EN: The suffix '-prone' is added to nouns to form adjectives meaning 'likely to suffer from' or 'tending to experience' something negative.
Bahasa Melayu: Akhiran "-prone" ditambah pada kata nama untuk membentuk kata adjektif yang bermaksud "mudah mengalami" atau "cenderung untuk mengalami" sesuatu (biasanya keadaan negatif).
This area is accident-prone during the rainy season.
Kawasan ini mudah berlaku kemalangan semasa musim hujan.
EN: The 'to-infinitive' (to + verb) is used here as an adverbial of purpose, explaining why the school got the new playground.
Bahasa Melayu: "Infinitif" (to + kata kerja) digunakan di sini sebagai keterangan tujuan, menjelaskan sebab atau tujuan sekolah mendapat padang permainan baharu.
She saved money to buy a new laptop.
Dia menyimpan wang untuk membeli komputer riba baharu.
EN: In the UK, many older school buildings, especially in London, face infrastructure challenges due to climate change and urban density. 'Climate-adapted' spaces often refer to Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS) which use nature to manage rainwater, a growing trend in British urban planning.
EN: The Present Perfect Tense (has + past participle) is used here to describe a completed action that has a significant result in the present. It emphasizes the transformation that has occurred.
Bahasa Melayu: Kala Kini Sempurna (has + kata kerja lampau) digunakan di sini untuk menerangkan tindakan yang telah selesai dan mempunyai kesan yang signifikan pada masa kini. Ia menekankan perubahan yang telah berlaku.
The city has built a new park to reduce air pollution.
Bandar ini telah membina taman baharu untuk mengurangkan pencemaran udara.
EN: The phrasal verb 'transform A into B' means to completely change the appearance, form, or character of something into something else.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja frasa "transform A into B" bermaksud mengubah sepenuhnya rupa, bentuk, atau sifat sesuatu kepada perkara yang lain.
The artist transformed the old garage into a beautiful studio.
Artis itu mengubah garaj lama menjadi studio yang indah.
EN: In the UK, many older schools in cities like London face infrastructure challenges due to Victorian-era drainage systems and increasing extreme weather events. 'Climate-adapted' spaces are part of a growing movement to use 'Sustainable Drainage Systems' (SuDS) in urban planning.
EN: The phrase 'used to' is used to describe habits or states that existed in the past but no longer exist now. It is followed by the base form of the verb.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa "used to" digunakan untuk menerangkan tabiat atau keadaan yang wujud pada masa lampau, tetapi tidak lagi berlaku sekarang. Ia diikuti oleh bentuk dasar kata kerja.
The students used to play on the old tarmac before the renovation.
Sebelum pengubahsuaian, pelajar-pelajar dahulunya bermain di atas permukaan tar lama.
EN: The phrasal verb 'suffer from' is used to indicate that someone is experiencing something unpleasant, such as a physical illness or a persistent problem like flooding.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja frasa "suffer from" digunakan untuk menunjukkan bahawa seseorang sedang mengalami perkara yang tidak menyenangkan, seperti penyakit fizikal atau masalah berterusan seperti banjir.
Many urban areas suffer from air pollution.
Banyak kawasan bandar mengalami pencemaran udara.
EN: A 'Church of England school' is a state-funded school in England that has a formal link with the Church of England, often incorporating Christian values into its curriculum while following the national education standards.
EN: The conjunction 'because' is used to introduce a subordinate clause that provides the reason for the action or state described in the main clause.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata hubung "because" digunakan untuk memperkenalkan klausa subordinat yang menerangkan sebab bagi tindakan atau keadaan yang dinyatakan dalam klausa utama.
The match was cancelled because it was raining heavily.
Perlawanan itu dibatalkan kerana hujan turun dengan lebat.
EN: The phrasal verb 'sit on' in this context means to be situated or located in a particular place or on a specific type of ground.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja frasa "sit on" dalam konteks ini bermaksud "terletak" atau "berada" di lokasi tertentu atau di atas asas geologi tertentu.
The old castle sits on a hill overlooking the village.
Istana purba itu terletak di atas bukit yang menghadap ke kampung.
EN: London's geology is famous for 'London Clay,' which is impermeable and often leads to drainage issues in low-lying areas like Barnet, especially during heavy rainfall exacerbated by climate change.
EN: The modal verb 'would' is used here to describe a past habit or a repeated action in the past, similar to 'used to'.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja bantu "would" digunakan di sini untuk menerangkan tabiat lampau atau tindakan yang berulang pada masa lampau, serupa dengan penggunaan "used to".
Every summer, we would go to the beach for a week.
Setiap musim panas, kami akan pergi ke pantai selama seminggu.
EN: The relative pronoun 'which' is used in a non-defining relative clause to refer back to the entire preceding clause ('Water would pool... and stay there...').
Bahasa Melayu: Kata ganti relatif "which" digunakan dalam klausa relatif bukan pembatas untuk merujuk kepada keseluruhan situasi yang dinyatakan dalam klausa sebelumnya (iaitu air terkumpul dan kekal di situ).
He passed the exam, which surprised everyone.
Dia lulus peperiksaan, yang mengejutkan semua orang.
EN: Appositives are nouns or noun phrases that follow another noun to identify or explain it. Here, 'the school's headteacher' provides more information about 'Macci Dobie'.
Bahasa Melayu: Apositif (Appositives) ialah kata nama atau frasa nama yang mengikuti kata nama lain untuk mengenal pasti atau menjelaskan kata nama tersebut. Dalam ayat ini, "the school's headteacher" memberikan maklumat tambahan tentang "Maggie Dobby".
Mr. Smith, my neighbor, is a doctor.
Encik Smith, jiran saya, ialah seorang doktor.
EN: Noun clauses starting with 'how' function as the object of a verb. In this sentence, 'how bad the situation was' is the object of the verb 'described'. Note that the word order follows a statement (Subject + Verb), not a question.
Bahasa Melayu: Klausa nama yang bermula dengan "how" berfungsi sebagai objek kata kerja. Dalam ayat ini, "how bad the situation was" ialah objek bagi kata kerja "described". Perhatikan bahawa susunan perkataan dalam klausa hendaklah susunan ayat penyata (subjek + kata kerja), bukan susunan ayat tanya.
She explained how the machine works.
Dia menerangkan bagaimana mesin itu berfungsi.
EN: In the UK, a 'headteacher' is the equivalent of a 'principal' in the US. The term is used for the person in charge of a primary or secondary school.
EN: The 'so + adjective + that' structure is used to express cause and effect, indicating that something is to such a degree that a particular result follows.
Bahasa Melayu: Struktur "so + adjektif + that" digunakan untuk menyatakan hubungan sebab dan akibat, menunjukkan bahawa sesuatu mencapai tahap tertentu sehingga menghasilkan hasil yang khusus.
The music was so loud that I couldn't hear him speak.
Muzik itu terlalu kuat sehingga saya tidak dapat mendengar apa yang dia katakan.
EN: 'Had to' is the past tense of 'have to', used to express a necessity or obligation that existed in the past.
Bahasa Melayu: "Had to" ialah bentuk lampau bagi "have to", digunakan untuk menyatakan keperluan atau kewajipan yang wujud pada masa lampau (terpaksa).
We had to cancel the picnic because of the rain.
Oleh kerana hujan, kami terpaksa membatalkan majlis berkelah.
EN: In the UK, 'collecting' children from school is a daily routine for parents of primary school pupils, as children of that age are usually not allowed to leave the school premises alone.
EN: The passive voice 'was forced to' indicates that the subject (the school) had no choice due to external circumstances. It is formed by 'be' + past participle.
Bahasa Melayu: Suara pasif "was forced to" (terpaksa) menunjukkan bahawa subjek (Sekolah St John) tidak mempunyai pilihan lain disebabkan oleh keadaan luaran. Strukturnya ialah "kata kerja be" + "kata kerja lampau".
The flight was forced to land early due to a technical issue.
Disebabkan masalah teknikal, penerbangan itu terpaksa mendarat lebih awal.
EN: The conjunction 'because' introduces a subordinate clause that explains the reason for the action in the main clause.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata hubung "because" (kerana) memperkenalkan klausa subordinat yang menerangkan sebab bagi tindakan dalam klausa utama.
The game was cancelled because it was raining heavily.
Perlawanan itu dibatalkan kerana hujan turun dengan lebat.
EN: In the UK, 'dismiss' is the formal term used when a school day ends and pupils are allowed to leave. 'Exits' refers to the various gates or doorways of the school grounds, which are often managed strictly for safety.
EN: The past participle 'named' is used here as a reduced relative clause (short for 'who was named') to modify the noun 'parent governor'. It functions like an adjective to provide more information about the person.
Bahasa Melayu: Partisipel lampau "named" digunakan di sini sebagai klausa relatif yang diringkaskan (asalnya "who was named"), untuk menerangkan kata nama "parent governor" (gabenor ibu bapa). Ia berfungsi seperti kata adjektif, memberikan maklumat lanjut tentang orang tersebut.
A boy named Jack found the lost wallet.
Seorang budak lelaki bernama Jack menjumpai dompet yang hilang.
EN: The idiom 'take the lead' means to be the first to start doing something or to take control of a situation to guide others.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa "take the lead" bermaksud "mengambil inisiatif" atau "mendahului", merujuk kepada menjadi orang pertama yang memulakan sesuatu tindakan, atau mengambil kawalan dalam situasi untuk membimbing orang lain.
Our company decided to take the lead in reducing plastic waste.
Syarikat kami memutuskan untuk mengambil tindakan utama dalam mengurangkan sisa plastik.
EN: In the UK, a 'parent governor' is a parent elected to the school's governing body. They play a crucial role in decision-making and representing the interests of parents in school management, reflecting the high level of community involvement in British schools.
EN: The conjunction 'Because' is used to introduce a subordinate clause that provides the reason for the action in the main clause. In formal writing, when the 'Because' clause comes first, it is followed by a comma.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata hubung "Because" digunakan untuk memperkenalkan klausa subordinat yang memberikan sebab bagi tindakan dalam klausa utama. Dalam penulisan formal, apabila klausa yang dimulakan dengan "Because" diletakkan di awal ayat, koma mesti digunakan selepasnya.
Because it was raining, we decided to stay home.
Oleh kerana hujan, kami memutuskan untuk tinggal di rumah.
EN: The phrase 'be able to' is used to express ability or possibility, often implying that something was achieved despite challenges. In this sentence, 'was able to' indicates a successful outcome in the past.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa "be able to" digunakan untuk menyatakan kebolehan atau kemungkinan, selalunya membayangkan bahawa sesuatu telah dicapai walaupun menghadapi cabaran. Dalam ayat ini, "was able to" menunjukkan hasil yang berjaya pada masa lampau.
After months of practice, she was able to run a marathon.
Selepas berbulan-bulan berlatih, dia akhirnya dapat menamatkan larian maraton.
EN: In the UK, schools in high-risk environmental areas can apply for specific government grants for 'climate adaptation'. This reflects the UK government's increasing focus on urban resilience against climate change, especially in historic cities like London where drainage can be an issue.
EN: The phrase 'enlist the help of someone' means to ask for and get help or support from a person or organization, often for a specific project or cause.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa "enlist the help of someone" bermaksud meminta dan mendapatkan bantuan atau sokongan daripada seseorang atau organisasi, biasanya untuk projek atau matlamat tertentu.
The local council enlisted the help of volunteers to clean up the park.
Majlis tempatan meminta bantuan sukarelawan untuk membersihkan taman.
EN: A relative clause starting with 'that' is used here as an adjective to provide more information about the noun 'charity'. This is a defining relative clause.
Bahasa Melayu: Di sini, klausa relatif yang bermula dengan "that" digunakan sebagai adjektif untuk memberikan maklumat lanjut tentang kata nama "charity" (badan amal). Ini dipanggil klausa relatif pembatas.
She works for a company that develops educational software.
Dia bekerja di syarikat yang membangunkan perisian pendidikan.
EN: The organization 'Trees for Cities' is a real UK-based charity. In urban planning, 'green spaces' are increasingly seen as essential infrastructure for climate resilience, not just for aesthetics.
EN: The verb 'help' can be followed by an object and then either a bare infinitive (verb without 'to') or a 'to-infinitive'. Both 'help schools adapt' and 'help schools to adapt' are grammatically correct, though the bare infinitive is more common in modern English.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja "help" (membantu) boleh diikuti oleh objek dan kemudian sama ada infinitif tanpa "to" (kata kerja dasar) atau infinitif dengan "to". Contohnya, "help schools adapt" dan "help schools to adapt" kedua-duanya betul, tetapi dalam bahasa Inggeris moden, penggunaan tanpa "to" lebih lazim.
The teacher helps the students understand the lesson.
Guru itu membantu pelajar memahami kandungan pelajaran.
EN: The verb 'adapt' is often followed by the preposition 'to' to indicate the thing or situation one is adjusting to. It is an intransitive use here, meaning 'to change behavior or ideas to deal with a new situation'.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja "adapt" (menyesuaikan diri) selalunya diikuti oleh kata sendi "to" untuk menunjukkan perkara atau keadaan yang perlu disesuaikan. Di sini, ia digunakan sebagai kata kerja tak transitif, bermaksud "mengubah tingkah laku atau pemikiran untuk menghadapi situasi baharu".
It takes time to adapt to a new environment.
Menyesuaikan diri dengan persekitaran baharu memerlukan masa.
EN: The 'climate crisis' is a term increasingly used by media and environmental organizations instead of 'climate change' to emphasize the urgency and severity of the global environmental situation.
EN: Appositives are nouns or noun phrases that follow another noun to provide additional information or identification. In this sentence, 'a landscape architect at Trees for Cities' identifies who Alfie Davies is.
Bahasa Melayu: Apositif (Appositives) ialah kata nama atau frasa nama yang mengikuti kata nama lain untuk memberikan maklumat tambahan atau penjelasan identiti. Dalam ayat ini, "a landscape architect at Trees for Cities" menjelaskan identiti Alfie Davies.
Mr. Smith, my favorite teacher, is retiring next month.
Encik Smith, guru kegemaran saya, akan bersara bulan depan.
EN: The past tense of the irregular verb 'lead' is 'led'. It is used here to describe a completed action in the past.
Bahasa Melayu: Bentuk lampau bagi kata kerja tak tetap "lead" (memimpin) ialah "led". Ia digunakan di sini untuk menerangkan tindakan yang telah selesai pada masa lampau.
She led the team to victory in last year's competition.
Dia memimpin pasukannya meraih kemenangan dalam pertandingan tahun lepas.
EN: Trees for Cities is a real UK-based charity that focuses on improving lives by planting trees in cities. In the UK, many schools are historically linked to the Church of England, which is why 'St John's Church of England school' includes a religious reference in its name, though they serve the general community.
EN: The sentence uses a 'that-clause' as a noun clause to function as the direct object of the verb 'explained'. This structure is commonly used to report what someone said or thought.
Bahasa Melayu: Ayat ini menggunakan "klausa that" sebagai klausa nama yang berfungsi sebagai objek langsung bagi kata kerja "explained" (menjelaskan). Struktur ini sering digunakan untuk melaporkan kata-kata atau pemikiran seseorang.
She said that the project was a success.
Dia menjelaskan bahawa projek itu berjaya.
EN: The phrase 'had to' is the past tense of 'have to', indicating a necessity or obligation that existed in the past.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa "had to" ialah bentuk lampau bagi "have to", menunjukkan keperluan atau kewajipan yang wujud pada masa lampau (mesti).
We had to leave early because of the rain.
Oleh kerana hujan, kami terpaksa bertolak lebih awal pada masa itu.
EN: In the context of urban planning and school design in the UK, 'functional' often implies a balance between safety, durability, and the specific developmental needs of children, especially in climate-resilient projects led by charities like Trees for Cities.
EN: The phrase 'take something away from someone' is a phrasal verb meaning to remove something or deprive someone of something.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa "take something away from someone" ialah kata kerja frasa yang bermaksud mengeluarkan sesuatu atau melucutkan sesuatu daripada seseorang.
The teacher took the phone away from the student.
Guru itu merampas telefon bimbit pelajar itu.
EN: The relative clause 'they can use' modifies the pronoun 'something'. In English, the relative pronoun 'that' or 'which' is often omitted when it functions as the object of the clause.
Bahasa Melayu: Klausa relatif "they can use" menerangkan kata ganti "something". Dalam bahasa Inggeris, apabila kata ganti relatif (seperti that atau which) berfungsi sebagai objek dalam klausa, ia selalunya digugurkan.
This is the book I bought yesterday.
Ini ialah buku yang saya beli semalam.
EN: In urban planning and school design, there is a strong emphasis on 'functional play'. This means that every element of a playground, even environmental features like rain gardens, should serve a purpose for the children's development and enjoyment.
EN: The First Conditional is used to talk about things which might happen in the future. It uses 'if' + present simple, followed by 'will' + base verb to show the likely result.
Bahasa Melayu: Kondisional Pertama (First Conditional) digunakan untuk membincangkan perkara yang mungkin berlaku pada masa hadapan dan akibatnya. Strukturnya ialah "if + kala kini mudah", diikuti oleh "will + kata kerja dasar" untuk menunjukkan kemungkinan hasil.
If it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home.
Jika hujan esok, kami akan tinggal di rumah.
EN: The phrasal verb 'look after' means to take care of or be responsible for something or someone.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja frasa "look after" bermaksud "menjaga" atau "mengawasi", merujuk kepada tanggungjawab untuk memelihara atau mengambil berat terhadap seseorang atau sesuatu.
Please look after my plants while I am on holiday.
Tolong jaga tanaman saya semasa saya bercuti.
EN: In educational design, there is a strong belief that 'ownership' leads to better maintenance. If students feel a space belongs to them and is useful, they are more likely to respect and care for it, reducing vandalism or neglect.
EN: The phrase 'with [something] in mind' is an idiomatic prepositional phrase used to indicate that a specific thought or purpose is being considered while performing an action.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa "with [something] in mind" ialah frasa sendi idiomatik yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan bahawa semasa melakukan sesuatu tindakan, seseorang sedang mempertimbangkan idea atau tujuan tertentu.
With the deadline in mind, she worked late into the night.
Dengan mengambil kira tarikh akhir, dia bekerja sehingga lewat malam.
EN: The word 'that' introduces a relative clause (adjective clause) to provide more information about the noun 'stepping logs'. In this case, 'that' acts as the subject of the clause.
Bahasa Melayu: Perkataan "that" memperkenalkan klausa relatif (klausa adjektif) untuk memberikan maklumat lanjut tentang kata nama "stepping logs" (balak pijak). Dalam kes ini, "that" berfungsi sebagai subjek klausa tersebut.
I bought a book that explains how to garden.
Saya membeli buku yang menerangkan cara berkebun.
EN: A 'rain garden' is an environmentally friendly landscaping feature designed to manage stormwater runoff. It uses native plants and soil to soak up rain, preventing flooding in urban areas like London.
EN: The verb 'enjoy' is followed by a gerund (verb + -ing) when expressing an activity that someone likes doing.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja "enjoy" (menikmati/suka) diikuti oleh gerund (kata kerja + -ing) apabila menyatakan aktiviti yang seseorang suka lakukan.
The students enjoy playing football after school.
Pelajar-pelajar suka bermain bola sepak selepas waktu sekolah.
EN: A relative clause starting with 'that' is used here to provide more information about the noun 'soil beds'. The verbs 'contain' and 'help' both refer back to the soil beds.
Bahasa Melayu: Di sini, klausa relatif yang bermula dengan "that" digunakan untuk memberikan maklumat lanjut tentang kata nama "soil beds" (katil tanah). Kata kerja "contain" (mengandungi) dan "help" (membantu) kedua-duanya merujuk kepada katil tanah tersebut.
I bought a book that explains history and provides maps.
Saya membeli buku yang menerangkan sejarah dan menyediakan peta.
EN: Rain gardens are a sustainable drainage system (SuDS) increasingly used in UK urban planning to manage surface water and prevent flooding in cities like London, which face challenges from heavy rainfall and non-porous surfaces.
EN: Present Perfect Passive: Formed using 'has/have + been + past participle'. It describes an action that started in the past and has a result in the present, focusing on the person or thing receiving the action.
Bahasa Melayu: Suara Pasif Kala Kini Sempurna: Dibentuk menggunakan "has/have + been + kata kerja lampau". Ia menerangkan tindakan yang bermula pada masa lampau dan memberi kesan pada masa kini, dengan menekankan penerima tindakan.
The new library has been opened by the principal.
Perpustakaan baharu telah dirasmikan oleh pengetua sekolah.
EN: The Passive Voice with 'by': In passive sentences, the 'agent' (the person or thing performing the action) is introduced using the preposition 'by'.
Bahasa Melayu: Suara Pasif dengan "by": Dalam ayat pasif, "agen" (orang atau benda yang melakukan tindakan) biasanya diperkenalkan oleh kata sendi "by".
The cake was eaten by the dog.
Kek itu telah dimakan oleh anjing itu.
EN: In British English, 'school community' refers not just to the students and teachers, but also to parents, governors, and local residents who are involved with the school's environment and activities.
EN: The sentence uses 'said' followed by an omitted 'that' to introduce a noun clause (reported speech). The present perfect tense 'have put' indicates that the action started in the past and has a result in the present.
Bahasa Melayu: Ayat ini menggunakan kata kerja "said" diikuti oleh "that" yang digugurkan untuk memperkenalkan klausa nama (cakap tak langsung). Klausa tersebut menggunakan Kala Kini Sempurna "have put", menunjukkan tindakan yang berlaku pada masa lampau dan memberi kesan pada masa kini.
The teacher said the students have finished their homework.
Guru itu berkata bahawa pelajar-pelajar telah menyiapkan kerja rumah mereka.
EN: The phrasal verb 'put something up' means to increase the level or amount of something.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja frasa "put something up" di sini bermaksud meningkatkan atau menambah tahap atau jumlah sesuatu.
The store has put the prices up this month.
Kedai ini telah menaikkan harga bulan ini.
EN: In British English, 'headteacher' is the standard term for the person in charge of a school, whereas in American English, 'principal' is more commonly used.
EN: The conjunction 'while' is used here to express two actions happening simultaneously. When followed by a present participle (-ing), it often implies that the subject of the main clause is performing both actions.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata hubung "while" digunakan di sini untuk menyatakan dua tindakan yang berlaku serentak. Apabila diikuti oleh partisipel kini (-ing), ia biasanya membayangkan bahawa subjek klausa utama sedang melakukan kedua-dua tindakan pada masa yang sama.
She listened to music while doing her homework.
Dia mendengar muzik sambil membuat kerja rumah.
EN: The 'that' clause functions as a noun clause serving as the direct object of the verb 'shows'. It introduces a complete statement or fact that is being demonstrated.
Bahasa Melayu: Klausa "that" berfungsi sebagai klausa nama yang menjadi objek langsung bagi kata kerja "shows". Ia membentangkan pernyataan lengkap atau fakta yang dibuktikan.
Research shows that regular exercise improves mental health.
Kajian menunjukkan bahawa senaman yang kerap dapat meningkatkan kesihatan mental.
Kosa kata utama dengan sebutan IPA, definisi, contoh ayat, dan kuiz interaktif.
Dalam konteks: mudah banjir
Dalam konteks: mengubah sepenuhnya, transformasi
Dalam konteks: menyerap (cecair, gas, dll.)
Dalam konteks: asas (bangunan)
Dalam konteks: teruk, melampau
Dalam konteks: bersurai, waktu pulang sekolah
Dalam konteks: infrastruktur, kemudahan awam
Dalam konteks: mendapatkan, meminta (bantuan atau sokongan)
Dalam konteks: Berfungsi, praktikal
Dalam konteks: Praktikal, boleh dilaksanakan.
Frasa dengan label jenis, definisi dwibahasa, nota penggunaan, dan contoh ayat.
A garden designed to absorb and filter rainwater runoff from hard surfaces.
Taman hujan
To take a position of leadership or control in a project or activity.
Menerajui, memimpin, mengambil langkah awal
Modified or designed to withstand the effects of climate change.
Menyesuaikan diri dengan iklim
To take care of or be responsible for something or someone.
Menjaga, menyelenggara
Land that is at or near sea level and often prone to flooding.
Kawasan rendah