Nelson Mandela: The Long Walk BeginsNelson Mandela: Awal Perjalanan Panjang
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EN: The Passive Voice (be + past participle) is used here because the subject 'a boy' receives the action of birth rather than performing it. In English, we always say someone 'was born' using the past tense of 'to be'.
Bahasa Indonesia: Kalimat Pasif (be + past participle) digunakan di sini karena subjek "seorang anak laki-laki" menerima tindakan dilahirkan, bukan melakukan tindakan. Dalam bahasa Inggris, kita selalu menggunakan bentuk lampau dari kata kerja be untuk menyatakan seseorang "lahir" (was/were born).
She was born in a small town in Italy.
Dia lahir di sebuah kota kecil di Italia.
EN: Prepositional Phrases of Time and Place: 'In 1918' (time) and 'in a small village' (place) provide context. When both appear, the specific location usually follows the time or vice versa depending on emphasis.
Bahasa Indonesia: Frasa Preposisional Waktu dan Tempat: 'In 1918' (waktu) dan 'in a small village' (tempat) memberikan informasi latar belakang. Dalam kalimat bahasa Inggris, frasa-frasa ini sering digunakan untuk memodifikasi konteks ruang dan waktu terjadinya suatu peristiwa.
In 2010, they moved to a new house.
Pada tahun 2010, mereka pindah ke sebuah rumah baru.
EN: The sentence introduces the birth of Nelson Mandela. South Africa in 1918 was under British colonial rule, and the mention of a 'small village' (specifically Mvezo) highlights his humble beginnings before becoming a global icon for justice.
EN: Appositive: A noun or noun phrase (Rolihlahla) placed next to another noun (His birth name) to identify or explain it. It is usually set off by commas.
Bahasa Indonesia: Aposisi: Sebuah nomina atau frasa nomina (Rolihlahla) yang ditempatkan di samping nomina lain (His birth name) untuk mengidentifikasi atau menjelaskannya. Biasanya dipisahkan dengan koma.
My best friend, Sarah, is a talented musician.
Sahabat terbaik saya, Sarah, adalah seorang musisi yang berbakat.
EN: Present Tense for Facts: The simple present tense 'means' is used here because the definition of a name is a permanent fact or general truth.
Bahasa Indonesia: Present Tense untuk Fakta: Present simple tense 'means' digunakan di sini karena makna sebuah nama merupakan fakta permanen atau kebenaran universal.
The word 'aloha' means both hello and goodbye.
Kata "aloha" berarti baik "halo" maupun "selamat tinggal".
EN: Xhosa is one of the official languages of South Africa, known for its distinctive 'click' sounds. In many African cultures, names carry significant meaning and are often chosen to reflect the circumstances of birth or the parents' hopes.
EN: The sentence uses a 'Ditransitive Verb' (give), which takes two objects: an indirect object (him) and a direct object (the English name 'Nelson'). The pattern is: Subject + Verb + Indirect Object (person) + Direct Object (thing).
Bahasa Indonesia: Kalimat ini menggunakan "Kata Kerja Transitif Ganda" (give), yang menerima dua objek: objek tidak langsung (him) dan objek langsung (nama Inggris 'Nelson'). Struktur kalimatnya adalah: Subjek + Kata Kerja + Objek Tidak Langsung (orang) + Objek Langsung (benda).
My friend sent me a beautiful postcard from Japan.
Teman saya mengirimi saya kartu pos yang indah dari Jepang.
EN: The prepositional phrase 'at his school' acts as an adjective modifying the noun 'teacher', specifying which teacher is being discussed.
Bahasa Indonesia: Frasa preposisional "at his school" berfungsi sebagai adjektiva yang memodifikasi nomina "teacher", untuk menunjukkan secara spesifik guru di mana.
The woman in the red dress is my aunt.
Wanita yang mengenakan gaun merah itu adalah bibi saya.
EN: In colonial South Africa, it was a common practice for teachers to give African students English names because African names were often considered difficult for colonial authorities to pronounce. Mandela's birth name, Rolihlahla, means 'pulling the branch of a tree' or colloquially 'troublemaker'.
EN: The structure 'the first/second/last + noun + to-infinitive' is used to specify a person's order or rank in performing an action. The infinitive 'to attend' acts as an adjective modifying 'the first'.
Bahasa Indonesia: Struktur 'the first/second/last + nomina + infinitif' digunakan untuk menentukan urutan atau peringkat seseorang dalam melakukan suatu tindakan. Di sini, infinitif 'to attend' berfungsi sebagai adjektiva, memodifikasi 'the first' di depannya.
She was the last person to leave the office.
Dia adalah orang terakhir yang meninggalkan kantor.
EN: The preposition 'under' is used here to describe being subject to a particular system, law, or regime.
Bahasa Indonesia: Preposisi 'under' digunakan di sini untuk menggambarkan berada di bawah kekuasaan atau pengaruh sistem, hukum, atau rezim tertentu.
The country flourished under the new leadership.
Negara ini berkembang pesat di bawah kepemimpinan baru.
EN: The 'colonial system' refers to the period when South Africa was under British and Dutch influence, which eventually led to the formal system of apartheid. Education for Black South Africans during this time was often limited and designed to reinforce colonial structures.
EN: The sentence uses the Past Simple tense ('moved', 'studied') to describe completed actions in the past. The conjunction 'and' connects two independent clauses that share the same subject ('Mandela').
Bahasa Indonesia: Kalimat ini menggunakan Past Simple tense (moved, studied) untuk menggambarkan tindakan yang telah selesai di masa lalu. Konjungsi 'and' menghubungkan dua klausa independen yang berbagi subjek yang sama (Mandela).
She moved to London and worked as a designer.
Dia pindah ke London dan bekerja sebagai desainer.
EN: The phrase 'to become' is an infinitive of purpose, explaining 'why' the action of studying was performed.
Bahasa Indonesia: Frasa 'to become' adalah infinitif tujuan, yang menjelaskan 'mengapa' tindakan belajar dilakukan.
He practiced hard to win the race.
Dia berlatih keras untuk memenangkan pertandingan.
EN: Johannesburg is the largest city in South Africa and was a central hub for the anti-apartheid movement. For a Black South African like Mandela, moving there to study law was a significant step toward challenging the systemic inequality of the time.
EN: Compound Subject: When two or more nouns or pronouns are joined by 'and', they form a compound subject. In this sentence, 'He and Oliver Tambo' acts as a single plural unit that performs the action.
Bahasa Indonesia: Subjek Majemuk: Ketika dua atau lebih nomina atau pronomina dihubungkan dengan 'and', mereka membentuk subjek majemuk. Dalam kalimat ini, 'He and Oliver Tambo' bersama-sama melakukan tindakan sebagai satu unit jamak.
Sarah and her brother visited the museum yesterday.
Sarah dan kakak laki-lakinya mengunjungi museum kemarin.
EN: Ordinal Adjectives with Nouns: The word 'first' is an ordinal number used as an adjective to specify the position of the 'law firm' in a sequence. It is typically preceded by the definite article 'the'.
Bahasa Indonesia: Adjektiva Ordinal dengan Nomina: Kata 'first' adalah angka ordinal yang digunakan sebagai adjektiva, untuk menentukan posisi "firma hukum" dalam urutan. Biasanya didahului oleh artikel definit 'the'.
This is the first time I have traveled abroad.
Ini adalah pertama kalinya saya bepergian ke luar negeri.
EN: In the context of apartheid-era South Africa, the establishment of a Black law firm was a revolutionary act. It provided legal representation for Black citizens who were systematically oppressed by the legal system itself.
EN: The sentence uses a compound object structure where the verb 'saw' is followed by a noun phrase ('the injustice of apartheid') and a noun clause ('how it humiliated Black people'). This allows the speaker to connect a concrete observation with a descriptive process.
Bahasa Indonesia: Kalimat ini menggunakan struktur objek majemuk di mana kata kerja 'saw' diikuti oleh frasa nomina (the injustice of apartheid) dan klausa nomina (how it humiliated Black people). Struktur ini memungkinkan pembicara untuk menghubungkan pengamatan konkret dengan proses deskriptif.
She realized the importance of the task and how it would help the community.
Dia menyadari pentingnya tugas ini dan bagaimana hal itu akan membantu komunitas.
EN: The word 'how' functions as a subordinating conjunction to introduce an indirect question or noun clause, explaining the manner or extent of an action within the main sentence.
Bahasa Indonesia: Kata 'how' berfungsi sebagai konjungsi subordinatif untuk memperkenalkan pertanyaan tidak langsung atau klausa nomina, yang menjelaskan cara atau tingkat tindakan dalam klausa utama.
I don't understand how the machine works.
Saya tidak mengerti bagaimana mesin ini bekerja.
EN: 'Apartheid' was a system of institutionalized racial segregation that existed in South Africa from 1948 until the early 1990s. The word means 'apartness' in Afrikaans. Understanding this context is crucial to grasping the emotional weight of Mandela's struggle.
EN: The phrase 'dedicate something to doing something' uses 'to' as a preposition, which means it must be followed by a noun or a gerund (V-ing). It indicates committing resources or effort to a specific cause.
Bahasa Indonesia: Frasa 'dedicate something to doing something' menggunakan 'to' sebagai preposisi, oleh karena itu harus diikuti oleh nomina atau gerund (V-ing). Ini menunjukkan pengabdian sumber daya atau energi untuk tujuan tertentu.
She dedicated her career to improving public education.
Dia mengabdikan kariernya untuk meningkatkan pendidikan publik.
EN: The preposition 'against' is used here to indicate opposition or resistance to a system or force.
Bahasa Indonesia: Preposisi 'against' digunakan di sini untuk menunjukkan oposisi atau perlawanan terhadap suatu sistem atau kekuatan.
The citizens protested against the new tax law.
Warga memprotes undang-undang pajak baru ini.
EN: Apartheid was a system of institutionalized racial segregation that existed in South Africa from 1948 until the early 1990s. The term 'segregation' refers to the forced separation of different racial groups in daily life.
EN: The 'to-infinitive' (to + base verb) is used here as an adverbial of purpose to explain 'why' the action in the main clause was performed.
Bahasa Indonesia: Infinitif (to + kata kerja dasar) digunakan di sini sebagai keterangan tujuan, untuk menjelaskan "mengapa" tindakan dalam klausa utama terjadi.
She studied hard to pass the entrance exam.
Dia belajar keras untuk lulus ujian masuk.
EN: Apposition: The phrase 'or ANC' is an appositive, providing an alternative name or clarification for the preceding noun phrase 'the African National Congress'.
Bahasa Indonesia: Aposisi: Frasa "or ANC" adalah aposisi, yang memberikan nama alternatif atau penjelasan lebih lanjut untuk frasa nomina "African National Congress" di depannya.
My brother, a talented musician, lives in London.
Kakak laki-lakiku, seorang musisi berbakat, tinggal di London.
EN: The African National Congress (ANC) is South Africa's governing political party and was the primary organization that fought against apartheid. Mandela's involvement in the ANC was a pivotal turning point in his life and the nation's history.
EN: The sentence uses the Past Simple tense ('organized') to describe completed actions in the past. It also features a compound object ('protests and demonstrations') connected by the coordinating conjunction 'and'.
Bahasa Indonesia: Kalimat ini menggunakan Past Simple tense (organized) untuk menggambarkan tindakan yang telah selesai di masa lalu. Selain itu, kalimat ini mengandung objek majemuk (protests and demonstrations) yang dihubungkan oleh konjungsi koordinatif "and".
She coordinated meetings and workshops for the new project.
Dia mengoordinasikan rapat dan lokakarya untuk proyek baru tersebut.
EN: The preposition 'against' is used here to indicate opposition or resistance to a specific system or set of rules (apartheid laws).
Bahasa Indonesia: Preposisi "against" digunakan di sini untuk menunjukkan oposisi atau perlawanan terhadap sistem atau aturan tertentu (undang-undang apartheid).
The citizens voted against the new tax law.
Warga memilih menentang undang-undang pajak baru ini.
EN: 'Apartheid' is an Afrikaans word meaning 'separateness'. It refers to the institutionalized system of racial segregation and discrimination in South Africa from 1948 until the early 1990s. Mandela's peaceful protests were a key part of the anti-apartheid movement.
EN: Adverbial Clause of Time: The sentence begins with a dependent clause introduced by 'When', which sets the temporal context for the main action. In B2 level English, this is often used to show a cause-and-effect relationship or a sequence of events.
Bahasa Indonesia: Klausa Adverbial Waktu: Kalimat dimulai dengan klausa dependen yang diawali dengan 'When', yang menetapkan latar waktu untuk tindakan utama. Dalam bahasa Inggris tingkat B2, ini sering digunakan untuk menunjukkan hubungan sebab-akibat atau urutan peristiwa.
When the negotiations broke down, the workers decided to strike.
Ketika negosiasi gagal, para pekerja memutuskan untuk melakukan pemogokan.
EN: Phrasal Verb 'Turn to': This means to start doing or using something, especially something bad or difficult, because you are in a bad situation. It is followed by a noun or a gerund.
Bahasa Indonesia: Frasa Kerja 'Turn to': Ini berarti mulai melakukan atau menggunakan sesuatu, terutama sesuatu yang tidak baik atau sulit, terutama karena berada dalam kesulitan. Frasa ini diikuti oleh nomina atau gerund.
He turned to crime after losing his job.
Dia beralih ke kejahatan setelah kehilangan pekerjaannya.
EN: In the context of the South African anti-apartheid struggle, 'sabotage' refers to a specific strategic shift by the ANC. After decades of non-violent protest were met with state violence (like the Sharpeville Massacre), Mandela and others felt that symbolic attacks on infrastructure (not people) were the only way to force the government to negotiate.
EN: The verb 'avoid' is followed by a gerund (verb-ing) to indicate the action that is being prevented or escaped. It cannot be followed by an infinitive (to + verb).
Bahasa Indonesia: Kata kerja 'avoid' (menghindari) harus diikuti oleh gerund (V-ing) untuk menunjukkan tindakan yang ingin dihindari atau dicegah. Perhatikan bahwa kata kerja ini tidak dapat diikuti oleh infinitif (to + V).
You should avoid driving during the rush hour to save time.
Kamu sebaiknya menghindari mengemudi di jam sibuk untuk menghemat waktu.
EN: The coordinating conjunction 'but' is used to connect two independent clauses that show a contrast or an unexpected result.
Bahasa Indonesia: Konjungsi koordinatif 'but' (tetapi) digunakan untuk menghubungkan dua klausa independen yang menunjukkan hubungan kontras atau pertentangan.
The weather was cold, but we decided to go for a walk anyway.
Cuacanya dingin, tetapi kami tetap memutuskan untuk berjalan-jalan.
EN: The ANC (African National Congress) was the primary organization fighting against apartheid. This sentence reflects the strategic shift from non-violence to 'armed struggle' (sabotage), while emphasizing their initial intent to minimize human casualties, distinguishing their actions from terrorism.
EN: Passive Voice (be + past participle): Used when the focus is on the recipient of the action rather than the doer. Here, 'was sentenced' emphasizes the legal judgment imposed on Mandela.
Bahasa Indonesia: Kalimat Pasif (be + past participle): Digunakan ketika fokusnya adalah pada penerima tindakan, bukan pelaku. Di sini, penggunaan 'was sentenced' bertujuan untuk menekankan hukuman hukum yang diterima Mandela.
The suspect was arrested by the police last night.
Tersangka itu ditangkap oleh polisi tadi malam.
EN: Prepositional Phrase of Reason (for + noun phrase): The preposition 'for' is used to indicate the reason or cause for a punishment or reward.
Bahasa Indonesia: Frasa Preposisional Alasan (for + frasa nomina): Preposisi 'for' digunakan di sini untuk menjelaskan alasan atau alasan di balik hukuman atau penghargaan.
He was famous for his bravery during the war.
Dia terkenal karena keberaniannya selama perang.
EN: The 'resistance' refers to the anti-apartheid movement in South Africa. Mandela's sentencing in 1964 occurred during the Rivonia Trial, a pivotal moment in history that eventually led to the end of racial segregation in the country.
EN: The preposition 'for' is used to indicate a duration of time, showing how long an action or state lasts. It is often followed by a specific time period.
Bahasa Indonesia: Preposisi 'for' digunakan untuk menunjukkan durasi waktu, menunjukkan berapa lama suatu tindakan atau keadaan berlangsung. Biasanya diikuti oleh panjang waktu yang spesifik.
She lived in London for five years before moving to Paris.
Dia tinggal di London selama lima tahun sebelum pindah ke Paris.
EN: The past simple tense of the verb 'to be' (was/were) is used here to describe a state or identity that existed in the past and is now finished.
Bahasa Indonesia: Bentuk lampau dari kata kerja 'to be' (was/were) digunakan di sini untuk menggambarkan keadaan atau identitas yang ada di masa lalu tetapi sekarang sudah berakhir.
He was a famous musician in the 1980s.
Dia adalah seorang musisi terkenal pada tahun 1980-an.
EN: Robben Island is a historic site in South Africa where political prisoners, including Nelson Mandela, were held during the apartheid era. The number 46664 became a global symbol for Mandela; it signifies he was the 466th prisoner arrived in 1964.
EN: The structure 'spend + time + V-ing' is used to indicate how someone uses their time. The gerund (V-ing) functions as a complement to describe the activity performed during that period.
Bahasa Indonesia: Struktur 'spend + waktu + V-ing' digunakan untuk menunjukkan bagaimana seseorang menghabiskan waktunya. Gerund (V-ing) berfungsi sebagai pelengkap, menggambarkan aktivitas yang dilakukan selama waktu tersebut.
She spent the entire afternoon reading a novel by the window.
Dia menghabiskan sepanjang sore membaca novel di dekat jendela.
EN: Prepositional phrases (e.g., 'in a harsh quarry', 'under the South African sun') act as adverbials of place and condition, providing specific details about where and how the action occurred.
Bahasa Indonesia: Frasa preposisional (seperti 'in a harsh quarry', 'under the South African sun') berfungsi sebagai keterangan tempat dan keadaan, memberikan detail spesifik tentang lokasi dan lingkungan terjadinya tindakan.
They worked hard under the heavy rain to finish the project.
Mereka bekerja keras di tengah hujan deras untuk menyelesaikan proyek tersebut.
EN: The 'harsh quarry' refers to the lime quarry on Robben Island where Mandela and other political prisoners were forced to perform hard labor. The reflection of the sun on the white lime caused permanent damage to Mandela's eyesight, a symbol of the physical toll of his long imprisonment.
EN: The 'so + adjective + that' structure is used to express cause and effect. It indicates that a quality (small) is so extreme that it results in a specific consequence.
Bahasa Indonesia: Struktur 'so + kata sifat + that' digunakan untuk mengekspresikan sebab dan akibat. Ini menunjukkan bahwa suatu kualitas (sempit) mencapai tingkat yang ekstrem, sehingga menghasilkan hasil tertentu.
The music was so loud that I couldn't hear what she was saying.
Musiknya terlalu keras sehingga saya tidak bisa mendengar apa yang dia katakan.
EN: The phrase 'by + gerund (-ing)' is used to describe the method or means by which an action is performed.
Bahasa Indonesia: Frasa 'by + gerund (-ing)' digunakan untuk menggambarkan metode atau cara melakukan suatu tindakan.
You can improve your English by practicing every day.
Kamu dapat meningkatkan kemampuan bahasa Inggris-mu dengan berlatih setiap hari.
EN: This sentence describes the harsh conditions Nelson Mandela faced during his 18-year imprisonment on Robben Island. The small size of the cell (about 2.4m x 2.1m) became a symbol of the physical constraints of apartheid, contrasted with Mandela's mental resilience.
Kosakata utama dengan pengucapan IPA, definisi, contoh kalimat, dan kuis interaktif.
Dalam konteks: kolonial; berhubungan dengan sistem kolonial
Dalam konteks: ketidakadilan; tindakan yang tidak adil
Dalam konteks: mempermalukan; menghina
Dalam konteks: mengabdikan; mendedikasikan
Dalam konteks: pemisahan (berdasarkan ras, agama, gender, dll.)
Dalam konteks: Kesetaraan
Dalam konteks: aksi demonstrasi; unjuk rasa
Dalam konteks: dengan enggan; dengan terpaksa
Dalam konteks: sabotase; perusakan yang disengaja (terutama untuk tujuan politik atau militer)
Dalam konteks: dihukum; dijatuhi hukuman
Dalam konteks: perlawanan; gerakan perlawanan
Dalam konteks: tambang batu
Frasa dengan label jenis, definisi dwibahasa, catatan penggunaan, dan contoh kalimat.
To oppose or use effort to stop something bad from happening.
Melawan; menentang
To start to do or use something, especially because other things have failed.
Beralih ke; meminta bantuan kepada
To be given a punishment of staying in prison for the rest of one's life.
Dijatuhi hukuman seumur hidup
To extend one's body or limbs to their full length.
Meregangkan; membentangkan
A business entity formed by one or more lawyers to engage in the practice of law.
Firma hukum
Public meetings or marches at which people show that they are protesting against or supporting something.
Demonstrasi / Unjuk rasa
A legal sentence that requires a person to remain in prison for the rest of their natural life.
Penjara seumur hidup
An organized underground movement fighting against an occupying power or an oppressive government.
Gerakan perlawanan
A small room in a prison where a prisoner is locked up.
Sel penjara