TOEFL · Listening · 28 soal

Latihan TOEFL Listening 1

Simulasi listening dan reading orisinal yang mengikuti format TOEFL iBT yang dipublikasikan.

Ini adalah soal latihan orisinal buatan Loopy yang mengikuti format yang dipublikasikan. Ini bukan tes resmi dari ETS.

TOEIC® dan TOEFL® adalah merek dagang terdaftar milik ETS. IELTS dimiliki bersama oleh British Council, IDP, dan Cambridge English. Tes latihan Loopy dibuat sendiri dan tidak berafiliasi dengan maupun didukung oleh organisasi-organisasi tersebut.

Audio satu tes penuh

Conversation 1

  1. Soal 1

    Why does the student go to see the professor?

    • ATo get feedback on his paper's topic
    • BTo request an extension on a biology paper
    • CTo ask for help finding sources about orchids
    • DTo explain why he will miss Friday's lecture
    Lihat transkrip

    NARRATOR: Listen to a conversation between a student and a professor. STUDENT: Hi, Professor. Um, do you have a few minutes to talk? I wanted to get some quick feedback on my draft for the biology paper. PROFESSOR: Of course, Diego. Come on in. You are writing about ecosystems, right? STUDENT: Yes. But I am having a big problem with the introduction. I already wrote three pages, but I feel like my main topic is just too broad. PROFESSOR: Let me see... Ah, yes. You are trying to cover the entire Amazon rainforest ecosystem. That is definitely too big for a five-page paper. You will run out of space very quickly. STUDENT: That is what I was worried about. So, should I, you know, focus on just one specific organism instead? PROFESSOR: Exactly. For example, you could write about how orchids survive on high tree branches. That will keep your paper focused and well under the five-page limit. STUDENT: That is a great idea. I will change my focus to orchids. Also, I wanted to double-check the deadline for submitting this draft to you. PROFESSOR: The final deadline for submitting drafts for my review is this Wednesday at 4:00 PM. Oh, wait, my mistake, it is actually Thursday at 4:00 PM. That gives me enough time to read them before our Friday lecture. STUDENT: Okay, perfect. I will work on the orchid topic tonight and email you the draft by Thursday afternoon. PROFESSOR: Sounds like a plan, Diego. Remember, when you write about the orchids, make sure to explain their symbiotic relationship with the trees. That is a key concept we discussed last week. STUDENT: Right, the relationship where one organism benefits and the other is not harmed. Commensalism, correct? PROFESSOR: Yes, exactly! If you include that term and define it, your paper will be in excellent shape. STUDENT: Thank you, Professor. I really appreciate your help. See you in class on Friday. PROFESSOR: You are welcome, Diego. Have a good afternoon. [Q1] Why does the student go to see the professor?

    Terjemahan

    NARATOR: Dengarkan percakapan antara seorang mahasiswa dan seorang profesor. MAHASISWA: Halo, Profesor. Um, apakah Anda punya waktu beberapa menit untuk mengobrol? Saya ingin meminta masukan singkat tentang draf makalah biologi saya. PROFESOR: Tentu saja, Diego. Silakan masuk. Kamu menulis tentang ekosistem, kan? MAHASISWA: Ya. Tapi saya menghadapi masalah besar pada bagian pendahuluan. Saya sudah menulis tiga halaman, tetapi saya merasa topik utama saya terlalu luas. PROFESOR: Coba saya lihat... Ah, ya. Kamu mencoba membahas seluruh ekosistem hutan hujan Amazon. Itu jelas terlalu luas untuk makalah sepanjang lima halaman. Kamu akan kehabisan halaman dengan sangat cepat. MAHASISWA: Itu yang saya khawatirkan. Jadi, apakah sebaiknya saya fokus pada satu organisme tertentu saja? PROFESOR: Tepat sekali. Sebagai contoh, kamu bisa menulis tentang bagaimana anggrek bertahan hidup di dahan pohon yang tinggi. Itu akan membuat makalahmu tetap terfokus dan tidak melebihi batas lima halaman. MAHASISWA: Itu ide yang bagus. Saya akan mengubah fokus saya ke tanaman anggrek. Selain itu, saya ingin memastikan kembali tenggat waktu pengumpulan draf ini kepada Anda. PROFESOR: Tenggat waktu terakhir untuk mengumpulkan draf agar saya tinjau adalah hari Rabu ini pukul 16.00. Oh, tunggu, saya salah, sebenarnya hari Kamis pukul 16.00. Itu memberi saya cukup waktu untuk membacanya sebelum kuliah hari Jumat kita. MAHASISWA: Oke, siap. Saya akan mengerjakan topik anggrek malam ini dan mengirimkan drafnya melalui email kepada Anda sebelum Kamis sore. PROFESOR: Rencana yang bagus, Diego. Ingat, saat kamu menulis tentang anggrek, pastikan untuk menjelaskan hubungan simbiotik mereka dengan pohon. Itu adalah konsep kunci yang kita bahas minggu lalu. MAHASISWA: Benar, hubungan di mana satu organisme diuntungkan dan yang lain tidak dirugikan. Komensalisme, kan? PROFESOR: Ya, tepat sekali! Jika kamu memasukkan istilah itu dan mendefinisikannya, makalahmu akan sangat bagus. MAHASISWA: Terima kasih, Profesor. Saya sangat menghargai bantuan Anda. Sampai jumpa di kelas hari Jumat. PROFESOR: Sama-sama, Diego. Semoga soremu menyenangkan.

  1. Soal 2

    According to the professor, what is the main problem with the student's current draft?

    • AIt does not use enough scientific terms.
    • BThe topic is too broad for the assignment.
    • CIt is already longer than the five-page limit.
    • DThe introduction is too short.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q1.) [Q2] According to the professor, what is the main problem with the student's current draft?

    Terjemahan

    (Sama dengan Q1.) [Q2] Menurut profesor, apa masalah utama dalam draf mahasiswa saat ini?

  1. Soal 3

    What is the deadline for the student to email his draft to the professor?

    • AWednesday at 4:00 PM
    • BFriday before the lecture
    • CThursday at 4:00 PM
    • DTonight by midnight
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q1.) [Q3] What is the deadline for the student to email his draft to the professor?

    Terjemahan

    (Sama dengan Q1.) [Q3] Kapan batas waktu bagi mahasiswa tersebut untuk mengirimkan drafnya melalui email kepada profesor?

  1. Soal 4

    What can be inferred about the concept of commensalism?

    • AIt is a topic that Diego has not studied yet.
    • BIt describes a relationship where both organisms benefit.
    • CIt is too difficult to explain in a five-page paper.
    • DIt is an important concept that Diego should include in his paper.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q1.) [Q4] What can be inferred about the concept of commensalism?

    Terjemahan

    (Sama dengan Q1.) [Q4] Apa yang dapat disimpulkan tentang konsep komensalisme?

  1. Soal 5

    Why does the professor say this:

    • ATo correct an error regarding a date
    • BTo apologize for changing the assignment deadline
    • CTo confirm she will be out of the office on Wednesday
    • DTo show she is angry about the student's late submission
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q1.) [Replay: "Oh, wait, my mistake, it is actually Thursday at 4:00 PM."] [Q5] Why does the professor say this:

    Terjemahan

    Oh, tunggu, saya salah, sebenarnya hari Kamis jam 4 sore.

Lecture 1

  1. Soal 6

    What is the lecture mainly about?

    • AA symbiotic relationship in which ants assist in the dispersal of plant seeds.
    • BThe evolutionary adaptation of forest ants to consume toxic seeds.
    • CHow chemical mimicry allows plants to defend themselves against insect predators.
    • DThe structural differences between elaiosomes and other seed appendages.
    Lihat transkrip

    NARRATOR: Listen to part of a lecture in a biology class. PROFESSOR: Okay, today we are going to look at an incredible ecological partnership in the plant world. Specifically, how some flowering plants depend on insects—not for pollination, which we have already covered, but for dispersing their seeds. This process is called myrmecochory. Simply put, myrmecochory is the dispersal of seeds by ants. It is a mutually beneficial relationship, or a mutualism, found in thousands of plant species worldwide, especially in temperate forest floors. PROFESSOR: Now, how does a plant convince an ant to do the heavy lifting of carrying its seeds all the way back to the nest? Well, these plants produce seeds with a special external structure called an elaiosome. An elaiosome is a fleshy, lipid-rich appendage attached directly to the seed coat. It is packed with lipids, proteins, and essential vitamins that are highly nutritious and attractive to ants. STUDENT: Um, excuse me, Professor. Do the ants end up eating the seed itself? Because, you know, if they eat the seed, it can't grow into a new plant, right? PROFESSOR: Excellent question, Tomas. No, they don't. You see, the ant picks up the seed by the elaiosome, carries it back to its underground nest, and feeds the nutritious appendage to its larvae. The actual seed—which has a tough outer coat and is completely inedible to the ants—remains entirely undamaged. Once the elaiosome is consumed, the ants carry the bare seed out of their main living quarters and discard it in their underground waste dump, or refuse chamber. PROFESSOR: And this is where the magic happens. The nest's waste chamber is essentially a protected, nutrient-rich compost pile. It is rich in organic matter, which shelters the seed from predators like birds or rodents, and protects it from forest fires. So, the seed is deposited in the perfect environment to germinate. PROFESSOR: But here is where it gets even more fascinating. Recent research shows that plants don't just rely on nutritional rewards. They also use chemical mimicry. This refers to the plant producing chemical compounds on the elaiosome that chemically mimic, or imitate, the odor of insects. Specifically, some plants release certain fatty acids that smell exactly like dead insects or ant prey. To an ant, this olfactory signal says, 'Hey, this is valuable food, pick me up immediately!' The ant is essentially tricked by its own chemical communication system into transport—uh, transporting the seed. It's a highly elegant evolutionary strategy. By manipulating the ants' hardwired sensory systems, these plants guarantee their offspring are safely tucked away underground. [Q6] What is the lecture mainly about?

    Terjemahan

    NARATOR: Dengarkan bagian dari kuliah di kelas biologi. DOSEN: Baik, hari ini kita akan membahas kemitraan ekologis yang luar biasa dalam dunia tumbuhan. Khususnya, bagaimana beberapa tumbuhan berbunga bergantung pada serangga—bukan untuk penyerbukan, yang sudah kita bahas sebelumnya, melainkan untuk menyebarkan biji mereka. Proses ini disebut mirmekokori. Sederhananya, mirmekokori adalah penyebaran biji oleh semut. Ini adalah hubungan yang saling menguntungkan, atau mutualisme, yang ditemukan pada ribuan spesies tumbuhan di seluruh dunia, terutama di lantai hutan beriklim sedang. DOSEN: Sekarang, bagaimana tumbuhan meyakinkan semut untuk melakukan pekerjaan berat membawa bijinya sepanjang jalan kembali ke sarang? Nah, tumbuhan ini menghasilkan biji dengan struktur luar khusus yang disebut elaiosom. Elaiosom adalah bagian tambahan yang berdaging dan kaya lipid yang menempel langsung pada kulit biji. Bagian ini penuh dengan lipid, protein, dan vitamin esensial yang sangat bernutrisi dan menarik bagi semut. MAHASISWA: Emm, permisi, Profesor. Apakah semut-semut itu akhirnya memakan biji itu sendiri? Karena, seperti yang kita tahu, jika mereka memakan bijinya, biji itu tidak akan bisa tumbuh menjadi tumbuhan baru, kan? DOSEN: Pertanyaan yang bagus, Tomas. Tidak, mereka tidak memakannya. Begini, semut mengambil biji pada bagian elaiosomnya, membawanya kembali ke sarang bawah tanah mereka, lalu memberikan bagian tambahan yang bernutrisi tersebut kepada larva mereka. Biji yang sebenarnya—yang memiliki kulit luar keras dan sama sekali tidak bisa dimakan oleh semut—tetap utuh tanpa kerusakan sedikit pun. Setelah elaiosom habis dimakan, semut membawa biji yang sudah bersih tersebut keluar dari area tempat tinggal utama mereka dan membuangnya ke tempat pembuangan sampah bawah tanah mereka, atau ruang pembuangan. DOSEN: Dan di sinilah keajaiban itu terjadi. Ruang pembuangan sarang tersebut pada dasarnya adalah tumpukan kompos yang terlindungi dan kaya nutrisi. Ruang ini kaya akan bahan organik, yang melindungi biji dari predator seperti burung atau hewan pengerat, serta melindunginya dari kebakaran hutan. Jadi, biji tersebut ditempatkan di lingkungan yang sempurna untuk berkecambah. DOSEN: Namun di sinilah hal ini menjadi lebih menarik lagi. Penelitian terbaru menunjukkan bahwa tumbuhan tidak hanya mengandalkan imbalan nutrisi. Mereka juga menggunakan peniruan kimiawi. Ini merujuk pada kemampuan tumbuhan memproduksi senyawa kimia pada elaiosom yang secara kimiawi meniru, atau mengimitasi, bau serangga. Khususnya, beberapa tumbuhan melepaskan asam lemak tertentu yang baunya persis seperti serangga mati atau mangsa semut. Bagi semut, sinyal penciuman ini seolah berkata, 'Hei, ini makanan yang berharga, cepat ambil aku!' Semut tersebut pada dasarnya dikelabui oleh sistem komunikasi kimiawinya sendiri untuk mengangkut—eh, menyebarkan biji tersebut. Ini adalah strategi evolusioner yang sangat elegan. Dengan memanipulasi sistem sensorik bawaan semut, tumbuhan ini menjamin keturunan mereka tersimpan dengan aman di bawah tanah.

  1. Soal 7

    According to the professor, what is an elaiosome?

    • AA protective shell that prevents birds from consuming seeds.
    • BA nutrient-rich structure attached to the outside of a seed.
    • CAn underground chamber where ants store their winter food supply.
    • DA chemical compound that ants secrete to mark their territory.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q6.) [Q7] According to the professor, what is an elaiosome?

    Terjemahan

    (Sama dengan Soal 6.) [Q7] Menurut profesor tersebut, apa yang dimaksud dengan elaiosom?

  1. Soal 8 (pilih semua yang benar)

    According to the professor, what are two benefits that a plant seed receives from being discarded in an ant nest's waste chamber? Choose 2 answers.

    • AProtection from seed-eating predators
    • BIncreased exposure to direct sunlight
    • CA soil environment rich in nutrients
    • DAccess to water from the ants' storage systems
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q6.) [Q8] According to the professor, what are two benefits that a plant seed receives from being discarded in an ant nest's waste chamber? Choose 2 answers.

    Terjemahan

    (Berbagi dengan Q6.) [Q8] Menurut profesor, apa dua manfaat yang didapatkan oleh biji tanaman dengan dibuang di ruang pembuangan sampah di dalam sarang semut? Pilih 2 jawaban.

  1. Soal 9

    Why does the professor mention that the outer coat of the seed is tough and inedible?

    • ATo explain why ants are unable to carry the seed very far.
    • BTo suggest that the seed contains toxic chemicals.
    • CTo support the idea that the seed remains unharmed during the process.
    • DTo contrast it with the soft texture of insect prey.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q6.) [Q9] Why does the professor mention that the outer coat of the seed is tough and inedible?

    Terjemahan

    (Sama dengan Q6.) [Q9] Mengapa profesor menyebutkan bahwa kulit luar biji tersebut keras dan tidak dapat dimakan?

  1. Soal 10

    According to the professor, how do some plants use chemical mimicry to influence ants?

    • ABy neutralising the chemical signals of competing plant species.
    • BBy producing pheromones that make ants aggressive toward predators.
    • CBy masking the scent of the seed to hide it from herbivores.
    • DBy emitting odors that resemble the ants' natural food sources.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q6.) [Q10] According to the professor, how do some plants use chemical mimicry to influence ants?

    Terjemahan

    (Sama dengan Q6.) [Q10] Menurut profesor tersebut, bagaimana beberapa tumbuhan menggunakan mimikri kimia untuk memengaruhi semut?

  1. Soal 11

    Why does the speaker say this:

    • ATo emphasize how effectively plants exploit the natural instincts of ants.
    • BTo express doubt about the efficiency of the seed dispersal process.
    • CTo correct a previous statement about how ants communicate.
    • DTo apologize for using an incorrect scientific term.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q6.) [Replay: "The ant is essentially tricked by its own chemical communication system into transport—uh, transporting the seed."] [Q11] Why does the speaker say this:

    Terjemahan

    (Sama dengan Q6.) [Putar ulang: "Semut itu pada dasarnya dikelabui oleh sistem komunikasi kimianya sendiri untuk mengangk—uh, mengangkut biji tersebut."]

Conversation 2

  1. Soal 12

    Why does the student go to see the registrar office administrator?

    • ATo resolve a discrepancy in his graduation credit requirements.
    • BTo submit a petition to take a summer class at another college.
    • CTo request an official academic transcript from his online portal.
    • DTo obtain the contact information for the sociology department head.
    Lihat transkrip

    NARRATOR: Listen to a conversation between a student and a registrar office administrator. STUDENT: Hi there. Um, my name is Tomas. I'm a senior, and I'm planning to graduate this coming spring. I'm here because I was checking my online degree audit, and, well, it says I'm three credits short of the general education requirement for social sciences. But I was sure I'd completed that. STAFF: Hello, Tomas. Let me pull up your file... Okay, I see your record here. Yes, the system shows you have 117 credits, but you need 120 to graduate, with those three missing from social sciences. Did you take a course that maybe didn't get counted? STUDENT: Right, that's what I think happened. Last summer, I took an introductory sociology course at Westmore Community College. I had the official transcript sent here directly from their registrar back in August, but it's not showing up on my portal. STAFF: Ah, I see. Let me check our pending transfer credit database... Ah, yes, here it is. The transcript from Westmore did arrive, but it looks like there's a hold on it because of a missing Transfer Course Equivalency Form. Did you submit one of those before you took the class? STUDENT: A course equivalency form? I don't think I did. I thought as long as it was an accredited college, the credits would just transfer over automatically. STAFF: Unfortunately, no. To make sure a course at another institution matches our curriculum, our department heads have to review the syllabus and sign off on it. Without that signed form, the credits just sit in our queue. But don't worry, we can get this sorted out. STUDENT: Oh, good. Because the deadline to submit the final Graduation Audit Petition is... well, it's this coming Friday at five, right? I'm a bit stressed about missing it. STAFF: Yes, Friday at five is correct. Here's what you need to do. First, download the Transfer Course Equivalency Form from our website. You'll need to email it to the head of the Sociology department, along with the syllabus of the course you took at Westmore. Once they sign it to confirm it's equivalent to our Intro to Sociology, they'll email it back to you, and you can forward it to us. STUDENT: Okay, that sounds manageable. But what if the department chair doesn't get back to me by Friday? Professors are usually pretty busy. STAFF: Tell you what. Go ahead and submit your Graduation Audit Petition today online. There's a checkbox on the form that says "Pending Transfer Credit." If you check that, it alerts our office that an external transcript is being processed. That way, you won't miss the Friday deadline, even if the department chair takes a few extra days to sign off on the equivalency. STUDENT: Oh, that is such a relief! I'll fill out the petition right now. Thank you so much for your help. STAFF: You're very welcome, Tomas. Just make sure to get that equivalency form to the sociology department as soon as possible so we can finalize everything. [Q12] Why does the student go to see the registrar office administrator?

    Terjemahan

    NARATOR: Dengarkan percakapan antara seorang mahasiswa dan staf administrasi kantor registrasi. MAHASISWA: Halo. Hmm, nama saya Tomas. Saya mahasiswa tingkat akhir, dan saya berencana untuk lulus musim semi mendatang. Saya ke sini karena saat memeriksa evaluasi kelulusan online saya, tertulis bahwa saya kekurangan tiga SKS untuk memenuhi persyaratan mata kuliah umum ilmu sosial. Padahal saya yakin saya sudah menyelesaikannya. STAF: Halo, Tomas. Coba saya buka berkas Anda... Oke, saya melihat data Anda di sini. Ya, sistem menunjukkan Anda memiliki 117 SKS, tetapi Anda butuh 120 SKS untuk lulus, dan tiga SKS yang kurang itu dari ilmu sosial. Apakah Anda mengambil mata kuliah yang mungkin belum terhitung? MAHASISWA: Benar, sepertinya itu yang terjadi. Musim panas lalu, saya mengambil mata kuliah sosiologi pengantar di Westmore Community College. Saya sudah meminta transkrip resmi dikirim langsung ke sini dari kantor registrasi mereka pada bulan Agustus lalu, tetapi belum muncul di portal saya. STAF: Ah, begitu. Biar saya periksa basis data transfer kredit kami yang masih tertunda... Ah, ya, ini dia. Transkrip dari Westmore memang sudah sampai, tetapi tampaknya ditangguhkan karena belum ada Formulir Penyetaraan Mata Kuliah Transfer. Apakah Anda sudah mengumpulkannya sebelum mengambil kelas tersebut? MAHASISWA: Formulir penyetaraan mata kuliah? Sepertinya belum. Saya pikir asalkan kampusnya terakreditasi, SKS-nya akan langsung ditransfer secara otomatis. STAF: Sayangnya tidak begitu. Untuk memastikan mata kuliah di institusi lain sesuai dengan kurikulum kami, kepala departemen kami harus meninjau silabus dan menyetujuinya. Tanpa formulir yang ditandatangani tersebut, SKS Anda hanya akan tertahan di antrean kami. Namun jangan khawatir, kita bisa menyelesaikan masalah ini. MAHASISWA: Oh, syukurlah. Karena tenggat waktu untuk mengumpulkan Pengajuan Evaluasi Kelulusan akhir adalah... kalau tidak salah hari Jumat ini jam lima sore, kan? Saya agak cemas jika terlewat. STAF: Ya, hari Jumat jam lima sore itu benar. Ini yang perlu Anda lakukan. Pertama, unduh Formulir Penyetaraan Mata Kuliah Transfer dari situs web kami. Anda harus mengirimkannya lewat email ke kepala departemen Sosiologi, beserta silabus mata kuliah yang Anda ambil di Westmore. Setelah mereka menandatanganinya untuk mengonfirmasi bahwa mata kuliah tersebut setara dengan Pengantar Sosiologi kami, mereka akan mengirimkannya kembali kepada Anda, dan Anda bisa meneruskannya kepada kami. MAHASISWA: Oke, sepertinya itu bisa dilakukan. Namun bagaimana jika ketua departemen tidak membalas email saya sebelum hari Jumat? Dosen biasanya sangat sibuk. STAF: Begini saja. Silakan ajukan Pengajuan Evaluasi Kelulusan Anda secara online hari ini. Ada kotak centang di formulir yang bertuliskan "Transfer Kredit Tertunda". Jika Anda mencentangnya, sistem akan memberi tahu kantor kami bahwa transkrip eksternal sedang diproses. Dengan begitu, Anda tidak akan melewati tenggat waktu hari Jumat, meskipun ketua departemen membutuhkan waktu beberapa hari lebih lama untuk menyetujui penyetaraan tersebut. MAHASISWA: Oh, itu sangat melegakan! Saya akan mengisi pengajuannya sekarang juga. Terima kasih banyak atas bantuan Anda. STAF: Sama-sama, Tomas. Pastikan saja Anda segera mengirimkan formulir penyetaraan itu ke departemen sosiologi agar kami bisa menyelesaikan semuanya.

  1. Soal 13

    According to the administrator, why were the student's transfer credits not added to his record?

    • AThe community college failed to mail his official transcript.
    • BThe registrar's office has not received a required course approval form.
    • CThe department head rejected the syllabus of the sociology course.
    • DThe student took the course after the administrative deadline.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q12.) [Q13] According to the administrator, why were the student's transfer credits not added to his record?

    Terjemahan

    (Sama dengan Q12.) [Q13] Menurut staf administrasi, mengapa transfer kredit mahasiswa tersebut belum ditambahkan ke dalam catatan akademisnya?

  1. Soal 14

    What can be inferred about the student's attitude regarding contacting the sociology department head?

    • AHe is confident that the professor will remember him from the summer course.
    • BHe is reluctant to share the syllabus from his previous institution.
    • CHe is concerned that the professor might not respond quickly enough.
    • DHe is confused about how to locate the department head's office.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q12.) [Q14] What can be inferred about the student's attitude regarding contacting the sociology department head?

    Terjemahan

    (Berbagi materi dengan Q12.) [Q14] Apa yang dapat disimpulkan mengenai sikap mahasiswa tersebut terkait menghubungi ketua departemen sosiologi?

  1. Soal 15

    Why does the administrator mention the "Pending Transfer Credit" checkbox?

    • ATo point out a common technical error students experience on the portal.
    • BTo explain why transfer credits usually take several weeks to process.
    • CTo justify a late submission fee for graduation applications.
    • DTo suggest a way for the student to meet the upcoming application deadline.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q12.) [Q15] Why does the administrator mention the "Pending Transfer Credit" checkbox?

    Terjemahan

    (Sama dengan Q12.) [Q15] Mengapa staf administrasi menyebutkan kotak centang "Pending Transfer Credit"?

  1. Soal 16

    Why does the administrator say this: "Tell you what."

    • AShe is introducing a practical solution to the student's dilemma.
    • BShe is asking the student to repeat his previous statement.
    • CShe is expressing dissatisfaction with the university's strict deadlines.
    • DShe is requesting that the student choose between two different forms.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q12.) [Replay: "Tell you what."] [Q16] Why does the administrator say this: "Tell you what."

    Terjemahan

    (Sama dengan Q12.) [Putar ulang: "Tell you what."] [Q16] Mengapa staf administrasi tersebut mengatakan hal ini: "Tell you what"?

Lecture 2

  1. Soal 17

    What is the lecture mainly about?

    • AThe biological and physical processes associated with cryoconite holes.
    • BThe historical discovery of micro-ecosystems on polar ice sheets.
    • CMethods used by glaciologists to measure the albedo of glaciers.
    • DThe impact of industrial soot on the survival of tardigrades.
    Lihat transkrip

    NARRATOR: Listen to part of a lecture in an environmental science class. PROFESSOR: When we picture glaciers, we typically imagine pristine, white expanses of ice. But if you actually walk onto a glacier, especially during the summer, you'll find it's often peppered with tiny, water-filled pits. These are called cryoconite holes. And today, we're going to explore how these miniature features play a massive role in both glacial melt rates and global carbon cycles. Let’s start with what creates them. The process begins with 'cryoconite'—a term for the dark, powdery dust that settles on ice surfaces. This dust is a complex mixture of fine mineral soil, industrial soot carried by winds from hundreds of miles away, and organic matter, including microbes. Now, because this dust is dark, it has a very low albedo. Albedo, as you may recall, is the measure of how much solar radiation a surface reflects. While clean ice reflects up to eighty percent of sunlight, cryoconite reflects very little. Consequently, the dust absorbs solar heat, melts the underlying ice, and sinks vertically, forming a cylindrical pocket of water with a layer of dark sediment at the bottom. Now, you might think these holes are scattered uniformly, but they are concentrated in specific regions. They primarily form in the accumulation zone—uh, correction, the ablation zone. That’s the lower portion of the glacier where annual ice loss from melting exceeds the accumulation of new winter snow. In the ablation zone, the winter snow melts away, exposing the older glacier ice beneath and allowing the cryoconite to gather and melt inward. STUDENT: Professor, if the dark dust keeps absorbing heat, what stops it? I mean, why don't these cryoconite holes just melt all the way through the glacier to the bedrock? PROFESSOR: That seems logical, doesn't it? If it's dark, it absorbs heat, so it should just keep boring downward. But actually, a physical constraint prevents this. As a cryoconite hole deepens, the surrounding ice walls begin to shade the sediment at the bottom. At a certain depth, the angle of the sun is such that the bottom of the hole receives very little direct solar radiation. The system reaches what’s known as a thermal equilibrium depth—typically between twenty and fifty centimeters deep—where the heat absorbed by the sediment matches the heat lost to the surrounding cold ice. So, the hole stops deepening. But here’s where it gets truly fascinating. These holes are not just physical features; they are highly active 'biophotoreactors'—a term scientists use to describe self-sustaining, biological systems powered by light. The cyanobacteria in the cryoconite sediment perform photosynthesis, capturing carbon dioxide dissolved in the water and turning it into organic matter. The cyanobacteria actually secrete a sticky substance—extracellular polymeric substances, or EPS—which binds the loose mineral dust and soot together into stable granules. This biological binding prevents the wind from easily blowing the dark material away, keeping it anchored to the ice and driving the melting process over successive years. This organic matter then feeds other microscopic life-forms, like tardigrades and rotifers, which live inside these tiny wells. In fact, researchers have found that these holes can accumulate significant amounts of organic carbon. During the late summer melt-out, when the glacier surface degrades, the water and organic material stored in these holes are released. This nutrient-rich runoff is swept downslope, where it fuels downstream ecosystems, like glacial rivers and coastal fjords. But this also has a feedback effect. As the ice melts, the dark sediment is redistributed across the glacier’s surface, further lowering the overall albedo of the ablation zone, which, in turn, accelerates the melting of the entire glacier. So, these tiny, microscopic habitats actually dictate large-scale physical changes on a regional level. [Q17] What is the lecture mainly about?

    Terjemahan

    NARATOR: Dengarkan bagian dari kuliah di kelas ilmu lingkungan. DOSEN: Saat kita membayangkan gletser, biasanya kita membayangkan hamparan es putih yang bersih dan murni. Namun, jika Anda benar-benar berjalan di atas gletser, terutama selama musim panas, Anda akan mendapati bahwa permukaannya sering kali dipenuhi lubang-lubang kecil berisi air. Ini disebut lubang kriokonit. Dan hari ini, kita akan mempelajari bagaimana fitur-fitur miniatur ini memainkan peran besar baik dalam laju pencairan gletser maupun siklus karbon global. Mari kita mulai dengan apa yang membentuknya. Proses ini dimulai dengan 'kriokonit'—sebuah istilah untuk debu halus berwarna gelap yang mengendap di permukaan es. Debu ini merupakan campuran kompleks dari tanah mineral halus, jelaga industri yang terbawa angin dari jarak ratusan mil, dan bahan organik, termasuk mikroba. Nah, karena debu ini berwarna gelap, ia memiliki albedo yang sangat rendah. Albedo, seperti yang mungkin Anda ingat, adalah ukuran seberapa banyak radiasi matahari yang dipantulkan oleh suatu permukaan. Sementara es yang bersih memantulkan hingga delapan puluh persen cahaya matahari, kriokonit memantulkan sangat sedikit. Akibatnya, debu tersebut menyerap panas matahari, mencairkan es di bawahnya, dan tenggelam secara vertikal, membentuk kantong air silinder dengan lapisan sedimen gelap di dasarnya. Sekarang, Anda mungkin berpikir lubang-lubang ini tersebar secara merata, tetapi sebenarnya mereka terkonsentrasi di wilayah tertentu. Lubang-lubang ini terutama terbentuk di zona akumulasi—eh, ralat, zona ablasi. Yaitu bagian bawah gletser di mana kehilangan es tahunan akibat pencairan melebihi akumulasi salju musim dingin yang baru. Di zona ablasi, salju musim dingin mencair, menyingkap es gletser yang lebih tua di bawahnya dan memungkinkan kriokonit berkumpul serta mencair ke dalam. MAHASISWA: Profesor, jika debu gelap itu terus menyerap panas, apa yang menghentikannya? Maksud saya, mengapa lubang kriokonit ini tidak mencair terus menembus gletser hingga ke batuan dasar? DOSEN: Kedengarannya logis, bukan? Jika berwarna gelap, ia menyerap panas, jadi seharusnya ia terus melubangi ke bawah. Namun sebenarnya, ada batasan fisik yang mencegah hal ini. Seiring bertambah dalamnya lubang kriokonit, dinding es di sekitarnya mulai menghalangi cahaya matahari ke sedimen di dasarnya. Pada kedalaman tertentu, sudut matahari sedemikian rupa sehingga dasar lubang menerima sangat sedikit radiasi matahari langsung. Sistem ini mencapai apa yang dikenal sebagai kedalaman keseimbangan termal—biasanya antara dua puluh hingga lima puluh sentimeter—di mana panas yang diserap oleh sedimen sebanding dengan panas yang hilang ke es dingin di sekitarnya. Jadi, lubang tersebut berhenti bertambah dalam. Namun, di sinilah bagian yang benar-benar menarik. Lubang-lubang ini bukan sekadar fitur fisik; mereka adalah 'biofotoreaktor' yang sangat aktif—istilah yang digunakan para ilmuwan untuk menggambarkan sistem biologi mandiri yang ditenagai oleh cahaya. Sianobakteri dalam sedimen kriokonit melakukan fotosintesis, menangkap karbon dioksida yang larut dalam air dan mengubahnya menjadi bahan organik. Sianobakteri sebenarnya mengeluarkan zat lengket—zat polimer ekstraseluler, atau EPS—yang mengikat debu mineral longgar dan jelaga menjadi granula yang stabil. Pengikatan biologis ini mencegah angin menerbangkan material gelap tersebut dengan mudah, menjaganya tetap tertambat pada es dan memicu proses pencairan selama bertahun-tahun berturut-turut. Bahan organik ini kemudian memberi makan bentuk kehidupan mikroskopis lainnya, seperti tardigrada dan rotifer, yang hidup di dalam sumur kecil ini. Faktanya, para peneliti menemukan bahwa lubang-lubang ini dapat menimbun sejumlah besar karbon organik. Selama pencairan di akhir musim panas, saat permukaan gletser terkikis, air dan bahan organik yang tersimpan di dalam lubang-lubang ini akan terlepas. Limpasan kaya nutrisi ini tersapu ke lereng bawah, di mana ia menyokong ekosistem hilir, seperti sungai gletser dan fjord pesisir. Namun, ini juga memiliki efek umpan balik. Saat es mencair, sedimen gelap didistribusikan kembali ke seluruh permukaan gletser, yang semakin menurunkan albedo keseluruhan dari zona ablasi, yang pada gilirannya mempercepat pencairan seluruh gletser. Jadi, habitat mikroskopis kecil ini sebenarnya mendikte perubahan fisik skala besar di tingkat regional.

  1. Soal 18

    According to the professor, what is the role of the sticky substance secreted by cyanobacteria?

    • AIt isolates the microbes from toxic industrial soot in the cryoconite.
    • BIt prevents wind from dispersing the dark sediment off the glacier.
    • CIt accelerates the rate at which the holes reach thermal equilibrium depth.
    • DIt filters solar radiation to protect deep-dwelling organisms.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q17.) [Q18] According to the professor, what is the role of the sticky substance secreted by cyanobacteria?

    Terjemahan

    (Sama dengan Q17.) [Q18] Menurut profesor tersebut, apa peran dari zat lengket yang disekresikan oleh sianobakteri?

  1. Soal 19

    Why does the professor mention the "ablation zone" of a glacier?

    • ATo correct a common misconception about where glaciers accumulate the most snow.
    • BTo explain why industrial soot is rarely found on high-altitude ice.
    • CTo specify the geographical area where cryoconite holes are primarily concentrated.
    • DTo contrast the temperature of surface meltwater with that of deeper glacial layers.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q17.) [Q19] Why does the professor mention the "ablation zone" of a glacier?

    Terjemahan

    (Berbagi dengan Q17.) [Q19] Mengapa profesor menyebutkan "zona ablasi" pada gletser?

  1. Soal 20

    Based on the lecture, how does the depth of a cryoconite hole regulate its own growth?

    • AAs the hole deepens, the pressure of the water column prevents further ice melting.
    • BThe accumulation of organic carbon at the bottom creates an insulating barrier.
    • CThe rising temperature of the surrounding ice accelerates lateral melting instead of vertical sinking.
    • DAs the hole gets deeper, shading from the walls reduces solar heating at the bottom.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q17.) [Q20] Based on the lecture, how does the depth of a cryoconite hole regulate its own growth?

    Terjemahan

    (Sama dengan Q17.) [Q20] Berdasarkan kuliah tersebut, bagaimana kedalaman lubang kriokonit mengatur pertumbuhannya sendiri?

  1. Soal 21

    What can be inferred about the downstream ecosystems that receive runoff from glaciers in late summer?

    • AThey benefit from nutrients produced biologically within the cryoconite holes.
    • BThey are negatively impacted by the sudden increase in glacial albedo.
    • CThey are sterile environments until they merge with warmer ocean water.
    • DThey experience a decline in biological activity due to the influx of industrial soot.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q17.) [Q21] What can be inferred about the downstream ecosystems that receive runoff from glaciers in late summer?

    Terjemahan

    (Berbagi audio dengan Q17.) [Q21] Apa yang dapat disimpulkan tentang ekosistem hilir yang menerima limpasan air dari gletser pada akhir musim panas?

  1. Soal 22

    Why does the speaker say this:

    • ATo point out an obvious flaw in the student's understanding of thermal physics.
    • BTo validate the student's reasoning before introducing a counterintuitive physical limit.
    • CTo express surprise that the student anticipated the next topic of the lecture.
    • DTo challenge the class to find a solution to a glaciological paradox.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q17.) [Replay: "That seems logical, doesn't it? If it's dark, it absorbs heat, so it should just keep boring downward."] [Q22] Why does the speaker say this:

    Terjemahan

    Itu terdengar logis, bukan? Jika warnanya gelap, ia menyerap panas, jadi seharusnya ia terus melubangi ke bawah.

Lecture 3

  1. Soal 23

    What is the lecture mainly about?

    • AHow children utilize grammatical structure to deduce the meanings of verbs.
    • BExperimental evidence showing how physical actions help children learn complex nouns.
    • CA comparison of two theories explaining how children identify grammatical subjects.
    • DThe historical debate over whether language acquisition is innate or learned.
    Lihat transkrip

    NARRATOR: Listen to part of a lecture in a linguistics class. PROFESSOR: Good morning, everyone. Today, we're diving into developmental psycholinguistics, specifically how infants acquire the meanings of verbs. Now, nouns are relatively straightforward. A parent points to a cup and says, 'cup.' The child associates the sound with the physical object. But verbs—verbs are trickier. How does a toddler figure out what words like 'think,' 'give,' or 'push' actually mean when the physical world is full of simultaneous, confusing actions? For decades, the dominant view was what we call semantic bootstrapping. Semantic bootstrapping is the theory that children use their innate knowledge of semantic categories—like identifying who is performing an action, the 'agent,' and who is receiving it, the 'patient'—to map out the basic grammatical structure of their native language. So, they see a dog chasing a cat, recognize the dog as the cause or agent, and assume that 'dog' must be the subject of the sentence. But this theory has a, uh, a major blind spot. It doesn't fully explain how children learn verbs that aren't easily paired with obvious, observable physical actions, or how they distinguish between two actions happening at the exact same time. PROFESSOR: This is where syntactic bootstrapping comes in. Syntactic bootstrapping is a cognitive mechanism where children use the grammatical structure of a sentence—its syntax—to deduce the meaning of an unfamiliar verb. Instead of relying solely on what they see, they use the sentence's form as a linguistic clue. Let me give you a classic experiment that illustrates this beautifully, conducted by Letitia Naigles in 1990. Naigles took two-year-old toddlers and showed them a television screen split in two. On one side of the screen, a duck was actively pushing a bunny down into a squatting position. On the other side, both the duck and the bunny were simply waving their arms in circles, doing the same motion side by side. Now, while the toddlers watched this, they heard a voiceover. One group of children heard: 'The duck is gorping the bunny.' This is a transitive sentence structure—meaning it has a subject acting directly on an object. The other group heard: 'The duck and the bunny are gorping.' This is an intransitive structure, where there is no direct object, just two subjects performing an action together. By the way, 'gorping' is a nonsense verb, completely made up, to ensure the children had no prior knowledge of its meaning. STUDENT: Wait, so how did the researchers know what the kids actually thought 'gorping' meant? They can't exactly explain their reasoning at two years old. PROFESSOR: Excellent question, Tariq. The researchers used a preferential looking paradigm. This is a technique based on the fact that children will look longer at a visual display that matches what they are hearing. When the voiceover said, 'Find gorping!', the children who had heard 'The duck is gorping the bunny' spent significantly more time staring at the side of the screen where the duck was forcing the bunny to squat. They deduced that 'gorping' must mean the causative, transitive action—the pushing. Conversely, the children who had heard 'The duck and the bunny are gorping' looked longer at the side where both characters were waving their arms. They inferred that 'gorping' referred to the coordinated, intransitive motion. What this proves is that the toddlers didn't just look at the physical scene and guess. They used the syntactic frame—the presence or absence of a direct object—to narrow down and choose the correct meaning of the novel verb. They boot-strapped, or pulled themselves up, into the verb's meaning using their existing grasp of syntax. Of course, this doesn't mean semantic bootstrapping is useless. In fact, most modern linguists agree that children likely employ both strategies in tandem, depending on the stage of development and the complexity of the vocabulary they are encountering. [Q23] What is the lecture mainly about?

    Terjemahan

    NARATOR: Dengarkan bagian dari kuliah di kelas linguistik. DOSEN: Selamat pagi, semuanya. Hari ini, kita akan mendalami psikolinguistik perkembangan, khususnya bagaimana bayi memperoleh makna kata kerja. Nah, kata benda relatif mudah dipahami. Orang tua menunjuk ke sebuah cangkir dan berkata, 'cangkir'. Anak tersebut mengasosiasikan suara tersebut dengan objek fisiknya. Namun kata kerja—kata kerja lebih rumit. Bagaimana seorang balita memahami arti kata-kata seperti 'berpikir', 'memberi', atau 'mendorong' ketika dunia fisik penuh dengan tindakan yang terjadi secara bersamaan dan membingungkan? Selama beberapa dekade, pandangan yang dominan adalah apa yang kita sebut semantic bootstrapping. Semantic bootstrapping adalah teori bahwa anak-anak menggunakan pengetahuan bawaan mereka tentang kategori semantik—seperti mengidentifikasi siapa yang melakukan tindakan, yaitu 'agen', dan siapa yang menerimanya, yaitu 'penderita'—untuk memetakan struktur tata bahasa dasar dari bahasa ibu mereka. Jadi, mereka melihat seekor anjing mengejar seekor kucing, mengenali anjing tersebut sebagai penyebab atau agen, dan berasumsi bahwa 'anjing' pasti merupakan subjek dari kalimat tersebut. Namun teori ini memiliki, eh, kelemahan besar. Teori ini tidak sepenuhnya menjelaskan bagaimana anak-anak mempelajari kata kerja yang tidak mudah dipasangkan dengan tindakan fisik yang nyata dan dapat diamati, atau bagaimana mereka membedakan antara dua tindakan yang terjadi pada waktu yang bersamaan. DOSEN: Di sinilah syntactic bootstrapping berperan. Syntactic bootstrapping adalah mekanisme kognitif di mana anak-anak menggunakan struktur tata bahasa dari suatu kalimat—yaitu sintaksisnya—untuk menyimpulkan makna dari kata kerja yang asing. Alih-alih hanya mengandalkan apa yang mereka lihat, mereka menggunakan bentuk kalimat tersebut sebagai petunjuk linguistik. Izinkan saya memberikan contoh eksperimen klasik yang menggambarkan hal ini dengan sangat baik, yang dilakukan oleh Letitia Naigles pada tahun 1990. Naigles mengamati balita berusia dua tahun dan menunjukkan kepada mereka layar televisi yang dibagi menjadi dua bagian. Di satu sisi layar, seekor bebek tampak aktif mendorong seekor kelinci hingga posisi berjongkok. Di sisi lain, bebek dan kelinci tersebut hanya melambaikan tangan mereka secara memutar, melakukan gerakan yang sama secara berdampingan. Nah, saat balita menonton ini, mereka mendengar suara narator. Satu kelompok anak mendengar: 'The duck is gorping the bunny.' Ini adalah struktur kalimat transitif—artinya memiliki subjek yang bertindak langsung pada suatu objek. Kelompok lainnya mendengar: 'The duck and the bunny are gorping.' Ini adalah struktur intransitif, di mana tidak ada objek langsung, melainkan hanya dua subjek yang melakukan tindakan bersama-sama. Omong-omong, 'gorping' adalah kata kerja tanpa arti yang dibuat-buat, untuk memastikan anak-anak tidak memiliki pengetahuan sebelumnya tentang maknanya. MAHASISWA: Tunggu, lalu bagaimana para peneliti tahu apa yang sebenarnya dipikirkan anak-anak tentang arti 'gorping'? Mereka tentu belum bisa menjelaskan alasan mereka di usia dua tahun. DOSEN: Pertanyaan yang bagus, Tariq. Para peneliti menggunakan preferential looking paradigm. Ini adalah teknik yang didasarkan pada fakta bahwa anak-anak akan menatap lebih lama pada tampilan visual yang cocok dengan apa yang mereka dengar. Ketika suara narator berkata, 'Find gorping!', anak-anak yang telah mendengar 'The duck is gorping the bunny' menghabiskan waktu yang jauh lebih lama untuk menatap sisi layar tempat bebek memaksa kelinci berjongkok. Mereka menyimpulkan bahwa 'gorping' pasti berarti tindakan kausatif dan transitif—yaitu mendorong. Sebaliknya, anak-anak yang mendengar 'The duck and the bunny are gorping' melihat lebih lama pada sisi di mana kedua karakter tersebut sedang melambaikan tangan mereka. Mereka menyimpulkan bahwa 'gorping' merujuk pada gerakan intransitif yang terkoordinasi. Hal ini membuktikan bahwa balita tidak hanya melihat pemandangan fisik lalu menebak-nebak. Mereka menggunakan kerangka sintaksis—ada atau tidaknya objek langsung—untuk mempersempit dan memilih makna yang tepat dari kata kerja baru tersebut. Mereka melakukan bootstrapping, atau mengangkat pemahaman mereka sendiri, ke dalam makna kata kerja tersebut dengan menggunakan pemahaman sintaksis yang sudah mereka miliki. Tentu saja, ini tidak berarti semantic bootstrapping tidak berguna. Bahkan, sebagian besar ahli linguistik modern setuju bahwa anak-anak kemungkinan menggunakan kedua strategi tersebut secara bersamaan, tergantung pada tahap perkembangan dan kompleksitas kosakata yang mereka hadapi.

  1. Soal 24

    According to the professor, what is a limitation of semantic bootstrapping?

    • AIt overestimates a child's ability to distinguish between subjects and objects in a sentence.
    • BIt fails to account for how children learn verbs that do not have obvious physical representations.
    • CIt assumes that children have no innate knowledge of semantic roles like "agent" and "patient."
    • DIt requires children to have prior exposure to nonsense verbs before they can map sentence structures.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q23.) [Q24] According to the professor, what is a limitation of semantic bootstrapping?

    Terjemahan

    (Sama dengan Q23.) [Q24] Menurut profesor, apa yang menjadi keterbatasan dari bootstrapping semantik?

  1. Soal 25 (pilih semua yang benar)

    In the experiment described by the professor, what did the children see on the split screen? Choose 2 answers.

    • AOne character forcing another character to perform an action.
    • BA character pointing to and naming a physical object.
    • CTwo characters independently performing the same movement.
    • DA character performing an action while saying a nonsense word.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q23.) [Q25] In the experiment described by the professor, what did the children see on the split screen? Choose 2 answers.

    Terjemahan

    (Sama dengan Q23.) [Q25] Dalam eksperimen yang dijelaskan oleh profesor tersebut, apa yang dilihat oleh anak-anak di layar terpisah? Pilih 2 jawaban.

  1. Soal 26

    Why does the professor mention the preferential looking paradigm?

    • ATo argue that visual stimuli are more effective than auditory stimuli in language experiments.
    • BTo point out a flaw in Letitia Naigles's original experimental design.
    • CTo explain how researchers determined which visual scene the toddlers associated with the novel verb.
    • DTo describe how toddlers naturally learn to distinguish between transitive and intransitive verbs at home.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q23.) [Q26] Why does the professor mention the preferential looking paradigm?

    Terjemahan

    (Sama dengan Q23.) [Q26] Mengapa profesor menyebutkan preferential looking paradigm?

  1. Soal 27

    What does the professor imply about the relationship between semantic bootstrapping and syntactic bootstrapping?

    • ASyntactic bootstrapping has entirely replaced semantic bootstrapping as the accepted model of language acquisition.
    • BSemantic bootstrapping is only useful for learning nouns, while syntactic bootstrapping is used exclusively for verbs.
    • CChildren must fully master semantic bootstrapping before they can begin using syntactic bootstrapping.
    • DThey are complementary processes that children likely use together rather than mutually exclusive theories.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q23.) [Q27] What does the professor imply about the relationship between semantic bootstrapping and syntactic bootstrapping?

    Terjemahan

    (Sama dengan Q23.) [Q27] Apa yang diimplikasikan oleh profesor mengenai hubungan antara semantic bootstrapping dan syntactic bootstrapping?

  1. Soal 28

    Why does the speaker say this:

    • ATo clarify why a specific control measure was necessary in the experiment.
    • BTo apologize for using informal language during an academic presentation.
    • CTo suggest that the toddlers were confused by the researchers' choice of words.
    • DTo highlight the difficulty of teaching abstract verbs to very young children.
    Lihat transkrip

    (Shared with Q23.) [Replay: "By the way, 'gorping' is a nonsense verb, completely made up, to ensure the children had no prior knowledge of its meaning."] [Q28] Why does the speaker say this:

    Terjemahan

    Omong-omong, 'gorping' adalah kata kerja tanpa makna, yang sepenuhnya dibuat-buat, untuk memastikan anak-anak tidak memiliki pengetahuan sebelumnya tentang maknanya.

Soal serupa lainnya