TOEFL · Listening · 28 soal

Latihan TOEFL Listening 4

Simulasi listening dan reading orisinal yang mengikuti format TOEFL iBT yang dipublikasikan.

Ini adalah soal latihan orisinal buatan Loopy yang mengikuti format yang dipublikasikan. Ini bukan tes resmi dari ETS.

TOEIC® dan TOEFL® adalah merek dagang terdaftar milik ETS. IELTS dimiliki bersama oleh British Council, IDP, dan Cambridge English. Tes latihan Loopy dibuat sendiri dan tidak berafiliasi dengan maupun didukung oleh organisasi-organisasi tersebut.

Audio satu tes penuh

Conversation 1

  1. Soal 1

    Why does the student go to see the professor?

    • ATo get advice on how to shorten his writing assignment
    • BTo request an extension on his research proposal deadline
    • CTo ask for help finding sources for his bibliography
    • DTo clarify the grading criteria for the final proposal
    Lihat transkrip

    NARRATOR: Listen to a conversation between a student and a professor. STUDENT: Hi, Professor. Do you have a few minutes? I wanted to ask you about the draft for our research proposal assignment. PROFESSOR: Sure, Tomas. Come on in. The proposal is due next week, right? How can I help you? STUDENT: Well, I started writing the literature review section, but I have a problem. The prompt says the entire proposal has a strict limit of five pages. Right now, my introduction—I mean, my literature review is already seven pages long, and I haven't even finished the methodology section yet. PROFESSOR: Ah, I see. That is a very common issue. Students often try to summarize every single source they found. For this assignment, you do not need to write a comprehensive history of the topic. Instead, you should only focus on the three most relevant studies that directly support your hypothesis. STUDENT: Oh, so I don't need to describe all ten papers from my bibliography? I spent so much time summarizing them. PROFESSOR: No, you don't. You can keep those ten papers in your bibliography list at the end of the paper, but in the main text, you only need to deeply analyze the three main ones. That will save you a lot of space. STUDENT: That makes sense. That will easily cut out two pages. Um, also, I was wondering about the deadline for the optional rough draft. On the syllabus, it says Friday, but it doesn't list a specific time. PROFESSOR: Right. The optional draft needs to be submitted to the online portal by Friday at 5:00 PM. I need time to read them over the weekend so I can give you feedback by Monday. STUDENT: Friday at 5:00 PM. Got it. I will shorten my literature review tonight and upload it by tomorrow afternoon. PROFESSOR: Excellent. I look forward to reading it, Tomas. [Q1] Why does the student go to see the professor?

    Terjemahan

    NARATOR: Dengarkan percakapan antara seorang mahasiswa dan seorang profesor. MAHASISWA: Halo, Profesor. Apakah Anda punya waktu beberapa menit? Saya ingin bertanya tentang draf tugas proposal penelitian kami. PROFESOR: Tentu saja, Tomas. Silakan masuk. Proposalnya dikumpulkan minggu depan, kan? Apa yang bisa saya bantu? MAHASISWA: Jadi begini, saya sudah mulai menulis bagian tinjauan pustaka, tetapi saya menemui masalah. Petunjuknya menyatakan bahwa seluruh proposal memiliki batas maksimal lima halaman. Saat ini, pendahuluan—maksud saya, tinjauan pustaka saya sudah sepanjang tujuh halaman, padahal saya bahkan belum menyelesaikan bagian metodologinya. PROFESOR: Ah, begitu. Itu masalah yang sangat umum terjadi. Mahasiswa sering kali mencoba merangkum setiap sumber yang mereka temukan. Untuk tugas ini, Anda tidak perlu menulis sejarah topik tersebut secara menyeluruh. Sebaliknya, Anda hanya perlu fokus pada tiga penelitian paling relevan yang mendukung hipotesis Anda secara langsung. MAHASISWA: Oh, jadi saya tidak perlu menjabarkan kesepuluh makalah dari bibliografi saya? Padahal saya menghabiskan banyak waktu untuk merangkumnya. PROFESOR: Tidak perlu. Anda bisa tetap mencantumkan kesepuluh makalah tersebut dalam daftar bibliografi di akhir makalah, tetapi pada bagian isi, Anda hanya perlu menganalisis secara mendalam tiga makalah utama saja. Itu akan menghemat banyak halaman. MAHASISWA: Masuk akal juga. Cara itu akan dengan mudah memangkas dua halaman. Hm, selain itu, saya juga ingin tahu tentang tenggat waktu untuk draf kasar opsional. Di silabus tertulis hari Jumat, tetapi jamnya tidak dicantumkan secara spesifik. PROFESOR: Benar. Draf opsional tersebut harus diunggah ke portal daring paling lambat hari Jumat pukul 17.00. Saya butuh waktu untuk membacanya selama akhir pekan agar bisa memberikan masukan kepada Anda pada hari Senin. MAHASISWA: Jumat pukul 17.00. Baik, saya paham. Saya akan memperpendek tinjauan pustaka saya malam ini dan mengunggahnya besok sore. PROFESOR: Bagus sekali. Saya tidak sabar untuk membacanya, Tomas.

  1. Soal 2

    According to the professor, what should the student do to reduce the length of his paper?

    • ARemove the methodology section entirely
    • BFocus only on three key studies in the main text
    • CDelete the bibliography list at the end of the paper
    • DChoose a completely new research topic
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q1.) [Q2] According to the professor, what should the student do to reduce the length of his paper?

    Terjemahan

    (Sama dengan Pertanyaan 1.) [Pertanyaan 2] Menurut profesor, apa yang harus dilakukan mahasiswa tersebut untuk mengurangi panjang makalahnya?

  1. Soal 3

    When must the optional rough draft be submitted?

    • ABy Monday morning before class
    • BBy Friday at midnight
    • CBy Friday afternoon at 5:00 PM
    • DBy next week's final deadline
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q1.) [Q3] When must the optional rough draft be submitted?

    Terjemahan

    (Sama dengan Q1.) [Q3] Kapan draf kasar opsional harus dikumpulkan?

  1. Soal 4

    What can be inferred about the student's bibliography?

    • AIt currently contains fewer sources than required.
    • BIt needs to be submitted separate from the main draft.
    • CIt was copied from another student's project.
    • DIt will still list all ten papers he originally found.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q1.) [Q4] What can be inferred about the student's bibliography?

    Terjemahan

    (Sama dengan Q1.) [Q4] Apa yang dapat disimpulkan mengenai daftar pustaka siswa tersebut?

  1. Soal 5

    Why does the professor say this:

    • ATo reassure the student that his problem is normal
    • BTo complain about the quality of student assignments
    • CTo express surprise at the length of the student's draft
    • DTo suggest that the student needs to work harder
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q1.) [Replay: "Ah, I see. That is a very common issue."] [Q5] Why does the professor say this:

    Terjemahan

    (Sama dengan Q1.) [Putar ulang: "Ah, saya mengerti. Itu adalah masalah yang sangat umum."] [Q5] Mengapa profesor mengatakan hal ini:

Lecture 1

  1. Soal 6

    What is the lecture mainly about?

    • AHow a marine organism uses chemical compounds to protect itself from multiple threats.
    • BThe evolutionary advantages of physical defenses over chemical defenses in marine environments.
    • CA comparison of the digestive systems of various marine herbivores.
    • DThe metabolic costs associated with growth and reproduction in giant kelp.
    Lihat transkrip

    NARRATOR: Listen to part of a lecture in a biology class. PROFESSOR: Good morning, everyone. Today we're diving into marine ecology, specifically focusing on how kelp—which is a large brown alga, not actually a true plant—defends itself against hungry herbivores like sea urchins. Now, terrestrial plants often have physical structures like thorns or tough bark to protect themselves, but kelp doesn't have that option. Instead, it relies on chemical warfare. Let's introduce our first key concept: phlorotannins. Phlorotannins are a specific class of organic compounds produced by brown algae that function as chemical deterrents. Essentially, they make the kelp tissue taste incredibly bitter and, moreover, they bind to proteins in the herbivore's gut, making the kelp very difficult to digest. PROFESSOR: Now, ecologists divide these chemical defenses into two main types. The first is constitutive defenses. These are protective compounds that are always present in the organism at a constant, baseline level, regardless of whether any grazers are around. It’s like keeping your house security system turned on twenty-four hours a day. The second type is induced defenses. These are chemical defenses that are synthesized—or, um, activated—only after the organism experiences actual physical damage from a predator. STUDENT: Professor, wouldn't it be much safer for the kelp to just use constitutive defenses all the time? That way they are always protected. PROFESSOR: That's a reasonable hypothesis, Tomas. But remember, producing these complex chemical compounds requires a lot of metabolic energy. If there are no herbivores around, a kelp plant that constantly produces high levels of phlorotannins is wasting energy that it could otherwise use for growth or reproduction. So, there is an evolutionary trade-off. PROFESSOR: To understand how these defenses operate in nature, researchers conducted an experiment on giant kelp. They simulated grazing by clipping small pieces of the kelp blades—which are the leaf-like structures—to see if this physical damage would trigger an induced defense response. They made sure the water temperature and light conditions were kept completely identical for both groups to avoid any outside variables. And indeed, within three days, the damaged kelp showed a significant increase in phlorotannin production compared to the undamaged control group. PROFESSOR: But here is the fascinating twist. The researchers also noticed that kelp growing near the ocean surface, where sunlight is strongest, consistently maintained very high phlorotannin levels, even when they weren't clipped or grazed. Why would that be? Well, it turns out phlorotannins also absorb ultraviolet radiation, protecting the kelp's cells from DNA damage. So, in shallow water, these chemicals function as a natural sunscreen. In deeper, darker waters, however, the kelp only produces them when actually attacked by urchins. So, the defense strategy is highly flexible, adapting to both biological threats and environmental stress. [Q6] What is the lecture mainly about?

    Terjemahan

    NARATOR: Dengarkan bagian dari kuliah di kelas biologi. DOSEN: Selamat pagi, semuanya. Hari ini kita akan mendalami ekologi laut, khususnya berfokus pada bagaimana kelp—yang merupakan alga cokelat besar, bukan tumbuhan sejati—mempertahankan dirinya dari herbivor lapar seperti bulu babi. Tumbuhan darat sering kali memiliki struktur fisik seperti duri atau kulit kayu yang keras untuk melindungi diri, tetapi kelp tidak memiliki pilihan tersebut. Sebaliknya, ia mengandalkan perang kimia. Mari kita perkenalkan konsep kunci pertama kita: florotanin. Florotanin adalah golongan senyawa organik khusus yang dihasilkan oleh alga cokelat yang berfungsi sebagai penangkal kimiawi. Pada dasarnya, senyawa ini membuat jaringan kelp terasa sangat pahit dan, terlebih lagi, mengikat protein di usus herbivor, sehingga kelp menjadi sangat sulit dicerna. DOSEN: Sekarang, para ahli ekologi membagi pertahanan kimiawi ini menjadi dua jenis utama. Yang pertama adalah pertahanan konstitutif. Ini adalah senyawa pelindung yang selalu ada di dalam organisme pada tingkat dasar yang konstan, terlepas dari apakah ada hewan pemakan di sekitarnya atau tidak. Ini seperti membiarkan sistem keamanan rumah Anda menyala selama dua puluh empat jam sehari. Jenis kedua adalah pertahanan terinduksi. Ini adalah pertahanan kimiawi yang disintesis—atau, em, diaktifkan—hanya setelah organisme tersebut mengalami kerusakan fisik nyata akibat predator. MAHASISWA: Profesor, bukankah akan jauh lebih aman bagi kelp untuk selalu menggunakan pertahanan konstitutif setiap saat? Dengan begitu, mereka selalu terlindungi. DOSEN: Itu hipotesis yang masuk akal, Tomas. Namun perlu diingat, memproduksi senyawa kimia kompleks ini membutuhkan banyak energi metabolisme. Jika tidak ada herbivor di sekitarnya, kelp yang terus-menerus memproduksi florotanin tingkat tinggi akan membuang-buang energi yang sebenarnya dapat digunakan untuk pertumbuhan atau reproduksi. Jadi, ada timbal-balik evolusioner. DOSEN: Untuk memahami bagaimana pertahanan ini bekerja di alam, para peneliti melakukan eksperimen pada kelp raksasa. Mereka mensimulasikan aktivitas makan herbivor dengan memotong bagian kecil helaian kelp—yaitu struktur yang menyerupai daun—untuk melihat apakah kerusakan fisik ini akan memicu respons pertahanan terinduksi. Mereka memastikan suhu air dan kondisi cahaya dijaga benar-benar identik untuk kedua kelompok guna menghindari variabel luar apa pun. Dan benar saja, dalam tiga hari, kelp yang rusak menunjukkan peningkatan produksi florotanin yang signifikan dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol yang tidak rusak. DOSEN: Namun, inilah hal menarik yang tak terduga. Para peneliti juga memperhatikan bahwa kelp yang tumbuh di dekat permukaan laut, tempat sinar matahari paling kuat, secara konsisten mempertahankan kadar florotanin yang sangat tinggi, bahkan ketika mereka tidak dipotong atau dimakan. Mengapa bisa demikian? Ternyata, florotanin juga menyerap radiasi ultraviolet, melindungi sel-sel kelp dari kerusakan DNA. Jadi, di air dangkal, senyawa kimia ini berfungsi sebagai tabir surya alami. Namun, di perairan yang lebih dalam dan gelap, kelp hanya memproduksinya ketika benar-benar diserang oleh bulu babi. Jadi, strategi pertahanannya sangat fleksibel, beradaptasi terhadap ancaman biologis maupun tekanan lingkungan.

  1. Soal 7

    According to the professor, what is one way that phlorotannins affect herbivores?

    • AThey block the herbivores' sensory receptors, preventing them from finding kelp.
    • BThey impair the herbivores' ability to digest the kelp's tissue.
    • CThey cause physical damage to the herbivores' outer mouthparts.
    • DThey attract larger predators that feed on the herbivores.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q6.) [Q7] According to the professor, what is one way that phlorotannins affect herbivores?

    Terjemahan

    (Sama dengan Q6.) [Q7] Menurut profesor tersebut, apa salah satu cara florotanin memengaruhi herbivor?

  1. Soal 8 (pilih semua yang benar)

    According to the professor, how do constitutive defenses differ from induced defenses? Choose 2 answers.

    • AConstitutive defenses are maintained at a constant level regardless of predator presence.
    • BConstitutive defenses require less energy to produce than induced defenses.
    • CInduced defenses are only produced after physical damage has occurred.
    • DInduced defenses provide better protection against ultraviolet radiation than constitutive defenses.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q6.) [Q8] According to the professor, how do constitutive defenses differ from induced defenses? Choose 2 answers.

    Terjemahan

    (Sama dengan Q6.) [Q8] Menurut profesor, apa perbedaan antara pertahanan konstitutif dengan pertahanan terinduksi? Pilih 2 jawaban.

  1. Soal 9

    Why does the professor mention a home security system?

    • ATo contrast marine defense strategies with those used by terrestrial plants.
    • BTo explain why kelp requires energy to maintain its chemical defenses.
    • CTo illustrate the concept of a defense mechanism that is always active.
    • DTo highlight the vulnerability of kelp to sudden urchin attacks.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q6.) [Q9] Why does the professor mention a home security system?

    Terjemahan

    Mengapa profesor menyebutkan tentang sistem keamanan rumah?

  1. Soal 10

    In the experiment described by the professor, why did kelp near the ocean surface maintain high levels of phlorotannins even without grazing?

    • ATo prepare for seasonal increases in the sea urchin population.
    • BBecause they had excess metabolic energy due to increased photosynthesis.
    • CBecause they were physically damaged by rough surface waves.
    • DTo shield themselves from intense ultraviolet radiation.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q6.) [Q10] In the experiment described by the professor, why did kelp near the ocean surface maintain high levels of phlorotannins even without grazing?

    Terjemahan

    (Sama dengan Q6.) [Q10] Dalam eksperimen yang dijelaskan oleh profesor, mengapa kelp di dekat permukaan laut tetap mempertahankan kadar florotanin yang tinggi meskipun tanpa adanya aktivitas pemangsaan (grazing)?

  1. Soal 11

    Why does the professor say this:

    • ATo validate the student's logical thinking before explaining a counter-argument.
    • BTo encourage the student to conduct his own research on kelp energy costs.
    • CTo indicate that the student's idea is the currently accepted scientific theory.
    • DTo express surprise at the student's deep understanding of marine biology.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q6.) [Replay: "That's a reasonable hypothesis, Tomas."] [Q11] Why does the professor say this:

    Terjemahan

    (Sama dengan Q6.) [Putar ulang: "Itu hipotesis yang masuk akal, Tomas."]

Conversation 2

  1. Soal 12

    Why does the student go to see the advisor?

    • ATo resolve an issue with how his transfer credits were categorized.
    • BTo request an extension on a graduation application deadline.
    • CTo ask for assistance in translating a course syllabus.
    • DTo find out if he can enroll in a study-abroad program.
    Lihat transkrip

    NARRATOR: Listen to a conversation between a student and an academic advisor. STUDENT: Hi, Mrs. Gable. Thanks for seeing me. I'm a bit concerned about my graduation audit. I received an automated email saying I'm three credits short of the social sciences requirement for my degree, but... well, I thought my study abroad courses covered that. ADVISOR: Hello, Tomas. Let's look at your file. Yes, I see the program you did in Spain last spring. You took a course called "Mediterranean Cultural History." STUDENT: Right. My advisor back then said it would count toward my major electives or the general social sciences requirement. But on my online portal, it's just listed under "general electives," which doesn't help me graduate this semester. ADVISOR: Ah, I see what happened. General electives are the default category when the registrar's office processes external transcripts, unless a specific course equivalency is established. To move that course into the social sciences category, you need to file a Course Substitution Petition. STUDENT: A Course Substitution Petition? Is that difficult to get approved? ADVISOR: Usually, no, as long as the course content aligns with our department's curriculum. But there is a strict administrative deadline. The petition, along with the official course syllabus from the Spanish university, must be submitted to the department head by November 15th. Today is already November 1st, so you have exactly two weeks. STUDENT: Two weeks... okay. I think I can find the syllabus. I saved all my digital files from that semester. But what if the syllabus is in Spanish? Do I need to get it officially translated? ADVISOR: Good question. Fortunately, our department has faculty members fluent in Spanish who can review it directly, so a professional translation isn't necessary. However, you do need to write a brief, one-page personal statement explaining how the course material met the learning objectives of a standard social science class here. STUDENT: That sounds manageable. I can definitely write that tonight. But there's one more thing. I heard from a friend that there's a processing fee for petitions filed in the final semester? ADVISOR: Actually, there's no fee for the petition itself. Your friend might be thinking of the late graduation application fee, which applies if you submit your intent to graduate after the first week of October. Since you already filed your graduation intent on time back in September, you won't owe anything. STUDENT: Oh, what a relief. I was worried I'd have to pay another fifty dollars. ADVISOR: No, you're fine there. Just focus on getting that syllabus and writing your personal statement. Once you fill out the top half of the Course Substitution form—which you can download from our website—bring everything to me. I'll sign off as your advisor, and then we'll route it to the department head. STUDENT: Great. I'll get on that right away. Thanks for clarifying everything! [Q12] Why does the student go to see the advisor?

    Terjemahan

    NARATOR: Dengarkan percakapan antara seorang mahasiswa dan penasihat akademik. MAHASISWA: Halo, Ibu Gable. Terima kasih sudah meluangkan waktu untuk menemui saya. Saya agak khawatir dengan audit kelulusan saya. Saya menerima email otomatis yang menyatakan bahwa saya kekurangan tiga kredit untuk memenuhi persyaratan ilmu sosial untuk gelar saya, tapi... sejujurnya, saya pikir mata kuliah studi di luar negeri saya sudah mencakup hal itu. PENASIHAT: Halo, Tomas. Mari kita lihat berkasmu. Ya, saya melihat program yang kamu ikuti di Spanyol musim semi lalu. Kamu mengambil mata kuliah bernama "Sejarah Budaya Mediterania." MAHASISWA: Benar. Penasihat saya saat itu mengatakan bahwa mata kuliah tersebut bisa dihitung sebagai mata kuliah pilihan jurusan atau persyaratan umum ilmu sosial. Namun di portal daring saya, mata kuliah itu hanya tercantum di bawah "pilihan umum" (general electives), yang tidak membantu saya untuk lulus semester ini. PENASIHAT: Ah, saya mengerti apa yang terjadi. Pilihan umum adalah kategori default ketika bagian administrasi akademik memproses transkrip luar, kecuali jika kesetaraan mata kuliah tertentu telah ditetapkan. Untuk memindahkan mata kuliah tersebut ke kategori ilmu sosial, kamu perlu mengajukan Permohonan Substitusi Mata Kuliah. MAHASISWA: Permohonan Substitusi Mata Kuliah? Apakah sulit untuk disetujui? PENASIHAT: Biasanya tidak, asalkan konten mata kuliah tersebut selaras dengan kurikulum departemen kami. Namun, ada tenggat waktu administratif yang ketat. Permohonan tersebut, bersama dengan silabus resmi mata kuliah dari universitas di Spanyol, harus diserahkan kepada ketua departemen paling lambat tanggal 15 November. Hari ini sudah tanggal 1 November, jadi kamu memiliki waktu tepat dua minggu. MAHASISWA: Dua minggu... baiklah. Sepertinya saya bisa menemukan silabusnya. Saya menyimpan semua berkas digital saya dari semester itu. Namun bagaimana jika silabusnya berbahasa Spanyol? Apakah saya perlu menerjemahkannya secara resmi? PENASIHAT: Pertanyaan bagus. Untungnya, departemen kami memiliki anggota pengajar yang fasih berbahasa Spanyol yang dapat langsung meninjaunya, jadi penerjemahan profesional tidak diperlukan. Namun, kamu perlu menulis surat pernyataan pribadi singkat sepanjang satu halaman yang menjelaskan bagaimana materi mata kuliah tersebut memenuhi tujuan pembelajaran kelas ilmu sosial standar di sini. MAHASISWA: Kedengarannya masih bisa ditangani. Saya pasti bisa menulisnya nanti malam. Tapi ada satu hal lagi. Saya mendengar dari seorang teman bahwa ada biaya administrasi untuk permohonan yang diajukan di semester akhir? PENASIHAT: Sebenarnya, tidak ada biaya untuk permohonan itu sendiri. Temanmu mungkin keliru dengan biaya keterlambatan pengajuan kelulusan, yang berlaku jika kamu menyerahkan rencana kelulusan setelah minggu pertama bulan Oktober. Karena kamu sudah mengajukan rencana kelulusan tepat waktu pada bulan September lalu, kamu tidak akan dikenakan biaya apa pun. MAHASISWA: Oh, syukurlah. Saya sempat khawatir harus membayar lima puluh dolar lagi. PENASIHAT: Tidak, kamu aman untuk hal itu. Sekarang fokus saja untuk mendapatkan silabus dan menulis pernyataan pribadimu. Setelah kamu mengisi bagian atas formulir Substitusi Mata Kuliah—yang dapat kamu unduh dari situs web kami—bawalah semuanya kepada saya. Saya akan menandatanganinya sebagai penasihatmu, lalu kita akan meneruskannya ke ketua departemen. MAHASISWA: Bagus sekali. Saya akan segera mengurusnya. Terima kasih atas penjelasannya!

  1. Soal 13

    According to the advisor, what must the student submit along with the Course Substitution Petition?

    • AA professional translation of the course description.
    • BAn official syllabus from the host institution and a personal statement.
    • CA letter of recommendation from his study-abroad instructor.
    • DA late processing fee of fifty dollars.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q12.) [Q13] According to the advisor, what must the student submit along with the Course Substitution Petition?

    Terjemahan

    (Sama dengan Q12.) [Q13] Menurut penasihat tersebut, apa yang harus diserahkan oleh mahasiswa bersama dengan Permohonan Substitusi Mata Kuliah?

  1. Soal 14

    What can be inferred about the student's eligibility for graduation?

    • AHe has to pay a penalty fee because he submitted his graduation paperwork late.
    • BHe will need to take an extra course during the winter term to graduate.
    • CHe will be able to graduate on time if his petition is approved.
    • DHe cannot graduate this semester because he missed the November 15th deadline.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q12.) [Q14] What can be inferred about the student's eligibility for graduation?

    Terjemahan

    (Sama dengan Q12.) [Q14] Apa yang dapat disimpulkan tentang kelayakan kelulusan mahasiswa tersebut?

  1. Soal 15

    Why does the advisor mention that department faculty members are fluent in Spanish?

    • ATo explain why the Spanish university courses are highly regarded.
    • BTo encourage the student to take advanced Spanish language courses.
    • CTo justify why the evaluation process might take longer than usual.
    • DTo reassure the student that he does not need to pay for translation services.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q12.) [Q15] Why does the advisor mention that department faculty members are fluent in Spanish?

    Terjemahan

    (Sama dengan Q12.) [Q15] Mengapa penasihat akademik menyebutkan bahwa dosen-dosen di departemen tersebut fasih berbahasa Spanyol?

  1. Soal 16

    Why does the student say this:

    • ATo express his satisfaction at avoiding an unexpected expense.
    • BTo complain about the high cost of tuition at the university.
    • CTo show appreciation for the advisor waiving his processing fee.
    • DTo indicate that he has already paid a different university fee.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q12.) [Replay: "Oh, what a relief. I was worried I'd have to pay another fifty dollars."] [Q16] Why does the student say this:

    Terjemahan

    Oh, lega sekali. Saya sempat khawatir harus membayar lima puluh dolar lagi.

Lecture 2

  1. Soal 17

    What is the lecture mainly about?

    • AThe impact of kinetic processes on interpreting climate data from cave deposits.
    • BA comparison of climate records found in ice cores and tree rings.
    • CHow carbon dioxide degassing leads to the physical formation of stalagmites.
    • DThe chemical difference between oxygen isotopes in lake sediments and stalactites.
    Lihat transkrip

    NARRATOR: Listen to part of a lecture in an environmental science class. PROFESSOR: Good morning, everyone. Today, we're diving into paleoclimatology—specifically, how scientists reconstruct past climates using archives preserved deep underground. Now, when people think of climate archives, they usually picture ice cores or tree rings. But caves host some of the most resilient archives we have: speleothems. For those of you who might have forgotten the term from last week's reading, speleothems are secondary mineral deposits formed in caves, primarily stalactites, which hang from the ceiling, and stalagmites, which grow from the ground. PROFESSOR: These structures are made of calcium carbonate, which precipitates out of dripping groundwater. As this water trickles through the soil above a cave, it absorbs carbon dioxide and dissolves limestone. Once it reaches the cave chamber, the sudden drop in carbon dioxide pressure causes the water to, well, release its gas, leading to the precipitation of calcite. Locked within this calcite are oxygen isotopes—specifically, oxygen-18 and oxygen-16. The ratio between these two isotopes acts as a proxy, or a stand-in chemical measurement, for past temperatures and rainfall. STUDENT: Professor, is that ratio always a direct reflection of local temperature? I read that it's pretty straightforward. PROFESSOR: Ah, Amara, that is indeed the ideal scenario. In a perfect world, we would observe what's called equilibrium fractionation. This is a predictable chemical process where oxygen isotopes distribute themselves between the water and the growing calcite based strictly on ambient cave temperature, without any rapid evaporation or degassing messing with the system. Because deep cave temperatures usually match the average annual temperature of the region outside, equilibrium fractionation gives us a beautiful, clean record of historical climate trends. PROFESSOR: But here's the catch—and this is a major focus of current geological research: caves are rarely perfect closed systems. More often than not, we run into kinetic fractionation. Now, kinetic fractionation is a faster, non-equilibrium isotope enrichment process that occurs when rapid carbon dioxide degassing or evaporation takes place on the surface of the growing speleothem. This kinetic effect skews the oxygen-18 ratio, making it look like the region was much colder or drier than it actually was. PROFESSOR: Let's look at a concrete example. Consider a study conducted in a cave system in a semi-arid region of Spain. Researchers were analyzing a stalagmite that grew over a seven-thousand-year period... actually, it was a nine-thousand-year period, but the anomaly occurred around three thousand years ago. They noticed a sudden spike in oxygen-18 levels around that time, which normally indicates a dramatic cooling event or severe drought. However, other regional records—like lake sediments and pollen counts—showed a perfectly stable, warm climate during that exact period. PROFESSOR: So, what happened? Well, the researchers investigated the cave's drip rate—that is, the speed at which water drips from the ceiling onto the stalagmite. It turns out that during a mild, dry spell—not a full-blown drought, mind you... wait, let me rephrase that, it was a period of slightly reduced rainfall, the drip rate slowed down significantly. When the water dripped very slowly, it sat on the tip of the stalactite and on the top of the stalagmite for a much longer time before the next drop fell. This extended exposure allowed for extreme degassing and slight evaporation inside the cave chamber itself. PROFESSOR: This slow drip rate triggered kinetic fractionation. The lighter isotope, oxygen-16, evaporated or escaped into the cave air more readily, leaving behind a calcite layer heavily enriched with the heavier oxygen-18. So, the dramatic spike in oxygen-18 wasn't a signal of a massive regional ice age or a devastating drought. It was simply a localized artifact of a slower drip rate causing kinetic fractionation. PROFESSOR: This discovery was a wake-up call. It demonstrated that we cannot just blindly apply equilibrium equations to every cave sample. To truly validate speleothem records, geologists now have to look at multiple stalagmites from the same cave—a method called the Hendy Test—to see if the isotopic shifts are uniform. If they aren't, kinetic fractionation is likely the culprit, and we have to adjust our climate models accordingly. [Q17] What is the lecture mainly about?

    Terjemahan

    NARATOR: Dengarkan bagian dari kuliah di kelas ilmu lingkungan. PROFESOR: Selamat pagi, semuanya. Hari ini, kita akan mendalami paleoklimatologi—khususnya, bagaimana para ilmuwan merekonstruksi iklim masa lalu menggunakan arsip yang tersimpan jauh di bawah tanah. Sekarang, ketika orang-orang memikirkan arsip iklim, mereka biasanya membayangkan inti es atau lingkaran tahun pohon. Namun, gua menyimpan beberapa arsip paling tangguh yang kita miliki: speleotem. Bagi Anda yang mungkin lupa dengan istilah ini dari bacaan minggu lalu, speleotem adalah endapan mineral sekunder yang terbentuk di dalam gua, terutama stalaktit, yang bergantung di langit-langit, dan stalagmit, yang tumbuh dari lantai gua. PROFESOR: Struktur ini terbuat dari kalsium karbonat, yang mengendap dari tetesan air tanah. Saat air ini merembes melalui tanah di atas gua, air tersebut menyerap karbon dioksida dan melarutkan batu kapur. Setelah mencapai ruang gua, penurunan tekanan karbon dioksida yang tiba-tiba menyebabkan air, ya, melepaskan gasnya, yang memicu pengendapan kalsit. Terkunci di dalam kalsit ini adalah isotop oksigen—khususnya, oksigen-18 dan oksigen-16. Rasio antara kedua isotop ini berfungsi sebagai proksi, atau ukuran kimia pengganti, untuk suhu dan curah hujan di masa lalu. MAHASISWA: Profesor, apakah rasio tersebut selalu menjadi cerminan langsung dari suhu lokal? Saya membaca bahwa prosesnya cukup sederhana. PROFESOR: Ah, Amara, itu memang skenario yang ideal. Di dunia yang sempurna, kita akan mengamati apa yang disebut fraksionasi kesetimbangan. Ini adalah proses kimia yang dapat diprediksi di mana isotop oksigen mendistribusikan diri mereka sendiri di antara air dan kalsit yang tumbuh, yang murni didasarkan pada suhu sekitar gua, tanpa adanya penguapan cepat atau pelepasan gas yang mengacaukan sistem. Karena suhu gua bagian dalam biasanya sama dengan suhu tahunan rata-rata wilayah di luar, fraksionasi kesetimbangan memberi kita catatan tren iklim historis yang indah dan bersih. PROFESOR: Namun, ada satu kendala—dan ini adalah fokus utama dari penelitian geologi saat ini: gua jarang sekali menjadi sistem tertutup yang sempurna. Lebih sering daripada tidak, kita menghadapi fraksionasi kinetik. Nah, fraksionasi kinetik adalah proses pengayaan isotop non-kesetimbangan yang lebih cepat, yang terjadi ketika pelepasan gas karbon dioksida atau penguapan yang cepat berlangsung di permukaan speleotem yang sedang tumbuh. Efek kinetik ini menyimpangkan rasio oksigen-18, membuatnya tampak seolah-olah wilayah tersebut jauh lebih dingin atau lebih kering daripada yang sebenarnya. PROFESOR: Mari kita lihat contoh konkretnya. Perhatikan sebuah penelitian yang dilakukan di sistem gua di wilayah semi-gersang di Spanyol. Para peneliti sedang menganalisis stalagmit yang tumbuh selama periode tujuh ribu tahun... sebenarnya, sembilan ribu tahun, tetapi anomali tersebut terjadi sekitar tiga ribu tahun yang lalu. Mereka melihat lonjakan tiba-tiba pada tingkat oksigen-18 sekitar waktu itu, yang biasanya menunjukkan peristiwa pendinginan dramatis atau kekeringan parah. Namun, catatan regional lainnya—seperti sedimen danau dan jumlah serbuk sari—menunjukkan iklim hangat yang sangat stabil selama periode tersebut. PROFESOR: Jadi, apa yang terjadi? Nah, para peneliti menyelidiki laju tetesan gua—yaitu, kecepatan air menetes dari langit-langit ke stalagmit. Ternyata selama masa kering yang ringan—bukan kekeringan parah, ya... tunggu, biar saya ulangi, itu adalah periode di mana curah hujan sedikit berkurang, laju tetesan melambat secara signifikan. Ketika air menetes sangat lambat, air tersebut tertahan di ujung stalaktit dan di atas stalagmit untuk waktu yang jauh lebih lama sebelum tetesan berikutnya jatuh. Paparan yang lebih lama ini memungkinkan terjadinya pelepasan gas yang ekstrem dan sedikit penguapan di dalam ruang gua itu sendiri. PROFESOR: Laju tetesan yang lambat ini memicu fraksionasi kinetik. Isotop yang lebih ringan, oksigen-16, menguap atau terlepas ke udara gua dengan lebih mudah, meninggalkan lapisan kalsit yang sangat kaya akan oksigen-18 yang lebih berat. Jadi, lonjakan dramatis pada oksigen-18 bukanlah sinyal dari zaman es regional yang masif atau kekeringan yang menghancurkan. Itu hanyalah artefak lokal dari laju tetesan yang lebih lambat yang menyebabkan fraksionasi kinetik. PROFESOR: Penemuan ini adalah sebuah peringatan. Ini menunjukkan bahwa kita tidak bisa begitu saja menerapkan persamaan kesetimbangan secara membabi buta pada setiap sampel gua. Untuk benar-benar memvalidasi catatan speleotem, para geolog sekarang harus mengamati beberapa stalagmit dari gua yang sama—sebuah metode yang disebut Uji Hendy—untuk melihat apakah pergeseran isotopnya seragam. Jika tidak, fraksionasi kinetik kemungkinan besar adalah penyebabnya, dan kita harus menyesuaikan model iklim kita.

  1. Soal 18

    According to the professor, what is equilibrium fractionation?

    • AAn accelerated evaporation process that occurs during periods of extreme drought.
    • BA predictable distribution of isotopes influenced solely by the temperature of the cave environment.
    • CA method used to measure the rate at which limestone dissolves in groundwater.
    • DA state where water drips from the ceiling at a perfectly constant speed.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q17.) [Q18] According to the professor, what is equilibrium fractionation?

    Terjemahan

    (Sama dengan Q17.) [Q18] Menurut profesor, apa yang dimaksud dengan fraksionasi kesetimbangan?

  1. Soal 19

    Why does the professor mention lake sediments and pollen counts in Spain?

    • ATo explain how regional droughts affect ecosystems outside of cave systems.
    • BTo argue that lake sediments are generally more reliable than cave deposits for climate reconstruction.
    • CTo provide independent evidence that contradicted the initial climate interpretation of the stalagmite.
    • DTo illustrate how pollen grains can interfere with the precipitation of calcium carbonate.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q17.) [Q19] Why does the professor mention lake sediments and pollen counts in Spain?

    Terjemahan

    (Sama dengan Q17.) [Q19] Mengapa profesor menyebutkan sedimen danau dan perhitungan serbuk sari di Spanyol?

  1. Soal 20

    Based on the lecture, how does a slower drip rate in a cave affect the isotopic composition of a stalagmite?

    • AIt prevents oxygen-18 from precipitating, leading to a sample dominated by oxygen-16.
    • BIt speeds up the deposition of calcium carbonate, mimicking a warm and wet climate.
    • CIt blocks carbon dioxide from degassing, preserving the original equilibrium ratio.
    • DIt allows more of the lighter oxygen isotope to escape, resulting in a higher concentration of the heavier isotope in the calcite.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q17.) [Q20] Based on the lecture, how does a slower drip rate in a cave affect the isotopic composition of a stalagmite?

    Terjemahan

    (Sama dengan Q17.) [Q20] Berdasarkan kuliah tersebut, bagaimana laju tetesan yang lebih lambat di dalam gua memengaruhi komposisi isotop pada stalagmit?

  1. Soal 21

    What can be inferred about the Hendy Test mentioned at the end of the lecture?

    • AIt helps researchers determine if an isotopic signal reflects regional climate rather than localized cave conditions.
    • BIt relies on comparing speleothems with tree rings and ice cores from the same hemisphere.
    • CIt is used to measure the exact temperature of a cave system during prehistoric periods.
    • DIt has proved that kinetic fractionation rarely occurs in semi-arid environments.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q17.) [Q21] What can be inferred about the Hendy Test mentioned at the end of the lecture?

    Terjemahan

    (Sama dengan Pertanyaan 17.) [Q21] Apa yang dapat disimpulkan mengenai Tes Hendy yang disebutkan di akhir kuliah tersebut?

  1. Soal 22

    Why does the speaker say this:

    • ATo correct an error regarding the exact historical dates of the dry spell.
    • BTo clarify the precise intensity of the weather conditions being described.
    • CTo express doubt about the accuracy of the regional weather records.
    • DTo emphasize that severe droughts have no impact on kinetic fractionation.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q17.) [Replay: "during a mild, dry spell—not a full-blown drought, mind you... wait, let me rephrase that, it was a period of slightly reduced rainfall"] [Q22] Why does the speaker say this:

    Terjemahan

    (Berbagi dengan Q17.) [Putar ulang: "selama periode kering yang ringan—bukan kekeringan parah, lho... tunggu, biar saya perjelas kalimatnya, itu adalah periode dengan curah hujan yang sedikit berkurang"]

Lecture 3

  1. Soal 23

    What is the lecture mainly about?

    • AHow spatial experiences and metaphors shape our mental representation of time.
    • BThe evolutionary origins of spatial and temporal language in different cultures.
    • CA comparison of scheduling habits between active and passive individuals.
    • DHow physical exercise can improve cognitive processing and memory retention.
    Lihat transkrip

    NARRATOR: Listen to part of a lecture in a linguistics class. PROFESSOR: Good morning, everyone. Today, we are going to explore how the human mind conceptualizes something, uh, incredibly abstract... time. Since we cannot see or touch time, we rely heavily on spatial metaphors to talk about it. In cognitive linguistics, this mapping of spatial concepts onto temporal ones is central to how we organize our daily lives. To understand this, we need to look at two distinct frameworks: the ego-moving perspective and the time-moving perspective. Let's start with the ego-moving perspective. In this framework, you, the observer, are active. You are moving forward along a timeline towards the future. For instance, when you say, 'We are approaching the end of the semester,' you are conceptualizing yourself as traveling through space towards a stationary event. PROFESSOR: Conversely, in a time-moving perspective, the observer is stationary, and time is viewed as a river flowing past them, or perhaps a conveyor belt. The events themselves are moving. So, if you say, 'The holidays are rushing toward us,' you are employing a time-moving perspective. The event is active, and you are passive. Now, these aren't just poetic ways of speaking; they reflect deep-seated cognitive structures. A classic experiment illustrates this beautifully. Participants were asked a deceptively simple question: 'Next Wednesday's meeting—sorry, next Wednesday's... yes, meeting—has been moved forward two days. What day is the meeting now?' Think about that for a second. If you operate from an ego-moving perspective, you see yourself moving forward along the timeline. Moving an event 'forward' means pushing it further along your path of motion. So, you would answer... Friday. But, if you use a time-moving perspective, time is coming toward you. Moving an event 'forward' means moving it closer to you—into the oncoming flow of time. In that case, the meeting is moved to Monday. PROFESSOR: What is fascinating is that we can actually influence which perspective people use through a process called temporal priming. This is when exposure to a spatial task biases how a person subsequently interprets temporal events. In a well-known study, researchers had participants perform simple physical actions before answering the meeting question. One group was asked to fly a flight simulator—which involves moving forward through space—while another group watched a landscape roll past them on a screen, where they felt stationary while the world moved. STUDENT: Wait, so... the people flying the simulator, did they answer 'Friday' more often because they felt like they were moving forward? PROFESSOR: Exactly. Those who simulated active forward movement were significantly more likely to adopt the ego-moving perspective and answer Friday. Conversely, those who watched the landscape roll past—experiencing passive observation of movement—opted for Monday. This suggests that our immediate physical or, uh, visual experiences prime specific cognitive tracks. PROFESSOR: Now, we must be careful here. It is tempting to assume that these priming effects are absolute, or that people are permanently locked into one perspective. They aren't. In everyday life, we seamlessly switch between these viewpoints depending on context, conversational cues, or even our emotional state. For example, some research suggests that when people feel in control of their schedules, they lean toward ego-moving language, whereas when they feel overwhelmed by deadlines, they default to time-moving language, feeling as though events are, well, crashing down upon them. So, these cognitive frameworks are highly dynamic, adapting to both our physical actions and our psychological states. [Q23] What is the lecture mainly about?

    Terjemahan

    NARATOR: Dengarkan bagian dari sebuah kuliah di kelas linguistik. DOSEN: Selamat pagi, semuanya. Hari ini, kita akan mempelajari bagaimana pikiran manusia mengonseptualisasikan sesuatu yang, ee, sangat abstrak... yaitu waktu. Karena kita tidak bisa melihat atau menyentuh waktu, kita sangat mengandalkan metafora spasial untuk membicarakannya. Dalam linguistik kognitif, pemetaan konsep spasial ke dalam konsep temporal ini sangat penting bagi cara kita mengatur kehidupan sehari-hari kita. Untuk memahami hal ini, kita perlu melihat dua kerangka kerja yang berbeda: perspektif ego-bergerak (ego-moving perspective) dan perspektif waktu-bergerak (time-moving perspective). Mari kita mulai dengan perspektif ego-bergerak. Dalam kerangka kerja ini, Anda, sebagai pengamat, bersikap aktif. Anda bergerak maju di sepanjang garis waktu menuju masa depan. Sebagai contoh, ketika Anda mengatakan, 'Kita sedang mendekati akhir semester,' Anda mengonseptualisasikan diri Anda sedang berjalan melewati ruang menuju sebuah peristiwa yang diam. DOSEN: Sebaliknya, dalam perspektif waktu-bergerak, pengamat diam di tempat, dan waktu dipandang sebagai sungai yang mengalir melewati mereka, atau mungkin seperti ban berjalan. Peristiwa itu sendirilah yang bergerak. Jadi, jika Anda mengatakan, 'Hari libur sedang bergegas menuju kita,' Anda sedang menggunakan perspektif waktu-bergerak. Peristiwanyalah yang aktif, dan Anda pasif. Sekarang, ini bukan sekadar cara berbicara yang puitis; hal ini mencerminkan struktur kognitif yang mendalam. Sebuah eksperimen klasik mengilustrasikan hal ini dengan sangat baik. Para peserta ditanyai sebuah pertanyaan yang tampak sederhana tetapi mengecoh: 'Rapat hari Rabu depan—maaf, hari Rabu depan... ya, rapat—telah dimajukan dua hari. Hari apa rapat itu sekarang?' Coba pikirkan itu sejenak. Jika Anda menggunakan perspektif ego-bergerak, Anda melihat diri Anda bergerak maju di sepanjang garis waktu. Memindahkan suatu peristiwa 'ke depan' berarti mendorongnya lebih jauh di sepanjang jalur pergerakan Anda. Jadi, Anda akan menjawab... hari Jumat. Namun, jika Anda menggunakan perspektif waktu-bergerak, waktu datang menuju Anda. Memindahkan suatu peristiwa 'ke depan' berarti memindahkannya lebih dekat kepada Anda—ke dalam aliran waktu yang mendekat. Dalam hal ini, rapat tersebut dipindahkan ke hari Senin. DOSEN: Yang menarik adalah kita sebenarnya dapat memengaruhi perspektif mana yang digunakan orang-orang melalui proses yang disebut priming temporal. Ini terjadi ketika paparan terhadap tugas spasial memengaruhi cara seseorang menafsirkan peristiwa temporal setelahnya. Dalam sebuah penelitian terkenal, para peneliti meminta peserta melakukan tindakan fisik sederhana sebelum menjawab pertanyaan tentang rapat tersebut. Satu kelompok diminta untuk menerbangkan simulator penerbangan—yang melibatkan pergerakan maju melalui ruang—sementara kelompok lain menonton pemandangan yang bergerak melewati mereka di layar, di mana mereka merasa diam sementara dunia bergerak. MAHASISWA: Tunggu, jadi... orang-orang yang menerbangkan simulator, apakah mereka lebih sering menjawab 'hari Jumat' karena mereka merasa seperti sedang bergerak maju? DOSEN: Tepat sekali. Mereka yang mensimulasikan gerakan maju aktif secara signifikan lebih cenderung mengadopsi perspektif ego-bergerak dan menjawab hari Jumat. Sebaliknya, mereka yang melihat pemandangan berlalu—mengalami pengamatan gerakan secara pasif—memilih hari Senin. Ini menunjukkan bahwa pengalaman fisik atau, ee, visual kita secara langsung memicu jalur kognitif tertentu. DOSEN: Sekarang, kita harus berhati-hati di sini. Sangat mudah untuk berasumsi bahwa efek priming ini mutlak, atau bahwa orang-orang terkunci secara permanen dalam satu perspektif. Padahal tidak demikian. Dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, kita beralih di antara sudut pandang ini dengan mulus tergantung pada konteks, isyarat percakapan, atau bahkan keadaan emosional kita. Sebagai contoh, beberapa penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ketika orang merasa memegang kendali atas jadwal mereka, mereka cenderung menggunakan bahasa ego-bergerak, sedangkan ketika mereka merasa terbebani oleh tenggat waktu, mereka secara otomatis menggunakan bahasa waktu-bergerak, merasa seolah-olah peristiwa-peristiwa tersebut, yah, seakan menabrak mereka. Jadi, kerangka kognitif ini sangat dinamis, beradaptasi dengan tindakan fisik dan kondisi psikologis kita.

  1. Soal 24

    According to the professor, how does a person using a time-moving perspective view themselves in relation to time?

    • AAs an active agent traveling along a linear timeline toward future events.
    • BAs a stationary observer while events approach them from the future.
    • CAs being capable of shifting temporal events backward or forward at will.
    • DAs an external coordinator who organizes events chronologically.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q23.) [Q24] According to the professor, how does a person using a time-moving perspective view themselves in relation to time?

    Terjemahan

    (Sama dengan Q23.) [Q24] Menurut profesor, bagaimana seseorang yang menggunakan perspektif "waktu bergerak" (time-moving perspective) memandang diri mereka dalam hubungannya dengan waktu?

  1. Soal 25 (pilih semua yang benar)

    According to the lecture, which of the following tasks were performed by participants in the temporal priming experiment? Choose 2 answers.

    • AOperating a flight simulator.
    • BRescheduling an upcoming meeting.
    • CWatching a landscape move past them.
    • DPhysically moving a heavy chair forward.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q23.) [Q25] According to the lecture, which of the following tasks were performed by participants in the temporal priming experiment? Choose 2 answers.

    Terjemahan

    (Sama dengan Q23.) [Q25] Berdasarkan kuliah tersebut, manakah dari tugas-tugas berikut yang dilakukan oleh peserta dalam eksperimen *temporal priming*? Pilih 2 jawaban.

  1. Soal 26

    Why does the professor mention the "Next Wednesday's meeting" question?

    • ATo demonstrate that language barriers often lead to scheduling errors in workplace environments.
    • BTo argue that a time-moving perspective is generally more logical than an ego-moving perspective.
    • CTo illustrate how a single temporal phrase can be interpreted differently based on one's cognitive perspective.
    • DTo point out a flaw in how cognitive scientists design linguistic experiments.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q23.) [Q26] Why does the professor mention the "Next Wednesday's meeting" question?

    Terjemahan

    (Sama dengan Q23.) [Q26] Mengapa profesor menyebutkan pertanyaan tentang "pertemuan hari Rabu depan" (Next Wednesday's meeting)?

  1. Soal 27

    What can be inferred from the professor's discussion of emotional states and scheduling?

    • APeople who feel overwhelmed by deadlines are more likely to answer "Friday" to the meeting question.
    • BLinguists believe that emotional language is easier to process than spatial language.
    • CIndividuals who feel in control of their lives avoid using spatial metaphors altogether.
    • DA person's cognitive framework for time can fluctuate based on their psychological circumstances.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q23.) [Q27] What can be inferred from the professor's discussion of emotional states and scheduling?

    Terjemahan

    (Sama dengan Q23.) [Q27] Apa yang dapat disimpulkan dari pembahasan profesor mengenai kondisi emosional dan penjadwalan?

  1. Soal 28

    Why does the speaker say this:

    • ATo qualify a previous claim by explaining its limitations.
    • BTo criticize a research methodology used in cognitive linguistics.
    • CTo introduce a new study that contradicts the temporal priming theory.
    • DTo express frustration with the complexity of spatial-temporal metaphors.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q23.) [Replay: "Now, we must be careful here. It is tempting to assume that these priming effects are absolute, or that people are permanently locked into one perspective. They aren't."] [Q28] Why does the speaker say this:

    Terjemahan

    (Sama dengan Q23.) [Putar ulang: "Sekarang, kita harus berhati-hati di sini. Sangat mudah untuk berasumsi bahwa efek priming ini bersifat mutlak, atau bahwa orang-orang terkunci secara permanen dalam satu perspektif. Kenyataannya tidak."] [Q28]

Soal serupa lainnya