blend that acts like a distress signal. This signal attracts the natural enemies of that herbivore. For instance, when lima bean plants are attacked by spider mites, they release VOCs that specifically attract predatory mites, which then prey upon the spider mites. It's an elegant way of recruiting a bodyguard. STUDENT: So, the plant is basically calling for help? But does this signal also affect other plants nearby, or is it just meant for the predatory insects? PROFESSOR: That is the central question, Tomas. And the answer is yes, neighboring plants can 'eavesdrop' on these chemical signals. This leads to a phenomenon called priming. Priming is a physiological state in which a neighboring, undamaged plant detects the VOCs from a damaged neighbor and prepares its own defense systems, but without fully activating them right away. It's a way to get ready for an imminent attack without wasting precious energy on producing defensive toxins prematurely. PROFESSOR: Think of it like a home security system being set to 'high alert.' The alarm hasn't gone off, but the sensors are active. If a herbivore then attacks this primed plant, the plant can mount a defense much faster and much more strongly than an unprimed plant would. Now, why don't plants just keep these defenses turned on all the time? Well, synthesizing defensive chemicals requires a massive amount of metabolic energy—resources that would otherwise go toward growth, leaf development, or producing seeds. So priming is an elegant compromise: it saves energy while keeping the plant ready. PROFESSOR: To demonstrate this, researchers did a study with wild tobacco plants. They placed a damaged plant and a healthy plant in a controlled environment. The healthy neighbor exposed to the damaged plant's VOCs didn't immediately start producing nicotine—which is wild tobacco's primary defense toxin. Producing nicotine is incredibly energy-intensive. Instead, the neighbor simply primed its defense genes. But when researchers later introduced caterpillars to that primed neighbor, its nicotine production shot up... well, actually, it doubled within hours, much faster than in plants that hadn't been exposed to the VOCs. This confirmed that priming allows plants to conserve resources. PROFESSOR: Of course, this airborne communication isn't perfect. It can be heavily influenced by environmental factors. For example, strong winds can disperse VOCs too quickly, diluting the chemicals before neighboring plants can detect them. But under calm conditions, this chemical network can effectively protect entire plant communities. [Q6] What is the lecture mainly about?

    Terjemahan

    NARATOR: Dengarkan bagian dari kuliah di kelas biologi. PROFESOR: Hari ini kita akan membahas aspek ekologi tumbuhan yang sangat menarik: komunikasi antartumbuhan. Selama ini, orang-orang menganggap tumbuhan sebagai organisme pasif, yang hanya diam dan dimakan oleh serangga. Namun, sekarang kita tahu bahwa mereka memiliki sistem pertahanan yang canggih. Secara khusus, kita akan melihat bagaimana tumbuhan menggunakan apa yang kita sebut senyawa organik volatil, atau VOC. VOC adalah sinyal kimia di udara yang dilepaskan tumbuhan ke atmosfer ketika mereka dirusak oleh herbivor—yaitu hama pemakan tumbuhan. PROFESOR: Ketika seekor ulat, misalnya, mulai mengunyah daun, tumbuhan tidak hanya menderita dalam diam. Tumbuhan tersebut menyintesis dan memancarkan VOC ini. Hal ini memicu apa yang disebut para ahli biologi sebagai pertahanan tidak langsung. Alih-alih meracuni herbivor secara langsung, yang merupakan pertahanan langsung, tumbuhan melepaskan campuran kimia khusus yang bertindak seperti sinyal bahaya. Sinyal ini menarik musuh alami dari herbivor tersebut. Sebagai contoh, ketika tanaman kacang lima diserang oleh tungau laba-laba, mereka melepaskan VOC yang secara khusus menarik tungau predator, yang kemudian memangsa tungau laba-laba tersebut. Ini adalah cara yang cerdas untuk merekrut pengawal. MAHASISWA: Jadi, tumbuhan itu pada dasarnya meminta bantuan? Namun, apakah sinyal ini juga memengaruhi tumbuhan lain di sekitarnya, atau hanya ditujukan untuk serangga predator? PROFESOR: Itulah pertanyaan kuncinya, Tomas. Dan jawabannya adalah ya, tumbuhan tetangga dapat 'menguping' sinyal kimia ini. Hal ini memicu fenomena yang disebut priming. Priming adalah keadaan fisiologis ketika tumbuhan tetangga yang tidak rusak mendeteksi VOC dari tetangganya yang rusak dan mempersiapkan sistem pertahannya sendiri, tetapi tanpa langsung mengaktifkannya sepenuhnya. Ini adalah cara bersiap menghadapi serangan yang akan datang tanpa membuang energi berharga untuk memproduksi racun pertahanan terlalu dini. PROFESOR: Bayangkan ini seperti sistem keamanan rumah yang diatur ke mode 'siaga satu.' Alarmnya belum berbunyi, tetapi sensornya sudah aktif. Jika herbivor kemudian menyerang tumbuhan yang sudah ter-priming ini, tumbuhan tersebut dapat melakukan pertahanan jauh lebih cepat dan jauh lebih kuat daripada tumbuhan yang tidak ter-priming. Sekarang, mengapa tumbuhan tidak membiarkan pertahanan ini aktif sepanjang waktu? Menyintesis bahan kimia pertahanan membutuhkan energi metabolisme yang sangat besar—sumber daya yang seharusnya dialokasikan untuk pertumbuhan, perkembangan daun, atau menghasilkan biji. Jadi, priming adalah kompromi yang cerdas: menghemat energi sekaligus menjaga tumbuhan tetap siap siaga. PROFESOR: Untuk membuktikan hal ini, para peneliti melakukan penelitian pada tanaman tembakau liar. Mereka menempatkan tumbuhan yang rusak dan tumbuhan yang sehat dalam lingkungan terkendali. Tumbuhan tetangga yang sehat yang terpapar VOC dari tumbuhan yang rusak tidak segera memproduksi nikotin—yang merupakan racun pertahanan utama tembakau liar. Memproduksi nikotin membutuhkan energi yang sangat besar. Alih-alih memproduksi nikotin, tumbuhan tetangga tersebut hanya mempersiapkan gen pertahannya. Namun, ketika peneliti kemudian memasukkan ulat ke tumbuhan yang sudah bersiap tersebut, produksi nikotinnya melonjak tajam... bahkan berlipat ganda dalam hitungan jam, jauh lebih cepat daripada tumbuhan yang tidak terpapar VOC. Ini membuktikan bahwa priming memungkinkan tumbuhan menghemat sumber daya. PROFESOR: Tentu saja, komunikasi melalui udara ini tidak sempurna. Komunikasi ini dapat sangat dipengaruhi oleh faktor lingkungan. Misalnya, angin kencang dapat membubarkan VOC terlalu cepat, mengencerkan bahan kimia tersebut sebelum tumbuhan tetangga sempat mendeteksinya. Namun, dalam kondisi tenang, jaringan kimia ini dapat melindungi seluruh komunitas tumbuhan secara efektif.

  1. Soal 7

    According to the professor, what is an indirect defense?

    • AA process where a plant absorbs toxins from neighboring plants to protect itself.
    • BA defense mechanism that attracts predators of the herbivores attacking the plant.
    • CThe constant production of bitter chemical toxins to deter generalist pests.
    • DThe physical strengthening of leaf structures to prevent insect feeding.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q6.) [Q7] According to the professor, what is an indirect defense?

    Terjemahan

    (Sama dengan Q6.) [Q7] Menurut profesor tersebut, apa yang dimaksud dengan pertahanan tidak langsung?

  1. Soal 8 (pilih semua yang benar)

    According to the professor, what happens during the process of priming? Choose 2 answers.

    • AA plant's defense systems are put on high alert without immediate activation.
    • BThe plant responds much faster and more strongly if it is later attacked.
    • CThe plant immediately redirects all energy from growth to nicotine production.
    • DThe plant releases toxins into the soil to warn its neighbors through their roots.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q6.) [Q8] According to the professor, what happens during the process of priming? Choose 2 answers.

    Terjemahan

    (Sama dengan Q6.) [Q8] Menurut profesor, apa yang terjadi selama proses priming? Pilih 2 jawaban.

  1. Soal 9

    Why does the professor mention a home security system?

    • ATo describe how plants physically lock their leaf pores to keep herbivores out.
    • BTo illustrate that wild tobacco plants are constantly under threat from caterpillars.
    • CTo explain how a primed plant is prepared for an attack without actively deploying its defenses.
    • DTo compare the speed of chemical dispersal with electronic signals.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q6.) [Q9] Why does the professor mention a home security system?

    Terjemahan

    (Sama dengan Q6.) [Q9] Mengapa profesor menyebutkan tentang sistem keamanan rumah?

  1. Soal 10

    According to the professor, what did the study on wild tobacco plants demonstrate?

    • AThat wild tobacco plants rely exclusively on wind tunnels to disperse their chemical signals.
    • BThat caterpillars prefer to attack primed plants rather than unprimed plants.
    • CThat nicotine is ineffective against herbivores unless it is paired with VOCs.
    • DThat plants exposed to VOCs wait until they are actually attacked before synthesizing costly defense chemicals.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q6.) [Q10] According to the professor, what did the study on wild tobacco plants demonstrate?

    Terjemahan

    (Sama dengan Q6.) [Q10] Menurut profesor tersebut, apa yang ditunjukkan oleh penelitian tentang tanaman tembakau liar?

  1. Soal 11

    Why does the professor say this:

    • ATo correct a potentially vague statement with a more precise measurement.
    • BTo express surprise at the unexpected speed of the plant's chemical reaction.
    • CTo emphasize that the study's results were controversial among researchers.
    • DTo suggest that the tobacco plant's defense mechanism was slower than anticipated.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q6.) [Replay: "shot up... well, actually, it doubled within hours"] [Q11] Why does the professor say this:

    Terjemahan

    [Putar ulang: "melonjak... yah, sebenarnya, itu berlipat ganda dalam hitungan jam"]

Conversation 2

  1. Soal 12

    Why does the student go to see the registrar's office administrator?

    • ATo resolve a discrepancy in her graduation credit count.
    • BTo request an extension on her graduation application deadline.
    • CTo register for an environmental policy class offered in the spring.
    • DTo pay an outstanding administrative fee for her summer courses.
    Lihat transkrip

    NARRATOR: Listen to a conversation between a student and a registrar's office administrator. STAFF: Hi there. How can I help you today? STUDENT: Hi. Um, I'm hoping to graduate at the end of next semester, in the spring. But when I checked my online degree audit this morning, it says I'm still three credits short in my major electives. The thing is, I took a course last summer at another university—Global Environmental Policy— and I was under the impression that those credits had already transferred over. STAFF: Okay, let's take a look at your record... Sofia, right? Yes, I see your file here. I do see a note about the summer course, but the credits haven't been officially applied to your degree audit. Did you submit the Transfer Credit Pre-Approval Form before you took the class? STUDENT: Oh, uh, actually, no. I didn't know I needed to do that beforehand. I thought I could just send over the official transcript once the course was completed. Which I did, about a month... wait, actually, it was early August, so almost two months ago. STAFF: Ah, I see. That explains it. Ordinarily, students must file that pre-approval form so the academic department can verify that the external course matches our curriculum. Since you didn't do that, the system flagged it. But don't worry, it's not an uncommon mistake, and we can still resolve it. STUDENT: Oh, thank goodness. I was really worried I'd have to pay for another class next term or, worse, delay my graduation. What do I need to do to get it approved now? STAFF: You'll need to file a Retroactive Credit Petition. Basically, you'll fill out a form and attach the syllabus from the summer course you took. Then, you'll need to get a signature from the chair of your department—in your case, the Environmental Studies department—to confirm they accept the course content. Once they sign off, you bring the form back to us. STUDENT: Okay, that sounds manageable. I still have the syllabus saved on my computer. Is there a deadline for submitting this petition? STAFF: Yes, for spring graduation candidates, all transfer credit adjustments must be finalized by the end of October. Since we're already in mid-September, I'd suggest getting on this right away. Also, because this is a retroactive petition—meaning it's being filed after the course was completed without prior approval—there is a thirty-dollar administrative fee. STUDENT: A thirty-dollar fee? I guess that's fair, considering it was my oversight. Where do I pay that? Can I do it online? STAFF: You can pay it online through your student portal, or right downstairs at the bursar's window. If you do it online, just print out the receipt and attach it to your petition form when you submit it. Remember, we can't process the petition without that receipt. STUDENT: Got it. I'll download the petition form right now, email my department chair with the syllabus, and get this sorted out. Thanks so much for your help! STAFF: You're very welcome. Good luck with your final semesters! [Q12] Why does the student go to see the registrar's office administrator?

    Terjemahan

    NARATOR: Dengarkan percakapan antara seorang mahasiswa dan staf administrasi kantor registrasi. STAF: Halo. Ada yang bisa saya bantu hari ini? MAHASISWA: Halo. Um, saya berharap bisa lulus pada akhir semester depan, di musim semi. Namun, ketika saya memeriksa audit kelulusan online saya pagi ini, tertulis bahwa saya masih kekurangan tiga SKS untuk mata kuliah pilihan jurusan saya. Masalahnya, saya mengambil mata kuliah di universitas lain musim panas lalu—Kebijakan Lingkungan Global—dan saya mengira SKS tersebut sudah ditransfer. STAF: Baik, mari kita lihat catatan Anda... Sofia, ya? Ya, saya melihat berkas Anda di sini. Saya melihat ada catatan tentang mata kuliah musim panas tersebut, tetapi SKS-nya belum diterapkan secara resmi pada audit kelulusan Anda. Apakah Anda menyerahkan Formulir Persetujuan Awal Transfer SKS sebelum mengambil kelas tersebut? MAHASISWA: Oh, uh, sebenarnya tidak. Saya tidak tahu kalau harus melakukannya terlebih dahulu. Saya pikir saya tinggal mengirimkan transkrip resmi setelah mata kuliah selesai. Yang mana sudah saya lakukan, sekitar sebulan... tunggu, sebenarnya awal Agustus, jadi hampir dua bulan lalu. STAF: Ah, begitu. Itu penjelasannya. Biasanya, mahasiswa harus mengajukan formulir persetujuan awal tersebut agar departemen akademik dapat memverifikasi bahwa mata kuliah luar tersebut sesuai dengan kurikulum kami. Karena Anda tidak melakukannya, sistem menandainya. Namun jangan khawatir, ini bukan kesalahan yang jarang terjadi, dan kita masih bisa menyelesaikannya. MAHASISWA: Oh, syukurlah. Saya benar-benar khawatir harus membayar untuk kelas lain di semester depan atau, lebih buruk lagi, menunda kelulusan saya. Apa yang perlu saya lakukan agar SKS tersebut disetujui sekarang? STAF: Anda harus mengajukan Permohonan Kredit Retrospektif. Pada dasarnya, Anda akan mengisi formulir dan melampirkan silabus dari mata kuliah musim panas yang Anda ambil. Kemudian, Anda harus meminta tanda tangan dari ketua departemen Anda—dalam hal ini, departemen Studi Lingkungan—untuk mengonfirmasi bahwa mereka menerima konten mata kuliah tersebut. Setelah mereka menandatanganinya, Anda membawa kembali formulir tersebut kepada kami. MAHASISWA: Baik, sepertinya itu bisa dilakukan. Saya masih menyimpan silabusnya di komputer saya. Apakah ada batas waktu untuk menyerahkan permohonan ini? STAF: Ya, untuk calon lulusan musim semi, semua penyesuaian transfer SKS harus diselesaikan paling lambat akhir Oktober. Karena sekarang sudah pertengahan September, saya sarankan Anda segera mengurusnya. Selain itu, karena ini adalah permohonan retrospektif—artinya diajukan setelah mata kuliah selesai tanpa persetujuan sebelumnya—ada biaya administrasi sebesar tiga puluh dolar. MAHASISWA: Biaya tiga puluh dolar? Kurasa itu adil, mengingat ini adalah kelalaian saya. Di mana saya harus membayarnya? Apakah bisa dilakukan secara online? STAF: Anda bisa membayarnya secara online melalui portal mahasiswa Anda, atau langsung di lantai bawah di loket pembayaran. Jika Anda membayarnya secara online, cetak saja tanda terimanya dan lampirkan pada formulir permohonan saat Anda menyerahkannya. Ingat, kami tidak dapat memproses permohonan tanpa tanda terima tersebut. MAHASISWA: Mengerti. Saya akan mengunduh formulir permohonan sekarang, mengirim email ke ketua departemen saya beserta silabusnya, dan menyelesaikan masalah ini. Terima kasih banyak atas bantuan Anda! STAF: Sama-sama. Semoga sukses dengan semester terakhir Anda!

  1. Soal 13

    According to the administrator, why were the student's summer credits not automatically applied to her degree audit?

    • AShe failed to submit her official transcript from the other university.
    • BShe did not complete the required pre-approval form before taking the class.
    • CThe host institution's environmental program is not accredited.
    • DThe course she took did not meet the minimum grade requirement.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q12.) [Q13] According to the administrator, why were the student's summer credits not automatically applied to her degree audit?

    Terjemahan

    Menurut administrator, mengapa kredit kuliah musim panas mahasiswa tersebut tidak secara otomatis dimasukkan ke dalam audit kelulusannya?

  1. Soal 14

    What can be inferred about the student's attitude regarding the thirty-dollar administrative fee?

    • AShe is annoyed because she believes the university's policy is unfair.
    • BShe is relieved that the fee is lower than she initially anticipated.
    • CShe accepts it as a reasonable consequence of her own mistake.
    • DShe hopes to get the fee waived by contacting her department chair.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q12.) [Q14] What can be inferred about the student's attitude regarding the thirty-dollar administrative fee?

    Terjemahan

    (Sama dengan Q12.) [Q14] Apa yang dapat disimpulkan tentang sikap mahasiswa tersebut mengenai biaya administrasi sebesar tiga puluh dolar?

  1. Soal 15

    Why does the administrator mention the end of October?

    • ATo warn the student that the department chair will be unavailable after that date.
    • BTo indicate when spring graduation registration officially opens.
    • CTo explain why the administrative fee increases in the late autumn.
    • DTo highlight the deadline by which the retroactive petition must be completed.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q12.) [Q15] Why does the administrator mention the end of October?

    Terjemahan

    (Sama dengan Q12.) [Q15] Mengapa staf administrasi menyebutkan akhir Oktober?

  1. Soal 16

    Why does the speaker say this:

    • ATo explain the purpose behind an established university policy.
    • BTo suggest that the student should contact the other university's registrar.
    • CTo express frustration that students frequently ignore academic guidelines.
    • DTo admit that the degree audit system is unnecessarily complex.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q12.) [Replay: "Ah, I see. That explains it. Ordinarily, students must file that pre-approval form so the academic department can verify that the external course matches our curriculum."] [Q16] Why does the speaker say this:

    Terjemahan

    Oh, begitu. Itu menjelaskannya. Biasanya, mahasiswa harus menyerahkan formulir persetujuan awal tersebut agar departemen akademik dapat memverifikasi bahwa mata kuliah luar kampus tersebut sesuai dengan kurikulum kita.

Lecture 2

  1. Soal 17

    What is the lecture mainly about?

    • AHow atmospheric gravity waves are generated and their influence on global climate patterns.
    • BThe differences between gravitational waves in space and gravity waves in the atmosphere.
    • CThe challenges of predicting severe winter storms associated with the polar vortex.
    • DWhy global climate models fail to accurately simulate atmospheric density changes.
    Lihat transkrip

    NARRATOR: Listen to part of a lecture in an environmental science class. PROFESSOR: Welcome back, everyone. Today, we're going to dive into a phenomenon that occurs right above our heads but is often completely invisible to the naked eye: atmospheric gravity waves. Now, before we proceed, let's make a critical distinction. Do not confuse atmospheric gravity waves with gravitational waves. The latter are ripples in spacetime from massive cosmic events like colliding black holes—that's astrophysics. Atmospheric gravity waves, on the other hand, are physical oscillations in our atmosphere. They are generated when a parcel of air is forced upward—say, by a mountain range—and gravity, or rather buoyancy, acts as a restoring force, pulling it back down, causing it to oscillate. PROFESSOR: For these waves to exist, we need stable stratification. This is an atmospheric condition where warmer, less dense air sits on top of colder, denser air. If a wind pushes cold air up into the warm layer, it's denser than its surroundings, so gravity pulls it back down. As it sinks, it overshoots, gets too warm, and buoyancy pushes it back up. This back-and-forth motion propagates horizontally as a wave. STUDENT: So, is it like throwing a pebble into a pond, but in the air? PROFESSOR: Exactly, Yuki. The mountain acts as the pebble, and the air acts as the water surface. In meteorology, we call these mountain-induced disturbances 'orographic gravity waves.' Now, these waves are not just local curiosities. They play a massive role in global climate systems. When these waves propagate upward into the mesosphere—that's about fifty to eighty-five kilometers up—they eventually 'break,' much like ocean waves crashing on a beach. When they break, they transfer momentum to the background flow. This momentum deposition acts as a drag, slowing down the powerful jet streams or even driving the global atmospheric circulation from the equator to the poles. PROFESSOR: Here's the catch: because these waves are relatively small, often just a few kilometers in horizontal scale, they are what we call 'sub-grid scale.' This means they are too small to be directly resolved by our global climate models, which divide the Earth into a grid of squares that are typically tens of kilometers wide. So, if a climate model can't 'see' these waves, it will miscalculate wind speeds and temperature distributions globally. To fix this, meteorologists must use 'parameterization'—which is a method of representing the simplified, average effects of these small-scale processes based on larger, resolvable variables. PROFESSOR: Let's look at a specific consequence when we fail to parameterize them correctly. In the winter, the polar vortex—the cold ring of winds around the poles—is highly sensitive to wave drag. Without proper parameterization of gravity waves generated by the Rocky Mountains or the Himalayas, models would predict an unrealistically strong polar vortex, leading to completely inaccurate winter weather forecasts for mid-latitudes. PROFESSOR: Another fascinating aspect is 'wave ducting.' This happens when a gravity wave gets trapped in a stable layer of the atmosphere, sandwiched between the ground and a higher layer of unstable air. Instead of propagating upward and dispersing its energy into the upper atmosphere, the wave is channeled horizontally, travel—uh, travelling thousands of kilometers without losing much intensity. This can lead to unexpected, severe windstorms far away from the mountains that originally generated the wave. We've seen this happen in the lee of the Rocky Mountains, where ducted waves suddenly surface as destructive wind gusts in the plains. [Q17] What is the lecture mainly about?

    Terjemahan

    NARATOR: Dengarkan bagian dari kuliah di kelas ilmu lingkungan. DOSEN: Selamat datang kembali, semuanya. Hari ini, kita akan mendalami sebuah fenomena yang terjadi tepat di atas kepala kita tetapi sering kali sama sekali tidak terlihat oleh mata telanjang: gelombang gravitasi atmosfer. Sebelum kita melanjutkan, mari kita buat perbedaan yang sangat penting. Jangan keliru menyamakan gelombang gravitasi atmosfer dengan gelombang gravitasi kosmis (gravitational waves). Yang terakhir disebut adalah riak dalam ruang-waktu akibat peristiwa kosmis masif seperti tabrakan lubang hitam—itu adalah astrofisika. Sebaliknya, gelombang gravitasi atmosfer adalah osilasi fisik di atmosfer kita. Gelombang ini terbentuk ketika sekumpulan udara terdorong ke atas—misalnya, oleh pegunungan—dan gravitasi, atau lebih tepatnya gaya apung (buoyancy), bertindak sebagai gaya pemulih yang menariknya kembali ke bawah, menyebabkannya berosilasi. DOSEN: Agar gelombang ini dapat tercipta, kita memerlukan stratifikasi yang stabil. Ini adalah kondisi atmosfer di mana udara yang lebih hangat dan kurang padat berada di atas udara yang lebih dingin dan lebih padat. Jika angin mendorong udara dingin naik ke lapisan hangat, udara tersebut menjadi lebih padat daripada lingkungan sekitarnya, sehingga gravitasi menariknya kembali ke bawah. Saat turun, udara tersebut meluncur terlalu jauh ke bawah, menjadi terlalu hangat, dan gaya apung mendorongnya kembali ke atas. Gerakan bolak-balik ini merambat secara horizontal sebagai gelombang. MAHASISWA: Jadi, apakah itu seperti melempar batu kerikil ke dalam kolam, tetapi terjadi di udara? DOSEN: Tepat sekali, Yuki. Gunung bertindak sebagai kerikil, dan udara bertindak sebagai permukaan air. Dalam meteorologi, kami menyebut gangguan yang dipicu oleh gunung ini sebagai 'gelombang gravitasi orografis'. Sekarang, gelombang-gelombang ini bukan sekadar fenomena lokal yang unik. Mereka memainkan peran yang sangat besar dalam sistem iklim global. Ketika gelombang ini merambat naik ke mesosfer—yaitu sekitar lima puluh hingga delapan puluh lima kilometer di atas—mereka pada akhirnya akan 'pecah', mirip seperti ombak laut yang pecah di pantai. Saat pecah, mereka mentransfer momentum ke aliran utama di sekitarnya. Deposisi momentum ini bertindak sebagai hambatan (drag), memperlambat arus jet (jet stream) yang kuat atau bahkan menggerakkan sirkulasi atmosfer global dari khatulistiwa ke kutub. DOSEN: Masalahnya adalah: karena gelombang-gelombang ini relatif kecil, sering kali hanya berukuran beberapa kilometer dalam skala horizontal, mereka termasuk dalam apa yang kami sebut sebagai 'skala sub-kisi' (sub-grid scale). Ini berarti ukurannya terlalu kecil untuk dapat dipetakan secara langsung oleh model iklim global kita, yang membagi Bumi menjadi jaringan kisi-kisi persegi yang biasanya selebar puluhan kilometer. Jadi, jika model iklim tidak dapat 'melihat' gelombang-gelombang ini, model tersebut akan salah menghitung kecepatan angin dan distribusi suhu secara global. Untuk mengatasinya, para meteorolog harus menggunakan 'parameterisasi'—yaitu metode untuk merepresentasikan efek rata-rata yang disederhanakan dari proses skala kecil ini berdasarkan variabel-variabel yang lebih besar yang dapat terdeteksi. DOSEN: Mari kita lihat konsekuensi spesifik jika kita gagal melakukan parameterisasi dengan benar. Di musim dingin, pusaran kutub (polar vortex)—pusaran angin dingin di sekitar kutub—sangat sensitif terhadap hambatan gelombang. Tanpa parameterisasi yang tepat untuk gelombang gravitasi yang dihasilkan oleh Pegunungan Rocky atau Himalaya, model-model tersebut akan memprediksi pusaran kutub yang luar biasa kuat dan tidak realistis, sehingga menghasilkan prakiraan cuaca musim dingin yang sama sekali tidak akurat untuk wilayah lintang menengah. DOSEN: Aspek menarik lainnya adalah 'pemanduan gelombang' (wave ducting). Ini terjadi ketika gelombang gravitasi terperangkap di lapisan atmosfer yang stabil, terhimpit di antara permukaan tanah dan lapisan udara tidak stabil yang lebih tinggi. Alih-alih merambat ke atas dan menyebarkan energinya ke atmosfer atas, gelombang tersebut disalurkan secara horizontal, menempuh—uh, menempuh ribuan kilometer tanpa banyak kehilangan intensitasnya. Hal ini dapat menyebabkan badai angin kencang yang parah dan tidak terduga di tempat yang jauh dari pegunungan yang awalnya menghasilkan gelombang tersebut. Kita telah melihat hal ini terjadi di sisi bawah angin (lee) Pegunungan Rocky, di mana gelombang yang terpandu (ducted waves) tiba-tiba muncul di permukaan sebagai embusan angin yang merusak di area dataran rendah.

  1. Soal 18

    According to the professor, what is required for atmospheric gravity waves to form?

    • AA sudden decrease in temperature in the upper mesosphere.
    • BA layer of warmer, less dense air positioned above colder, denser air.
    • CA collision between two distinct jet streams in the mid-latitudes.
    • DThe complete absence of horizontal wind currents near mountain ranges.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q17.) [Q18] According to the professor, what is required for atmospheric gravity waves to form?

    Terjemahan

    (Sama dengan Q17.) [Q18] Menurut profesor, apa yang diperlukan agar gelombang gravitasi atmosfer dapat terbentuk?

  1. Soal 19

    Why does the professor mention the polar vortex?

    • ATo compare the destructive power of polar winds with that of ducted gravity waves.
    • BTo explain why gravity waves are unable to propagate through the polar regions.
    • CTo illustrate how the inaccurate representation of gravity waves can distort global weather models.
    • DTo provide an example of a weather phenomenon that is entirely unaffected by mountain ranges.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q17.) [Q19] Why does the professor mention the polar vortex?

    Terjemahan

    (Sama dengan Q17.) [Q19] Mengapa profesor menyebutkan polar vortex?

  1. Soal 20

    Based on the discussion of wave ducting, what is a primary danger associated with this phenomenon?

    • AIt permanently disrupts the stable stratification of the entire atmosphere.
    • BIt causes gravity waves to immediately break and lose their energy in the lower troposphere.
    • CIt prevents global climate models from calculating large-scale jet stream trajectories.
    • DIt can cause destructive winds to unexpectedly reach the ground far from their geographic source.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q17.) [Q20] Based on the discussion of wave ducting, what is a primary danger associated with this phenomenon?

    Terjemahan

    (Sama dengan Q17.) [Q20] Berdasarkan pembahasan mengenai wave ducting, apa bahaya utama yang terkait dengan fenomena ini?

  1. Soal 21

    What can be inferred about global climate models that do not use parameterization for gravity waves?

    • AThey are likely to predict wind speeds that are faster than those actually observed.
    • BThey will fail to simulate mountain ranges in their geographic grids.
    • CThey will overestimate the altitude at which the mesosphere begins.
    • DThey will incorrectly identify gravitational waves as atmospheric disturbances.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q17.) [Q21] What can be inferred about global climate models that do not use parameterization for gravity waves?

    Terjemahan

    (Sama dengan Q17.) [Q21] Apa yang dapat disimpulkan tentang model iklim global yang tidak menggunakan parameterisasi untuk gelombang gravitasi?

  1. Soal 22

    Why does the professor say this:

    • ATo correct a mistake she made in a previous lecture regarding atmospheric physics.
    • BTo warn students against confusing two scientific terms that sound very similar but refer to different phenomena.
    • CTo imply that the class will focus primarily on astrophysics rather than meteorology.
    • DTo suggest that atmospheric gravity waves are much easier to detect than gravitational waves.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q17.) [Replay: "Now, before we proceed, let's make a critical distinction. Do not confuse atmospheric gravity waves with gravitational waves."] [Q22] Why does the professor say this:

    Terjemahan

    (Sama dengan Q17.) [Putar ulang: "Sekarang, sebelum kita melanjutkan, mari kita buat perbedaan yang sangat penting. Jangan keliru membedakan antara gelombang gravitasi atmosfer dengan gelombang gravitasional."] [Q22]

Lecture 3

  1. Soal 23

    What is the lecture mainly about?

    • AHow a specific culture's language challenges the belief that humans cannot easily name smells.
    • BThe evolutionary reasons why human olfactory networks are less developed than visual ones.
    • CA comparison of sensory processing differences between rural and urban populations.
    • DThe historical development of abstract vocabulary in Western languages.
    Lihat transkrip

    NARRATOR: Listen to part of a lecture in a linguistics class. PROFESSOR: Today, we’re going to challenge a long-held assumption in cognitive psychology and linguistics: the idea that human beings are, well, universally terrible at naming smells. For decades, researchers argued that our olfactory system has a weak connection to our language centers. If I ask you to describe the scent of, say, gasoline, you’ll probably say 'it smells like gasoline' or 'it's chemical-like'. This is what we call source-based naming—identifying an odor by referring directly to the object that produces it. Actually, wait, you might also say 'it's sharp,' which is a metaphor, but it's still not a dedicated smell word. In English, and indeed in most Western languages, we almost completely lack abstract odor terms. An abstract odor term, by definition, is a word that describes a smell itself, independent of any source object, in the same way 'blue' describes a color without referring to the sky or a blueberry. PROFESSOR: Now, is this limitation a biological truth of the human brain? Well, recent fieldwork suggests otherwise. Let's look at the Jahai people, a hunter-gatherer group living in the Malay Peninsula. Researchers tested Jahai speakers and English speakers on their ability to name both colors and smells. They measured what linguists call codability—that is, the ease and consistency with which speakers of a language can identify a stimulus. If ten people look at a red square, and they all immediately say 'red', that stimulus has high codability. PROFESSOR: For English speakers, color codability was extremely high, but odor codability was, well, quite poor—actually, abysmal is a more accurate term. They used long, hesitant descriptions, and rarely agreed on a label. But for the Jahai? Their agreement on odors was just as high and instantaneous as their agreement on colors. Why? Because the Jahai language has a rich set of about a dozen abstract, basic words for smells. For example, they have a word, ltpɨt, which refers to a pleasant, sweet smell associated with certain ripe fruits, flowers, and even some species of insects. It doesn't mean 'banana' or 'wasp'; it describes the quality of the scent itself. STUDENT: Excuse me, Professor. Could this linguistic difference just be because the Jahai live in a tropical rainforest with more, you know, rich botanical smells than a typical city? PROFESSOR: That's a very logical hypothesis, and indeed, environmental exposure does play a role. But it isn't the whole story. Even when English speakers are highly trained—like professional wine tasters or perfumers—they still rely heavily on source-based language, like 'notes of leather' or 'citrus'. They don't magically invent abstract, non-source-based terms. So, it's not just about expertise or the density of odors in the environment; it is a structural property of the language itself. This suggests that our cognitive architecture—the way our minds organize sensory data—is far more flexible than we once thought. It means our inability to name smells is a cultural and linguistic trait, not an evolutionary hardware limitation. PROFESSOR: This brings us to the broader implications for the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, or linguistic relativity. This hypothesis, as you might recall, suggests that the structure of a language influences its speakers' non-linguistic cognitive processes. In the case of the Jahai, having these dedicated smell words seems to make them much more adept at discriminating between subtle scent variations. They aren't just better at talking about smells; they actually process olfactory information differently, categorizing and remembering scents with a precision that English speakers struggle to match. [Q23] What is the lecture mainly about?

    Terjemahan

    NARATOR: Dengarkan bagian dari kuliah di kelas linguistik. DOSEN: Hari ini, kita akan menyanggah sebuah asumsi yang sudah lama diyakini dalam psikologi kognitif dan linguistik: gagasan bahwa manusia secara universal sangat buruk dalam menamai bau. Selama beberapa dekade, para peneliti berpendapat bahwa sistem penciuman kita memiliki hubungan yang lemah dengan pusat bahasa kita. Jika saya meminta Anda untuk mendeskripsikan aroma dari, katakanlah, bensin, Anda mungkin akan berkata 'baunya seperti bensin' atau 'seperti bahan kimia'. Inilah yang kita sebut penamaan berbasis sumber (source-based naming)—mengidentifikasi bau dengan merujuk langsung pada objek yang menghasilkannya. Sebenarnya, tunggu dulu, Anda mungkin juga akan berkata 'baunya tajam', yang merupakan metafora, tetapi itu tetap bukan kata khusus untuk bau. Dalam bahasa Inggris, dan memang dalam sebagian besar bahasa Barat, kita hampir sama sekali tidak memiliki istilah bau yang abstrak. Istilah bau abstrak, berdasarkan definisinya, adalah kata yang mendeskripsikan bau itu sendiri, terlepas dari objek sumber mana pun, seperti halnya kata 'biru' mendeskripsikan warna tanpa merujuk pada langit atau buah blueberry. DOSEN: Sekarang, apakah keterbatasan ini merupakan kebenaran biologis dari otak manusia? Ternyata, penelitian lapangan terbaru menunjukkan sebaliknya. Mari kita lihat suku Jahai, kelompok pemburu-pengumpul yang tinggal di Semenanjung Malaya. Para peneliti menguji penutur bahasa Jahai dan penutur bahasa Inggris mengenai kemampuan mereka dalam menamai warna dan bau. Mereka mengukur apa yang oleh para ahli linguistik sebut sebagai keterkodean (codability)—yaitu, kemudahan dan konsistensi penutur suatu bahasa dalam mengidentifikasi suatu stimulus. Jika sepuluh orang melihat kotak merah, dan mereka semua langsung berkata 'merah', maka stimulus tersebut memiliki keterkodean (codability) yang tinggi. DOSEN: Bagi penutur bahasa Inggris, keterkodean warna sangatlah tinggi, tetapi keterkodean bau bisa dibilang cukup buruk—bahkan, sangat buruk (abysmal) adalah istilah yang lebih tepat. Mereka menggunakan deskripsi yang panjang dan ragu-ragu, serta jarang menyepakati satu label. Namun bagi suku Jahai? Kesepakatan mereka tentang bau sama tingginya dan seketika itu juga dengan kesepakatan mereka tentang warna. Mengapa? Karena bahasa Jahai memiliki kekayaan sekitar selusin kata dasar yang abstrak untuk bau. Sebagai contoh, mereka memiliki kata 'ltpɨt', yang merujuk pada bau manis yang menyenangkan yang dikaitkan dengan buah-buahan matang tertentu, bunga, dan bahkan beberapa spesies serangga. Kata itu tidak berarti 'pisang' atau 'tawon'; melainkan mendeskripsikan kualitas dari aroma itu sendiri. MAHASISWA: Permisi, Profesor. Mungkinkah perbedaan linguistik ini hanya karena suku Jahai tinggal di hutan hujan tropis yang memiliki lebih banyak, Anda tahu, aroma botani yang kaya dibandingkan dengan kota biasa? DOSEN: Itu adalah hipotesis yang sangat logis, dan memang benar, paparan lingkungan memainkan peran. Namun, itu bukan keseluruhan ceritanya. Bahkan ketika penutur bahasa Inggris sangat terlatih—seperti pencicip anggur profesional atau pembuat parfum—mereka masih sangat bergantung pada bahasa berbasis sumber, seperti 'notes of leather' (aroma kulit) atau 'citrus' (jeruk). Mereka tidak secara ajaib menciptakan istilah abstrak yang tidak berbasis sumber. Jadi, ini bukan hanya tentang keahlian atau kepadatan bau di lingkungan; melainkan merupakan sifat struktural dari bahasa itu sendiri. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa arsitektur kognitif kita—cara pikiran kita mengatur data sensorik—jauh lebih fleksibel daripada yang kita duga sebelumnya. Ini berarti ketidakmampuan kita untuk menamai bau adalah ciri budaya dan linguistik, bukan keterbatasan perangkat keras evolusioner (evolutionary hardware limitation). DOSEN: Hal ini membawa kita pada implikasi yang lebih luas bagi hipotesis Sapir-Whorf, atau relativitas linguistik. Hipotesis ini, seperti yang mungkin Anda ingat, menunjukkan bahwa struktur suatu bahasa memengaruhi proses kognitif non-linguistik penuturnya. Dalam kasus suku Jahai, memiliki kata-kata khusus untuk bau ini tampaknya membuat mereka jauh lebih mahir dalam membedakan variasi aroma yang halus. Mereka tidak hanya lebih baik dalam membicarakan bau; mereka sebenarnya memproses informasi penciuman secara berbeda, mengategorikan dan mengingat aroma dengan presisi yang sulit ditandingi oleh penutur bahasa Inggris.

  1. Soal 24

    According to the professor, what distinguishes an abstract odor term from source-based naming?

    • AIt relies on metaphorical comparisons to visual stimuli like colors.
    • BIt refers to the quality of a scent without identifying its origin.
    • CIt is used exclusively by people with professional sensory training.
    • DIt changes meaning depending on the surrounding environmental context.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q23.) [Q24] According to the professor, what distinguishes an abstract odor term from source-based naming?

    Terjemahan

    (Sama dengan Q23.) [Q24] Menurut profesor tersebut, apa yang membedakan istilah aroma abstrak dari penamaan berdasarkan sumbernya?

  1. Soal 25 (pilih semua yang benar)

    According to the lecture, what did researchers discover when comparing English speakers and Jahai speakers? Choose 2 answers.

    • AEnglish speakers showed very low agreement when naming odors.
    • BJahai speakers were faster at naming colors than English speakers.
    • CJahai speakers reached a consensus on smell names as quickly as they did on colors.
    • DEnglish speakers preferred using metaphors over source-based terms for odors.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q23.) [Q25] According to the lecture, what did researchers discover when comparing English speakers and Jahai speakers? Choose 2 answers.

    Terjemahan

    (Sama dengan Q23.) [Q25] Berdasarkan kuliah tersebut, apa yang ditemukan para peneliti saat membandingkan penutur bahasa Inggris dan penutur bahasa Jahai? Pilih 2 jawaban.

  1. Soal 26

    Why does the professor mention professional wine tasters and perfumers?

    • ATo argue that Western societies do value olfactory expertise in specific industries.
    • BTo suggest that their vocabulary is structurally similar to that of Jahai speakers.
    • CTo demonstrate that specialized training cannot fully overcome the linguistic limitations of a language.
    • DTo illustrate how olfactory terminology has evolved in Western countries over time.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q23.) [Q26] Why does the professor mention professional wine tasters and perfumers?

    Terjemahan

    (Sama dengan Q23.) [Q26] Mengapa profesor menyebutkan pencicip anggur profesional dan pembuat parfum?

  1. Soal 27

    What does the professor imply about the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?

    • AIt has been largely discredited by modern neurological research into the olfactory system.
    • BIt only applies to languages spoken by hunter-gatherer societies in tropical environments.
    • CIt fails to explain why English speakers have such high color codability.
    • DIt is supported by the way Jahai speakers perform on non-linguistic olfactory tasks.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q23.) [Q27] What does the professor imply about the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?

    Terjemahan

    (Sama dengan Q23.) [Q27] Apa yang diimplikasikan oleh profesor mengenai hipotesis Sapir-Whorf?

  1. Soal 28

    Why does the professor say this:

    • ATo emphasize how poorly English speakers performed on the smell-naming task.
    • BTo express frustration with the design of the research study.
    • CTo correct a misstatement regarding the color codability of English speakers.
    • DTo suggest that the English language is generally inefficient for communication.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q23.) [Replay: "For English speakers, color codability was extremely high, but odor codability was, well, quite poor—actually, abysmal is a more accurate term."] [Q28] Why does the professor say this:

    Terjemahan

    (Sama dengan Q23.) [Putar ulang: "Bagi penutur bahasa Inggris, kemampuan pengodean warna sangatlah tinggi, tetapi kemampuan pengodean bau, ya, cukup buruk—sebenarnya, sangat buruk (abysmal) adalah istilah yang lebih tepat."] [Q28] Mengapa profesor mengatakan hal ini:

Soal serupa lainnya