Nelson Mandela: Freedom and ForgivenessNelson Mandela: Kebebasan dan Pengampunan
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EN: The phrase 'While in prison' is a reduced adverbial clause. The subject and the verb 'to be' (While he was in prison) are omitted because the subject is the same as the main clause.
Bahasa Indonesia: 'While in prison' adalah klausa adverbia yang diredusir. Ketika subjek klausa bawahan sama dengan subjek klausa utama, dan kata kerjanya adalah kata kerja 'be' (While he was in prison), subjek dan kata kerja 'be' dapat dihilangkan.
While in London, she visited many museums.
Selama di London, dia mengunjungi banyak museum.
EN: The verb 'continue' can be followed by an infinitive (to study) or a gerund (studying) with little to no change in meaning, indicating an action that persists.
Bahasa Indonesia: Kata kerja 'continue' dapat diikuti oleh infinitif (to study) atau gerund (studying), keduanya memiliki arti yang hampir sama, digunakan untuk menunjukkan kelanjutan suatu tindakan.
They continued to work despite the heavy rain.
Meskipun hujan deras, mereka tetap melanjutkan pekerjaan.
EN: 'Study by correspondence' refers to distance learning via mail, which was the primary way for prisoners to receive higher education before the internet era. Mandela's pursuit of a law degree while imprisoned was a significant act of intellectual resistance.
EN: The verb 'refuse' is followed by a 'to-infinitive' (to + base verb) to indicate what action the subject declines to do.
Bahasa Indonesia: Kata kerja 'refuse' (menolak) diikuti oleh 'to-infinitif' (to + kata kerja dasar) untuk menunjukkan tindakan yang ditolak untuk dilakukan oleh subjek.
She refused to accept the bribe.
Dia menolak menerima suap.
EN: The conjunction 'even though' introduces a concession clause, used to express a fact that makes the main statement surprising or unexpected.
Bahasa Indonesia: Konjungsi 'even though' (meskipun) memperkenalkan klausa konsesi, digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu fakta yang membuat pernyataan dalam klausa utama menjadi mengejutkan atau tidak terduga.
Even though it was raining, they went for a hike.
Meskipun hujan, mereka tetap pergi mendaki.
EN: This sentence highlights Nelson Mandela's philosophy of non-violence and forgiveness. In the context of South Africa's Apartheid, 'the system' refers to the institutionalized racial segregation and discrimination enforced by the government from 1948 to 1994.
EN: The verb 'grow' followed by an infinitive (to + verb) means to gradually begin to do something or to develop a feeling over time.
Bahasa Indonesia: Kata kerja 'grow' yang diikuti oleh infinitif (to + kata kerja) berarti 'secara bertahap mulai melakukan sesuatu' atau mengembangkan perasaan seiring berjalannya waktu.
I grew to like the quiet life in the countryside.
Saya semakin menyukai kehidupan pedesaan yang tenang.
EN: The preposition 'for' is used here to indicate the reason or cause for the respect being given.
Bahasa Indonesia: Preposisi 'for' digunakan di sini untuk menunjukkan alasan atau penyebab rasa hormat yang diberikan.
The teacher is admired for her patience.
Guru ini dikagumi karena kesabarannya.
EN: This sentence reflects Nelson Mandela's extraordinary character. In the context of South African Apartheid, the relationship between white guards and black prisoners was typically one of extreme hostility. Mandela's ability to win the respect of his oppressors through moral consistency is a central theme of his legacy.
EN: The sentence uses a Noun Clause starting with 'that' as the direct object of the verb 'realized'. This clause functions as a noun to express the content of his realization.
Bahasa Indonesia: Kalimat ini menggunakan klausa nomina yang diawali dengan 'that' sebagai objek langsung dari kata kerja 'realized'. Klausa ini berfungsi seperti nomina, digunakan untuk menyampaikan isi spesifik yang dia sadari.
She realized that hard work was the key to success.
Dia menyadari bahwa kerja keras adalah kunci kesuksesan.
EN: The modal verb 'would' is used here to express a future-in-the-past perspective, showing what Mandela predicted or understood about the consequences of bitterness from his viewpoint at that time.
Bahasa Indonesia: Kata kerja modal 'would' digunakan di sini untuk menyatakan 'perspektif masa depan di masa lalu', menunjukkan prediksi atau pemahaman Mandela dari sudut pandangnya saat itu tentang konsekuensi dari kebencian.
He knew that the rain would stop eventually.
Dia tahu bahwa hujan pada akhirnya akan berhenti.
EN: In this context, 'cause' refers to a principle or movement that someone is prepared to support or fight for, specifically the anti-apartheid movement in South Africa. Mandela's realization highlights the philosophy of Ubuntu and reconciliation that defined his leadership.
EN: Passive Voice (be + past participle): Used when the subject receives the action rather than performing it. In this case, Mandela did not release himself; he was released by the authorities.
Bahasa Indonesia: Kalimat Pasif (be + past participle): Digunakan ketika subjek menerima tindakan, bukan pelaku tindakan. Dalam kalimat ini, Mandela tidak membebaskan dirinya sendiri, melainkan dibebaskan oleh pihak berwenang.
The new library was opened by the mayor last week.
Perpustakaan baru diresmikan oleh wali kota minggu lalu.
EN: Prepositions of Time and Place: 'On' is used for specific dates (February 11), while 'from' indicates the point of origin or separation.
Bahasa Indonesia: Preposisi Waktu dan Tempat: 'On' digunakan untuk tanggal tertentu (11 Februari), sedangkan 'from' menunjukkan asal atau titik awal pemisahan.
The flight from London arrived on July 4th.
Penerbangan dari London tiba pada tanggal 4 Juli.
EN: The release of Nelson Mandela after 27 years in prison marked a pivotal moment in the end of apartheid in South Africa. February 11, 1990, is remembered globally as a symbol of the triumph of the human spirit and the beginning of a new democratic era.
EN: The conjunction 'as' is used here to indicate that two actions are happening simultaneously. It functions similarly to 'while' or 'at the same time that'.
Bahasa Indonesia: Konjungsi 'as' di sini digunakan untuk menunjukkan bahwa dua tindakan terjadi secara bersamaan. Fungsinya mirip dengan 'while' atau 'at the same time that' (ketika...).
She waved to her parents as the train pulled out of the station.
Dia melambaikan tangan kepada orang tuanya ketika kereta meninggalkan stasiun.
EN: The phrase 'millions of' is used to describe a large, indefinite number. Note that 'million' is pluralized (millions) when followed by 'of' and a noun.
Bahasa Indonesia: Frasa 'millions of' digunakan untuk menggambarkan jumlah yang besar dan tidak pasti. Perhatikan bahwa ketika diikuti oleh 'of' dan kata benda, 'million' harus menggunakan bentuk jamak (millions).
Millions of stars were visible in the clear night sky.
Jutaan bintang dapat terlihat di langit malam yang cerah.
EN: Nelson Mandela's release from Victor Verster Prison in 1990 was a pivotal global event, symbolizing the beginning of the end of Apartheid in South Africa. The phrase 'walked to freedom' refers to his famous autobiography title, 'Long Walk to Freedom'.
EN: The coordinating conjunction 'but' is used to connect two independent clauses, showing a contrast between the subject's physical age and his mental strength.
Bahasa Indonesia: Konjungsi koordinatif 'but' digunakan untuk menghubungkan dua klausa independen, menunjukkan kontras antara usia biologis subjek dan ketahanan mentalnya.
The task was difficult, but she completed it on time.
Tugas ini sulit, tetapi dia menyelesaikannya tepat waktu.
EN: The linking verb 'remain' is followed by adjectives (strong and unbroken) to describe the state or quality of the subject (his spirit) that continues to exist.
Bahasa Indonesia: Kata kerja penghubung 'remain' diikuti oleh kata sifat (strong dan unbroken) untuk menggambarkan keadaan atau kualitas yang terus berlanjut dari subjek (semangatnya).
Despite the noise, the baby remained asleep.
Meskipun ada kebisingan, bayi itu tetap tertidur.
EN: Nelson Mandela's resilience after 27 years in prison is a cornerstone of modern South African history. The term 'unbroken' specifically refers to his refusal to compromise his ideals despite decades of confinement.
EN: The phrase 'instead of' is a prepositional phrase meaning 'in place of' or 'rather than'. When followed by a verb, the verb must be in the gerund form (-ing) because it follows a preposition.
Bahasa Indonesia: Frasa 'instead of' adalah frasa preposisional yang berarti 'sebagai ganti' atau 'daripada'. Ketika diikuti oleh kata kerja, kata kerja tersebut harus menggunakan bentuk gerund (-ing), karena berada setelah preposisi.
Instead of staying home, we went to the park.
Kami pergi ke taman, bukannya tinggal di rumah.
EN: The phrasal verb 'call for' means to publicly ask for or demand something that is needed or wanted, often used in political or social contexts.
Bahasa Indonesia: Frasa kerja 'call for' berarti secara terbuka meminta atau menuntut sesuatu yang perlu atau diinginkan, sering digunakan dalam konteks politik atau sosial.
The protesters are calling for a change in the law.
Para pengunjuk rasa menuntut perubahan undang-undang.
EN: This sentence refers to Nelson Mandela's pivotal role in ending Apartheid in South Africa. Instead of seeking retribution against the white minority government that imprisoned him for 27 years, he promoted the 'Truth and Reconciliation Commission' to heal the nation's wounds through forgiveness.
EN: The relative adverb 'where' is used to introduce a relative clause that provides more information about a place or a specific situation (in this case, the 'election'). It functions as 'in which'.
Bahasa Indonesia: Adverbia relatif 'where' digunakan untuk memperkenalkan klausa relatif yang memberikan informasi lebih lanjut tentang tempat atau situasi tertentu (dalam kalimat ini, 'pemilihan'). Fungsinya setara dengan 'in which'.
This is the school where I studied ten years ago.
Inilah sekolah tempat saya bersekolah sepuluh tahun yang lalu.
EN: The Past Simple tense ('held') is used to describe a completed action that took place at a specific time in the past ('In 1994').
Bahasa Indonesia: Simple Past Tense ('held') digunakan untuk menggambarkan tindakan yang telah selesai yang terjadi pada waktu tertentu di masa lalu ('In 1994').
The company held a meeting yesterday to discuss the new project.
Perusahaan mengadakan rapat kemarin untuk membahas rencana baru.
EN: The 1994 election was a landmark event in world history, marking the end of apartheid in South Africa. It was the first time the black majority could exercise their right to vote, leading to Nelson Mandela becoming the country's first black president.
EN: The sentence uses the 'Compound Predicate' structure, where a single subject (Nelson Mandela) performs two actions connected by the conjunction 'and'. Both verbs ('won' and 'became') must be in the same tense (Past Simple) to maintain parallel structure.
Bahasa Indonesia: Kalimat ini menggunakan struktur 'Predikat Majemuk', di mana satu subjek tunggal (Nelson Mandela) melakukan dua tindakan yang dihubungkan oleh konjungsi 'and'. Untuk menjaga struktur yang paralel, kedua kata kerja (won dan became) harus menggunakan bentuk waktu yang sama (Simple Past Tense).
She finished her homework and went to the park.
Dia menyelesaikan pekerjaan rumahnya dan pergi ke taman.
EN: The prepositional phrase 'by a landslide' functions as an adverbial of manner, describing how the victory was achieved. In political contexts, it specifically refers to winning by a very large margin.
Bahasa Indonesia: Frasa preposisional 'by a landslide' berfungsi sebagai adverbia cara, menggambarkan bagaimana kemenangan itu diraih. Dalam konteks politik, frasa ini secara khusus merujuk pada kemenangan dengan selisih suara yang sangat besar (kemenangan telak).
The mayor was re-elected by a landslide.
Wali kota terpilih kembali dengan kemenangan telak.
EN: The 1994 election was a landmark event in world history as it marked the end of apartheid in South Africa. A 'landslide' victory for Mandela's party (the ANC) was significant because it demonstrated the overwhelming support for a new, inclusive government after decades of racial segregation.
EN: The verb 'invite' follows the pattern 'invite someone to do something' (Infinitive Phrase). This structure indicates the action the object is being asked to perform.
Bahasa Indonesia: Kata kerja 'invite' mengikuti pola 'invite someone to do something' (frasa infinitif). Struktur ini digunakan untuk menunjukkan tindakan yang diminta dilakukan oleh orang yang diundang.
She invited her neighbors to join the party.
Dia mengundang tetangga-tetangganya ke pesta.
EN: The use of 'on' as a preposition of time for specific days or dates (e.g., 'on inauguration day').
Bahasa Indonesia: Penggunaan 'on' sebagai preposisi waktu untuk hari atau tanggal tertentu (misalnya, 'pada hari pelantikan').
We usually exchange gifts on Christmas Day.
Kami biasanya bertukar hadiah pada hari Natal.
EN: The 'front row' at an inauguration is typically reserved for high-ranking officials, foreign dignitaries, and family members. By inviting his former jailers to sit there, Mandela made a powerful global statement about reconciliation and the end of the Apartheid era's animosity.
EN: The noun 'commitment' is frequently followed by the preposition 'to' to indicate the target or goal of the dedication. Note that 'to' here is a preposition, so it is followed by a noun or a gerund (V-ing).
Bahasa Indonesia: Kata benda 'commitment' (komitmen/pengabdian) sering diikuti oleh preposisi 'to' untuk menunjukkan pengabdian pada suatu tujuan atau objek. Perhatikan bahwa 'to' di sini adalah preposisi, oleh karena itu harus diikuti oleh kata benda atau gerund (V-ing).
The company has a strong commitment to environmental protection.
Perusahaan ini memiliki komitmen yang kuat terhadap perlindungan lingkungan.
EN: The Past Simple tense is used here ('symbolized') to describe a completed action or state in the past within a historical narrative.
Bahasa Indonesia: Di sini, Simple Past Tense digunakan (symbolized) untuk menggambarkan tindakan yang telah selesai di masa lalu atau keadaan yang ada saat itu dalam narasi sejarah.
The white dove symbolized peace after the long war.
Setelah perang yang panjang, merpati putih melambangkan perdamaian.
EN: This sentence refers to Nelson Mandela's efforts to heal South Africa after the end of Apartheid. Instead of seeking retribution against those who imprisoned him, he focused on 'reconciliation,' a key concept in South African history that led to the formation of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission.
EN: Present Participle Phrase (V-ing): Used here as a reduced relative clause or a supplementary action, describing the manner or result of the main action. 'Choosing' explains how Mandela acted while creating the commission.
Bahasa Indonesia: Frasa Partisip Sekarang (V-ing): Digunakan di sini sebagai klausa yang diredusir atau keterangan tambahan, menggambarkan cara atau hasil dari tindakan dalam klausa utama. 'Choosing' menjelaskan sikap atau cara Mandela saat membentuk komisi.
She walked out of the room, slamming the door behind her.
Dia keluar dari kamar dan membanting pintu.
EN: Prepositional Phrase 'A over B': This structure is used to indicate a preference or choice of one thing (A) instead of another (B).
Bahasa Indonesia: Frasa Preposisional 'A over B': Struktur ini digunakan untuk menunjukkan preferensi atau pilihan terhadap sesuatu (A) daripada yang lain (B).
Many people prefer tea over coffee in the morning.
Banyak orang lebih suka minum teh daripada kopi di pagi hari.
EN: The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) was a court-like restorative justice body assembled in South Africa after the end of apartheid. It was a crucial part of the transition to democracy, focusing on uncovering the truth about human rights violations rather than seeking simple retribution.
EN: The Present Participle Phrase (V-ing) is used here as a resultative clause, indicating an action that happens as a direct consequence of the main verb.
Bahasa Indonesia: Frasa Partisip Sekarang (V-ing) digunakan di sini sebagai klausa hasil, menunjukkan hasil atau dampak langsung dari tindakan dalam klausa utama.
The storm destroyed the bridge, making it impossible to cross the river.
Badai menghancurkan jembatan, membuat penyeberangan sungai menjadi mustahil.
EN: The phrasal verb 'step down' means to resign or leave an important position, often used in political or corporate contexts.
Bahasa Indonesia: Frasa kerja 'step down' berarti mengundurkan diri atau melepaskan posisi penting, sering digunakan dalam konteks politik atau bisnis.
The CEO decided to step down after ten years of service.
CEO memutuskan untuk mengundurkan diri setelah sepuluh tahun menjabat.
EN: In many developing democracies, leaders often try to extend their power beyond constitutional limits. Mandela's decision to serve only one term (1994-1999) was a powerful symbolic act that prioritized democratic stability over personal power, setting a rare precedent in African politics.
EN: The sentence uses a 'Noun Clause' as the direct object of the verb 'showed'. The word 'that' introduces a complete sentence (27 years... spirit) which functions as a single noun to tell us what was shown.
Bahasa Indonesia: Kalimat ini menggunakan 'Klausa Nomina' sebagai objek langsung dari kata kerja showed. Konjungsi that memperkenalkan kalimat lengkap (27 years... spirit), yang secara fungsional setara dengan nomina, untuk menjelaskan apa yang ditunjukkan.
The teacher showed the students that hard work pays off.
Guru menunjukkan kepada para siswa bahwa kerja keras akan membuahkan hasil.
EN: The modal verb 'cannot' (can + not) is used to express impossibility or a lack of ability. In this context, it emphasizes the resilience of the human spirit against external force.
Bahasa Indonesia: Kata kerja modal 'cannot' (can + not) digunakan untuk menyatakan ketidakmungkinan atau kurangnya kemampuan. Dalam konteks ini, kata ini menekankan ketahanan semangat manusia dalam menghadapi kekuatan eksternal.
Fear cannot stop us from pursuing our dreams.
Ketakutan tidak dapat menghentikan kita untuk mengejar impian.
EN: Nelson Mandela's 27-year imprisonment is a central symbol of the struggle against Apartheid in South Africa. His ability to emerge without bitterness and lead the nation toward reconciliation is considered one of the greatest moral achievements of the 20th century.
EN: The sentence uses a Noun Clause starting with 'that' as the direct object of the verb 'proved'. This clause functions as a noun to state a fact or belief.
Bahasa Indonesia: Kalimat ini menggunakan klausa nomina yang diawali dengan 'that' sebagai objek langsung dari kata kerja 'proved'. Klausa ini berfungsi seperti nomina, digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu fakta atau keyakinan.
She proved that hard work leads to success.
Dia membuktikan bahwa kerja keras akan membawa kesuksesan.
EN: A Relative Clause (Adjective Clause) starting with 'who' is used to modify the noun 'person', providing more specific information about which person is being discussed.
Bahasa Indonesia: Klausa relatif (klausa adjektiva) yang diawali dengan 'who' digunakan untuk memodifikasi nomina 'person', memberikan informasi yang lebih spesifik tentang orang tersebut.
I admire people who never give up.
Saya mengagumi orang-orang yang tidak pernah menyerah.
EN: This sentence encapsulates Nelson Mandela's legacy. Despite 27 years in prison, his refusal to succumb to despair became a global symbol of resilience and the power of the human spirit against systemic oppression.
Kosakata utama dengan pengucapan IPA, definisi, contoh kalimat, dan kuis interaktif.
Dalam konteks: secara luas; sampai tingkat yang besar
Dalam konteks: (terutama melalui surat) korespondensi, komunikasi
Dalam konteks: menindas; menekan
Dalam konteks: teguh; tidak goyah
Dalam konteks: rekonsiliasi; perdamaian
Dalam konteks: demokratis
Dalam konteks: (dalam pemilihan) kemenangan telak
Dalam konteks: pelantikan
Dalam konteks: melambangkan; mewakili
Dalam konteks: komitmen; pengabdian
Dalam konteks: komisi
Frasa dengan label jenis, definisi dwibahasa, catatan penggunaan, dan contoh kalimat.
To resign from a high position or office.
Mengundurkan diri; turun jabatan; turun takhta
To publicly ask for something to happen.
menyerukan; menuntut
By a very large majority of votes.
(menang) telak
To stop believing that something good will happen.
menyerah pada harapan
A method of distance learning where educational materials and assignments are sent between the student and the institution by mail.
Belajar hukum melalui korespondensi
A principle, social movement, or political goal that someone supports and fights for.
Merusak perjuangannya/cita-citanya
An election victory in which one candidate or party receives a very large majority of the votes.
Memenangkan pemilu dengan kemenangan telak
A specialized official body (commission) tasked with discovering and revealing past wrongdoing by a government.
Komisi Kebenaran dan Rekonsiliasi
A fixed period of time during which a person holds a particular office or position.
Hanya menjabat satu masa jabatan