What’s at steak: myths about masculinity and meat eating pose a challenge for the climate crisisPertaruhan di Sebalik Steak: Mitos tentang Maskuliniti dan Pemakanan Daging Mendatangkan Cabaran kepada Krisis Iklim
Pratonton Audio Lengkap
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EN: The sentence uses a 'Why' clause as a noun phrase to serve as a title or heading. In this structure, the word order follows a statement (Subject + Verb) rather than a question (Verb + Subject).
Bahasa Melayu: Ayat ini menggunakan klausa 'Why' sebagai frasa kata nama untuk berfungsi sebagai tajuk atau kepala. Dalam struktur ini, susunan perkataan mengikut ayat penyata (subjek + kata kerja), bukan ayat tanya (kata kerja + subjek).
Why sleep is important for your health.
Mengapa tidur penting untuk kesihatan anda.
EN: The possessive form ('s) is used to indicate that the eating habits belong to men. When a plural noun does not end in 's' (like 'men'), we add 's to show possession.
Bahasa Melayu: Bentuk posesif ('s) digunakan untuk menunjukkan bahawa tabiat makan adalah milik lelaki. Apabila kata nama jamak tidak berakhir dengan 's' (seperti 'men'), kita tambah 's untuk menunjukkan pemilikan.
The children's toys are on the floor.
Mainan kanak-kanak itu berada di atas lantai.
EN: In many Western cultures, there is a traditional stereotype linking meat consumption (especially red meat) to masculinity. This article explores how these cultural gender norms can have environmental consequences.
EN: The gerund phrase 'Eating too much meat' acts as the singular subject of the sentence. Gerunds (-ing forms) are used to turn verbs into nouns representing an activity.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa gerund "Eating too much meat" bertindak sebagai subjek tunggal ayat. Gerund (bentuk -ing) digunakan untuk menukar kata kerja kepada kata nama yang mewakili sesuatu aktiviti.
Exercising regularly is good for your heart.
Bersenam secara tetap baik untuk jantung anda.
EN: The present perfect passive voice 'has been linked to' indicates a connection that was established in the past and continues to be true or relevant in the present.
Bahasa Melayu: Suara pasif present perfect "has been linked to" menunjukkan kaitan yang telah diwujudkan pada masa lalu dan masih benar atau relevan sehingga kini.
Smoking has been linked to various lung diseases.
Merokok telah terbukti dikaitkan dengan pelbagai penyakit paru-paru.
EN: The phrase 'be responsible for' is used to indicate the cause of something, often something negative, or to describe a duty/obligation.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa "be responsible for" digunakan untuk menunjukkan punca sesuatu (biasanya perkara negatif), atau untuk menerangkan tanggungjawab atau kewajipan seseorang.
Plastic waste is responsible for much of the ocean pollution.
Sisa plastik adalah punca kebanyakan pencemaran laut.
EN: Fractions in English are formed using a cardinal number for the numerator (one, two) and an ordinal number for the denominator (third, eighth). If the numerator is greater than one, the denominator becomes plural.
Bahasa Melayu: Pecahan dalam bahasa Inggeris dibentuk menggunakan nombor kardinal untuk pengangka (one, two), dan nombor ordinal untuk penyebut (third, eighth). Jika pengangka lebih daripada satu, penyebut perlu ditambah 's' untuk menjadi jamak.
About two thirds of the students passed the exam.
Kira-kira dua pertiga daripada pelajar lulus peperiksaan itu.
EN: The term 'human-made' (or 'anthropogenic') is frequently used in environmental science to distinguish natural climate variations from those caused by industrialization and human activity.
EN: The preposition 'Despite' is used to introduce a contrast. It must be followed by a noun, a noun phrase, or a gerund (-ing form), but never a full clause with a subject and verb.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata depan "Despite" (walaupun) digunakan untuk memperkenalkan kontras. Ia mesti diikuti oleh kata nama, frasa kata nama, atau gerund (bentuk -ing), dan tidak boleh diikuti oleh klausa lengkap yang mengandungi subjek dan kata kerja.
Despite the heavy rain, the football match continued.
Walaupun hujan turun dengan lebat, perlawanan bola sepak tetap diteruskan.
EN: The linking verb 'remain' is used to describe a state that continues to exist or stay the same. It is often followed by an adjective (like 'popular') to describe the subject.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja penghubung "remain" (kekal, masih) digunakan untuk menerangkan keadaan yang terus wujud atau kekal tidak berubah. Ia biasanya diikuti oleh kata adjektif (seperti "popular") untuk menerangkan subjek.
The museum remains closed on Mondays.
Muzium ini masih ditutup pada hari Isnin.
EN: The phrase 'on dinner plates' is a metonymy where the plate represents the entire meal or diet. In many Western cultures, meat has historically been the centerpiece of a formal dinner, symbolizing prosperity and strength.
EN: The relative pronoun 'which' can be used to introduce a non-restrictive relative clause that refers back to the entire preceding clause rather than just a single noun. It is always preceded by a comma.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata ganti relatif "which" boleh digunakan untuk memperkenalkan klausa relatif bukan restriktif, yang menerangkan "keseluruhan ayat" sebelumnya dan bukan hanya kata nama tunggal. Dalam penggunaan ini, 'which' mesti didahului oleh koma.
He passed the exam with high marks, which surprised everyone.
Dia lulus peperiksaan dengan markah tinggi, yang mengejutkan semua orang.
EN: Comparative structures using 'more + noun + than' are used to compare quantities between two groups. The adverb 'significantly' is used here to modify the verb 'consume' to show a large difference.
Bahasa Melayu: Struktur perbandingan menggunakan "more + kata nama + than" digunakan untuk membandingkan kuantiti antara dua kumpulan. Kata keterangan "significantly" (dengan ketara) di sini menerangkan kata kerja "consume" untuk menekankan perbezaan yang besar.
This car uses significantly more fuel than that one.
Kereta ini menggunakan bahan api dengan ketara lebih banyak daripada kereta itu.
EN: In many Western cultures, meat consumption, especially red meat, has historically been associated with traditional concepts of masculinity and strength. This cultural link is now being examined in the context of environmental sustainability.
EN: The verb 'to be' (is) acts as a linking verb here, connecting the subject 'Lauren Camilleri' to the subject complement 'a social psychology researcher'. This structure (Subject + Linking Verb + Noun Phrase) is used to define or identify someone.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja 'to be' (is) bertindak sebagai kata kerja penghubung di sini, menghubungkan subjek "Lauren Camilleri" dengan pelengkap subjek "seorang penyelidik psikologi sosial". Struktur ini (subjek + kata kerja penghubung + frasa kata nama) digunakan untuk mentakrifkan atau mengenal pasti identiti seseorang.
My brother is a software engineer at a tech company.
Abang saya ialah seorang jurutera perisian di sebuah syarikat teknologi.
EN: Prepositional phrases starting with 'at' and 'in' are used to specify location. 'At' is often used for specific institutions or organizations (Victoria University), while 'in' is used for larger geographical areas like countries (Australia).
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa kata depan yang bermula dengan 'at' dan 'in' digunakan untuk menentukan lokasi. 'At' biasanya digunakan untuk institusi atau organisasi tertentu (Universiti Victoria), manakala 'in' digunakan untuk kawasan geografi yang lebih besar, seperti negara (Australia).
She works at a hospital in London.
Dia bekerja di sebuah hospital di London.
EN: Victoria University is a public research university based in Melbourne, Australia. In academic contexts, it is common to introduce researchers by their full name, their specific field (social psychology), and their institutional affiliation to establish credibility.
EN: Present Perfect Continuous (have/has + been + V-ing): This tense is used to describe an action that started in the past and is still continuing in the present, often emphasizing the duration.
Bahasa Melayu: Present Perfect Continuous (have/has + been + V-ing): Tenses ini digunakan untuk menerangkan tindakan yang bermula pada masa lalu dan berterusan sehingga sekarang, biasanya menekankan tempoh masa tindakan itu.
He has been working on this project since morning.
Dia telah mengerjakan projek ini sejak pagi.
EN: The preposition 'between' is used to show a relationship or connection involving two distinct things (meat eating and masculinity).
Bahasa Melayu: Kata depan 'between' digunakan untuk menunjukkan hubungan atau kaitan yang melibatkan dua perkara yang jelas (makan daging dan maskuliniti).
There is a strong bond between the two brothers.
Terdapat ikatan yang mendalam antara dua beradik itu.
EN: The sentence touches on 'masculinity' in the context of Western dietary habits, where eating meat (especially red meat) has historically been culturally associated with strength and manhood, a concept now being challenged by climate research.
EN: The 'There + be' structure is used to state the existence of something. In this sentence, 'there are' is followed by a plural subject 'differences'.
Bahasa Melayu: Struktur "There + be" digunakan untuk menyatakan kewujudan sesuatu. Dalam ayat ini, "there are" diikuti oleh subjek jamak "differences" (perbezaan).
There are several reasons why we should protect the environment.
Terdapat beberapa sebab mengapa kita patut melindungi alam sekitar.
EN: The preposition 'between' is used to show a relationship or comparison involving two distinct groups (men and women).
Bahasa Melayu: Kata depan "between" digunakan untuk menunjukkan hubungan atau perbandingan yang melibatkan dua kumpulan yang berbeza (lelaki dan wanita).
The teacher noticed a gap in knowledge between the two classes.
Guru itu menyedari wujudnya jurang pengetahuan antara dua kelas tersebut.
EN: In many Western academic contexts, researchers like Lauren Camilleri use terms like 'consistent differences' to indicate that data remains stable across various studies, reinforcing the scientific validity of the claim.
EN: Passive Voice (be + past participle): Used when the subject is the recipient of the action rather than the performer. In this sentence, 'being a carnivore' is the subject that receives the action of being 'seen'.
Bahasa Melayu: Suara Pasif (be + past participle): Digunakan apabila subjek adalah penerima tindakan, bukan pelaku. Dalam ayat ini, "menjadi pemakan daging" ialah subjek yang menerima tindakan "dianggap".
The decision is often seen as a mistake by the public.
Keputusan ini biasanya dianggap oleh orang ramai sebagai satu kesilapan.
EN: Gerund as Subject: A gerund is the '-ing' form of a verb that functions as a noun. Here, 'being' acts as the subject of the main clause.
Bahasa Melayu: Gerund sebagai Subjek: Gerund ialah bentuk '-ing' bagi kata kerja yang berfungsi sebagai kata nama. Di sini, "being" (menjadi) berfungsi sebagai subjek klausa utama.
Exercising daily is important for your health.
Bersenam setiap hari adalah penting untuk kesihatan anda.
EN: In many Western and global societies, meat consumption (especially red meat) has historically been associated with strength, hunting, and traditional masculinity. This cultural link can make it harder for men to switch to vegetarian or vegan diets without feeling like they are losing a part of their identity.
EN: The sentence uses a relative clause starting with 'that' to provide more information about the noun 'study'. 'That was published last year' acts as an adjective describing which study is being discussed.
Bahasa Melayu: Ayat ini menggunakan klausa relatif yang bermula dengan 'that' untuk memberikan maklumat lanjut tentang kata nama "study" (kajian). "That was published last year" berfungsi sebagai kata adjektif, menerangkan kajian yang mana sedang dibincangkan.
The book that I bought yesterday is very interesting.
Buku yang saya beli semalam sangat menarik.
EN: The passive voice 'was published' is used because the study did not perform the action of publishing itself; rather, it was published by a journal or organization.
Bahasa Melayu: Suara pasif "was published" digunakan kerana kajian itu sendiri tidak melakukan tindakan "menerbitkan", tetapi diterbitkan oleh jurnal atau institusi.
The report was written by a team of experts.
Laporan ini telah ditulis oleh pasukan pakar.
EN: In academic and journalistic English, it is common to specify the origin of a study (e.g., 'A French study') to lend credibility or provide geographical context to the research findings.
EN: Noun Clauses with 'that': The word 'that' introduces a subordinate clause acting as the direct object of the verb 'showed'. It explains exactly what the research revealed.
Bahasa Melayu: Klausa Kata Nama dengan 'that': Perkataan 'that' memperkenalkan klausa subordinat yang bertindak sebagai objek langsung bagi kata kerja 'showed'. Ia memperincikan kandungan khusus yang ditunjukkan oleh kajian.
The report indicated that global temperatures are rising.
Laporan itu menunjukkan bahawa suhu global semakin meningkat.
EN: Compound Subjects: When two or more nouns (driving and eating habits) are joined by 'and', they form a compound subject that performs the action of the verb together.
Bahasa Melayu: Subjek Majmuk: Apabila dua atau lebih kata nama (tabiat memandu dan makan) disambungkan oleh 'and', ia membentuk subjek majmuk yang bersama-sama melakukan tindakan kata kerja.
Time and tide wait for no man.
Masa dan arus tidak menunggu sesiapa.
EN: The study mentioned reflects a growing area of environmental research called 'gendered carbon footprints,' which examines how traditional gender roles and lifestyle choices (like diet and transportation) contribute differently to climate change.
EN: The conjunction 'Even when' is used to emphasize that something remains true despite a specific condition or situation occurring. It introduces a subordinate clause that provides context for the main action.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata hubung "Even when" (walaupun apabila...) digunakan untuk menekankan bahawa sesuatu tetap benar walaupun keadaan tertentu berlaku. Ia memperkenalkan klausa subordinat yang memberikan latar belakang untuk tindakan utama.
Even when it rains, he goes for a run.
Walaupun hujan, dia tetap akan pergi berlari.
EN: The phrase 'adjust for' means to take something into account or make changes to data so that it can be compared fairly. In scientific contexts, it often refers to controlling variables.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa "adjust for" bermaksud "mengambil kira" atau "membetulkan/melaraskan", biasanya merujuk kepada membuat pembetulan pada data untuk perbandingan yang adil. Dalam konteks saintifik, ia sering merujuk kepada mengawal pemboleh ubah.
The researchers adjusted for age in their study.
Penyelidik telah melaraskan faktor umur dalam kajian mereka.
EN: The sentence touches on a common scientific practice of 'adjusting for variables' to ensure that biological differences (like caloric needs) don't skew the results when studying social behaviors like meat consumption.
EN: Present Perfect Passive: Formed using 'has/have + been + past participle'. It describes an action that has happened to the subject at an unspecified time in the past, emphasizing the result or current state.
Bahasa Melayu: Suara Pasif Present Perfect: Dibentuk menggunakan 'has/have + been + past participle'. Ia menerangkan tindakan yang berlaku pada subjek pada masa lalu yang tidak spesifik, menekankan hasil atau keadaan semasa.
The new law has been observed by all citizens.
Semua rakyat telah mematuhi undang-undang baharu ini.
EN: Prepositional Phrase 'around the world': A common idiomatic expression used as an adjective or adverb to mean 'everywhere on Earth' or 'in many different countries'.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa Kata Depan "around the world": Ungkapan idiomatik biasa yang digunakan sebagai kata adjektif atau kata keterangan, bermaksud "setiap sudut bumi" atau "di banyak negara yang berbeza".
She wants to travel around the world.
Dia mahu mengembara ke seluruh dunia.
EN: The present perfect tense (have + past participle) is used here to describe a discovery that happened in the past but remains relevant or true in the present context.
Bahasa Melayu: Present perfect tense (have + past participle) digunakan di sini untuk menerangkan penemuan yang berlaku pada masa lalu tetapi berkaitan dengan konteks sekarang atau masih benar pada masa kini.
Scientists have found a new species of butterfly in the rainforest.
Para saintis telah menemui spesies rama-rama baharu di hutan hujan.
EN: The adjective 'resistant' is followed by the preposition 'to'. When 'to' is a preposition, it must be followed by a noun or a gerund (verb-ing).
Bahasa Melayu: Kata adjektif "resistant" (menentang, menolak) diikuti oleh kata depan "to". Apabila "to" berfungsi sebagai kata depan, ia mesti diikuti oleh kata nama atau gerund (V-ing).
Some people are resistant to changing their daily routines.
Sesetengah orang berasa enggan untuk mengubah rutin harian mereka.
EN: The sentence reflects a sociological observation common in Western studies where meat consumption, especially red meat, is often culturally tied to traditional concepts of masculinity and strength.
EN: The phrase 'be likely to + verb' is used to express the probability of something happening. Adding 'less' (be less likely to) indicates a lower probability.
Bahasa Melayu: "be likely to + kata kerja" digunakan untuk menyatakan kebarangkalian sesuatu berlaku. Menambah "less" (be less likely to) menunjukkan kebarangkalian yang lebih rendah.
It is less likely to rain this afternoon than it was this morning.
Kebarangkalian hujan pada petang ini adalah lebih rendah daripada pagi ini.
EN: The phrase 'compared to' is a prepositional phrase used to highlight differences or similarities between two things or groups.
Bahasa Melayu: "compared to" ialah frasa kata depan yang digunakan untuk menekankan perbezaan atau persamaan antara dua perkara atau kumpulan.
This year's profits are higher compared to last year.
Berbanding dengan tahun lepas, keuntungan tahun ini lebih tinggi.
EN: The sentence reflects a sociological observation often discussed in Western environmental discourse: the 'gender eco-friendly gap,' where studies suggest women tend to be more environmentally conscious in their consumption habits than men.
EN: The 'There is/are' structure is used to indicate the existence of something. 'Are' is used here because the subject 'exceptions' is plural.
Bahasa Melayu: Struktur "There is/are" digunakan untuk menunjukkan kewujudan sesuatu. "Are" digunakan di sini kerana subjek "exceptions" (pengecualian) adalah berbentuk jamak.
There are many reasons to protect the environment.
Terdapat banyak sebab untuk melindungi alam sekitar.
EN: The preposition 'to' is used after the noun 'exception' to indicate what the exception applies to.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata depan "to" digunakan selepas kata nama "exception" untuk menunjukkan perkara yang dikecualikan atau yang mana pengecualian itu terpakai.
There are no exceptions to this rule.
Peraturan ini tidak mempunyai pengecualian.
EN: In academic and journalistic writing, 'However' is a standard way to introduce a counter-argument or a limitation to a previously stated general trend, making the discussion more balanced.
EN: Adverbs of Frequency: Words like 'sometimes' indicate how often an action occurs. In a sentence with a main verb, they usually go before the verb.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata Keterangan Kekerapan: Perkataan seperti 'sometimes' (kadang-kadang) digunakan untuk menunjukkan kekerapan sesuatu tindakan berlaku. Dalam ayat dengan kata kerja biasa, ia biasanya diletakkan sebelum kata kerja.
She sometimes drinks tea in the afternoon.
Dia kadang-kadang minum teh pada waktu petang.
EN: Subordinating Conjunction 'When': This is used to introduce a dependent clause that indicates the time or condition under which the main action happens.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata Hubung Subordinat 'When': Digunakan untuk memperkenalkan klausa subordinat yang menunjukkan masa atau syarat berlakunya tindakan dalam klausa utama (apabila...).
I will call you when I arrive at the station.
Apabila saya tiba di stesen, saya akan menelefon anda.
EN: The sentence reflects a common sociological observation that dietary changes in men are often triggered by external factors like health crises or social influence from partners, rather than internal motivation alone, which is often tied to traditional concepts of masculinity.
EN: The word 'that' introduces a noun clause acting as the direct object of the verb 'explains'. It connects the main statement with the specific content being explained.
Bahasa Melayu: Perkataan 'that' memperkenalkan klausa kata nama yang bertindak sebagai objek langsung bagi kata kerja 'explains' (menerangkan). Ia menghubungkan pernyataan utama dengan kandungan khusus yang diterangkan.
He believes that education is the key to success.
Dia percaya bahawa pendidikan adalah kunci kejayaan.
EN: The phrasal verb 'come from' is used here to indicate the origin or source of a behavior or situation.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja frasa 'come from' digunakan di sini untuk menunjukkan asal usul atau sumber sesuatu tingkah laku atau keadaan.
Her confidence comes from years of practice.
Keyakinannya berasal daripada latihan bertahun-tahun.
EN: The sentence refers to the sociological concept that dietary choices are not just biological needs but are deeply rooted in cultural identity and gender norms, where meat consumption is often linked to traditional views of masculinity.
EN: The structure 'view A as B' is used to describe how someone perceives or considers something. 'View' acts as the transitive verb, 'A' is the direct object, and 'as B' is a prepositional phrase acting as an object complement.
Bahasa Melayu: Struktur "view A as B" digunakan untuk menerangkan bagaimana seseorang melihat atau menganggap sesuatu. 'view' ialah kata kerja transitif, 'A' ialah objek langsung, dan 'as B' ialah frasa kata depan yang berfungsi sebagai pelengkap objek.
Many people view failure as a learning opportunity.
Ramai orang menganggap kegagalan sebagai peluang untuk belajar.
EN: Gerunds as Objects: In this sentence, 'meat eating' uses the gerund 'eating' as a noun. A gerund is the -ing form of a verb that functions as a noun within a sentence.
Bahasa Melayu: Gerund sebagai Objek: Dalam ayat ini, "meat eating" menggunakan gerund "eating" sebagai kata nama. Gerund ialah bentuk -ing bagi kata kerja yang berfungsi sebagai kata nama dalam ayat.
Regular exercising is important for health.
Bersenam secara tetap adalah penting untuk kesihatan.
EN: In many Western and global cultures, there is a historical association between meat consumption (especially red meat) and traditional concepts of masculinity or strength. This cultural link can make dietary changes more difficult for men who feel their identity is tied to these habits.
EN: The phrasal pattern 'see A as B' is used to express how someone perceives or categorizes something. 'A' is the object being perceived, and 'B' is the role or quality assigned to it.
Bahasa Melayu: Corak kata kerja "see A as B" digunakan untuk menyatakan bagaimana seseorang melihat atau mentakrifkan sesuatu. "A" ialah objek yang dilihat, dan "B" ialah peranan atau sifat yang diberikan kepadanya.
Many people see failure as a learning opportunity.
Ramai orang menganggap kegagalan sebagai peluang untuk belajar.
EN: The infinitive phrase 'to change their diet' acts as an adjective (adjectival infinitive) modifying the noun 'attempts', specifying what kind of attempts are being made.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa infinitif "to change their diet" berfungsi sebagai kata adjektif di sini, menerangkan kata nama "attempts" (percubaan), menjelaskan jenis percubaan itu.
He has no desire to leave the company.
Dia tidak mempunyai keinginan untuk meninggalkan syarikat itu.
EN: In many Western cultures, meat consumption is deeply tied to traditional concepts of masculinity. This sentence reflects the psychological resistance some men feel when societal changes (like climate action) challenge these long-held identity markers.
EN: The 'If' conditional (Zero/First Conditional) is used here to express a condition and its consequence. 'If the world wants...' sets the premise for the experts' statement.
Bahasa Melayu: Ayat bersyarat 'If' (First Conditional) digunakan di sini untuk menyatakan syarat dan akibat yang berikutnya. "If the world wants..." menetapkan latar belakang untuk kenyataan pakar.
If you want to improve your health, you should exercise regularly.
Jika anda ingin meningkatkan kesihatan, anda patut bersenam secara tetap.
EN: The phrase 'the need has never been greater' uses a comparative adjective with a negative 'never' to emphasize that the current situation is at its most extreme or urgent point.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa "the need has never been greater" menggabungkan kata negatif "never" dengan kata adjektif perbandingan untuk menekankan bahawa keadaan semasa berada pada tahap paling ekstrem atau mendesak, iaitu "tidak pernah begitu mendesak".
The demand for renewable energy has never been higher.
Permintaan terhadap tenaga boleh diperbaharui tidak pernah setinggi sekarang.
EN: The sentence reflects a growing global discourse connecting environmental science with gender studies. In many Western cultures, meat consumption (especially red meat) is traditionally associated with 'masculinity,' making dietary changes a sensitive cultural issue beyond just nutrition.
Kosa kata utama dengan sebutan IPA, definisi, contoh ayat, dan kuiz interaktif.
Dalam konteks: Pencemaran, merujuk kepada bahan yang memberi kesan berbahaya kepada alam sekitar.
Frasa dengan label jenis, definisi dwibahasa, nota penggunaan, dan contoh ayat.
The serious problems caused by changes in the world's weather, especially the warming of the earth.
Krisis iklim
A diet consisting mostly or entirely of foods derived from plants.
Diet berasaskan tumbuhan / Diet sayur-sayuran
To reduce the amount or consumption of something.
mengurangkan, memotong
To change something slightly to make it more accurate or to consider a specific factor.
melaraskan untuk mengambil kira...