‘Mega-consumers’ of food and energy cost environment $5.7tn a year, study findsKajian: 'Pengguna Mega' Makanan dan Tenaga Merugikan Alam Sekitar $5.7 Trilion Setahun
Pratonton Audio Lengkap
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EN: The present participle phrase 'amounting to...' is used as an adjective clause reduction (which amounts to...) to modify the noun 'environmental damage'. It expresses a total that reaches a specific figure.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa partisipel kini 'amounting to...' digunakan sebagai klausa adjektif yang dipendekkan (asalnya 'which amounts to...'), untuk menerangkan kata nama 'environmental damage'. Struktur ini digunakan untuk menunjukkan jumlah yang mencapai angka tertentu.
The unpaid taxes, amounting to millions of dollars, were never recovered.
Cukai yang belum dibayar yang berjumlah sehingga berjuta-juta dolar tidak pernah dituntut semula.
EN: The prepositional phrase 'according to' is used to introduce the source of information or opinion, establishing credibility. It is commonly placed at the beginning or the end of a sentence in journalistic writing.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa kata sendi nama 'according to' (menurut) digunakan untuk memperkenalkan sumber maklumat atau pandangan untuk membina kredibiliti. Dalam penulisan berita, ia sering diletakkan pada permulaan atau akhir ayat.
According to the latest weather forecast, a typhoon is approaching.
Menurut ramalan cuaca terkini, taufan sedang menghampiri.
EN: The noun phrase 'ten percent' functions as the head of the subject. When followed by 'of the global population' (a singular collective noun), the verb 'generates' agrees in the singular form.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa kata nama 'ten percent' berfungsi sebagai inti subjek. Apabila diikuti oleh 'of the global population' (kata nama kolektif tunggal), kata kerja 'generates' perlu menggunakan bentuk tunggal untuk mencapai keselarahan subjek-kata kerja.
Only ten percent of the energy is converted into light.
Hanya sepuluh peratus daripada tenaga ditukar menjadi cahaya.
EN: The term 'landmark study' is frequently used in academic and journalistic contexts to refer to a research paper that significantly alters the understanding of a particular field or provides groundbreaking data. In environmental discourse, quantifying ecological damage in monetary terms (like trillions of dollars) is a modern strategy to make the abstract concept of climate change tangible to policymakers and the general public.
EN: The sentence begins with a past participle phrase ('Published by...'), which functions as an adjective modifying the main subject ('the findings'). This is a reduced relative clause, shortened from 'Which were published by...'. It is a common feature of formal and academic writing to pack information efficiently at the beginning of a sentence.
Bahasa Melayu: Ayat ini bermula dengan frasa partisipel lampau ('Published by...') yang berfungsi sebagai adjektif untuk menerangkan subjek ('the findings'). Ini adalah ringkasan daripada klausa relatif, yang dipendekkan daripada 'Which were published by...'. Dalam penulisan formal dan akademik, struktur ini sering digunakan untuk memberikan maklumat latar belakang dengan cekap pada permulaan ayat.
Written by a team of environmental scientists, the report details the devastating effects of global warming.
Laporan yang ditulis oleh pasukan saintis alam sekitar ini menghuraikan secara terperinci kesan buruk pemanasan global.
EN: The verb 'underscore' is followed by a noun clause starting with the question word 'how' ('how consumption patterns... have reached...'). This noun clause functions as the direct object of the verb, explaining the specific content or mechanism of what is being highlighted.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja 'underscore' diikuti oleh klausa nama yang bermula dengan kata tanya 'how' ('how consumption patterns... have reached...'). Klausa nama ini berfungsi sebagai objek langsung kepada kata kerja tersebut, untuk menjelaskan kandungan atau mekanisme yang ditekankan.
The presentation demonstrated how renewable energy solutions can reduce operational costs.
Pembentangan itu menunjukkan bagaimana penyelesaian tenaga boleh diperbaharui dapat mengurangkan kos operasi.
EN: The present perfect tense ('have reached') is used here to describe an action or state that began in the past and has continuing relevance or has reached a cumulative peak in the present, emphasized by the adjective 'unprecedented'.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja kini sempurna ('have reached') digunakan di sini untuk menggambarkan tindakan atau keadaan yang bermula pada masa lalu dan masih memberi kesan hingga kini, atau mencapai kemuncak terkumpul pada masa kini, dan ditekankan dengan kata adjektif 'unprecedented'.
Global temperatures have reached record highs over the past decade.
Dalam sepuluh tahun yang lalu, suhu global telah mencapai rekod tertinggi.
EN: The mention of the 'University of Oxford' and the 'University of Leiden' lends high academic credibility to the findings. In Western academic contexts, collaborative research between prestigious institutions across different nations (the UK and the Netherlands) is highly valued and often indicates a study of significant global scale and rigorous peer review.
EN: The preposition 'except' is used to introduce the only thing or person that a statement does not apply to. It can be followed by nouns, pronouns, or prepositional phrases. In formal contexts, 'except for' is also common, but 'except' is preferred when following words like 'every', 'all', 'no', or 'any'.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata sendi 'except' digunakan untuk memperkenalkan satu-satunya perkara atau orang yang tidak termasuk dalam pernyataan. Ia boleh diikuti oleh kata nama, kata ganti nama atau frasa kata sendi nama. Dalam konteks formal, 'except for' juga biasa, tetapi selepas perkataan seperti 'every', 'all', 'no' atau 'any', 'except' lebih digemari.
The museum is open every day except Monday.
Muzium ini dibuka setiap hari kecuali hari Isnin.
EN: The verb 'surpass' is a transitive verb meaning to exceed, be greater than, or go beyond a limit, standard, or amount. It is highly appropriate for formal, academic, or economic registers to describe quantitative or qualitative superiority.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja 'surpass' ialah kata kerja transitif yang bermaksud melebihi, lebih besar daripada, atau melebihi had, piawaian atau kuantiti. Ia sangat sesuai untuk menggambarkan kelebihan dalam kuantiti atau kualiti dalam konteks formal, akademik atau ekonomi.
The company's annual revenue is expected to surpass last year's record.
Pendapatan tahunan syarikat itu dijangka akan melebihi rekod tahun lepas.
EN: The sentence highlights the massive economic scale of the United States and China, which are currently the world's two largest economies by nominal GDP. By stating that the environmental cost of the top 10% of global consumers surpasses the GDP of all other nations combined except these two, the text underscores the staggering magnitude of human-driven ecological damage in comparison to global economic output.
EN: The adverb 'disproportionately' is used to describe a situation where something is out of proportion, either too large or too small, in relation to something else. It is commonly used in academic and journalistic registers to highlight inequality or imbalance.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata keterangan 'disproportionately' digunakan untuk menggambarkan keadaan di mana sesuatu sangat tidak seimbang, terlalu banyak atau terlalu sedikit berbanding dengan perkara lain. Ia sering digunakan dalam bahasa akademik dan kewartawanan untuk menekankan ketidakseimbangan atau ketidakadilan.
Low-income families are disproportionately affected by the rising cost of energy.
Isi rumah berpendapatan rendah terjejas secara tidak seimbang oleh kenaikan harga tenaga.
EN: The prepositional phrase 'with + noun + -ing participle' (with more than half... falling into...) functions as an adverbial adjunct of attendant circumstance or result. It provides additional, supporting information that explains or expands on the main clause.
Bahasa Melayu: Struktur frasa sendi nama 'with + kata nama + partisipel kini' (with more than half... falling into...) di sini berfungsi sebagai keterangan keadaan atau hasil yang menyertai. Ia memberikan maklumat tambahan yang menyokong atau menjelaskan kandungan klausa utama.
The company expanded its market share, with profits rising by twenty percent this quarter.
Syarikat itu memperluaskan bahagian pasaran, dan keuntungan suku tahun ini meningkat sebanyak dua puluh peratus.
EN: The phrasal verb 'fall into' is used here in a figurative sense meaning 'to be classified as' or 'to belong to' a particular category or group.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa kerja 'fall into' di sini digunakan dalam makna kiasan, bermaksud 'diklasifikasikan sebagai' atau 'termasuk dalam' kategori atau kumpulan tertentu.
Most of the budget expenditures fall into the category of administrative costs.
Sebahagian besar perbelanjaan belanjawan termasuk dalam kategori kos pentadbiran.
EN: The term 'global north' is a socio-economic and political categorization rather than a strictly geographical one. It refers to developed, high-income countries, predominantly located in North America and Europe, which are historically responsible for a larger share of global resource consumption and environmental degradation compared to the 'global south'.
EN: The verb 'qualify as' is used to state that someone or something has the necessary features to be described as a particular thing. It is often followed by a noun phrase representing a category or status.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa kerja "qualify as" digunakan untuk menyatakan bahawa seseorang atau sesuatu mempunyai ciri-ciri atau syarat yang diperlukan untuk digambarkan sebagai perkara tertentu. Selepasnya biasanya diikuti oleh frasa nama yang menunjukkan kategori atau identiti, bermaksud "memenuhi kelayakan sebagai/diklasifikasikan sebagai...".
She qualifies as an expert in the field of renewable energy after ten years of research.
Selepas sepuluh tahun penyelidikan, beliau layak dianggap sebagai pakar dalam bidang tenaga boleh diperbaharui.
EN: When expressing percentages of a collective noun like 'population', the verb agreement depends on the noun that follows 'of'. Since 'population' is a singular collective noun representing a singular entity here, the verb 'qualifies' takes the singular form.
Bahasa Melayu: Apabila menyatakan peratusan kata nama kolektif seperti 'population', keselarasan kata kerja tunggal atau jamak bergantung pada kata nama selepas 'of'. Di sini, 'population' dianggap sebagai satu keseluruhan tunggal, oleh itu kata kerja 'qualifies' menggunakan bentuk tunggal.
Approximately thirty percent of the local population has received the first dose of the vaccine.
Kira-kira tiga puluh peratus daripada penduduk tempatan telah menerima dos pertama vaksin.
EN: The prepositional phrase 'In the European Union' is placed at the beginning of the sentence as an introductory adverbial of place, which sets the geographical scope of the statement and is followed by a comma.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa sendi nama "In the European Union" diletakkan pada awal ayat sebagai frasa keterangan tempat yang memperkenalkan skop geografi pernyataan tersebut, dan biasanya diikuti dengan koma untuk memisahkannya daripada klausa utama.
In the United States, public transportation is less common in suburban areas.
Di Amerika Syarikat, pengangkutan awam kurang meluas di kawasan pinggir bandar.
EN: The term 'European Union' (EU) refers to a political and economic union of 27 member states located primarily in Europe. In global environmental discussions, the EU is often analyzed as a single bloc due to its unified environmental regulations and high average standards of living, which contribute to significant consumption footprints compared to developing regions.
EN: The past participle phrase 'involved in the study' acts as an adjective modifying the noun 'researcher'. This is a reduced relative clause, shortened from 'who was involved in the study'.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa kata kerja lampau 'involved in the study' berfungsi sebagai adjektif untuk menerangkan kata nama 'researcher'. Ini ialah klausa relatif yang dipendekkan, daripada 'who was involved in the study'.
The experts involved in the project recommended immediate action.
Pakar yang terlibat dalam projek itu mengesyorkan tindakan segera.
EN: The structure 'describe A as B' is used to characterize someone or something. 'As' is a preposition followed by a noun phrase or, as in this case, an adjective ('utterly extraordinary') acting as a complement.
Bahasa Melayu: Struktur 'describe A as B' digunakan untuk menggambarkan atau mencirikan seseorang atau sesuatu. 'As' ialah kata sendi nama, diikuti oleh frasa kata nama, atau seperti dalam ayat ini, kata adjektif (utterly extraordinary) sebagai pelengkap.
The critic described the performance as absolutely flawless.
Pengkritik menggambarkan persembahan itu sebagai sangat sempurna.
EN: The present participle 'emphasizing' introduces a participle clause expressing a simultaneous action or a natural result of the main clause. The subject of 'emphasizing' is the same as the main clause ('One researcher').
Bahasa Melayu: Partisipel kini 'emphasizing' memperkenalkan frasa partisipel yang menyatakan tindakan yang berlaku serentak dengan klausa utama atau hasil semula jadi daripada klausa utama. Subjek logik 'emphasizing' adalah sama dengan subjek klausa utama (One researcher).
The CEO delivered a speech, highlighting the company's commitment to sustainability.
Ketua pegawai eksekutif memberikan ucapan yang menekankan komitmen syarikat terhadap kelestarian.
EN: The verb 'identify' is commonly used in academic and formal contexts with the structure 'identify A as B' to classify or define something as having a specific identity or role.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja 'identify' sering digunakan dalam konteks akademik dan formal dengan struktur 'identify A as B' untuk mengklasifikasikan atau mendefinisikan sesuatu sebagai mempunyai identiti atau peranan tertentu.
The committee identified renewable energy as the top priority for the new development plan.
Jawatankuasa itu mengenal pasti tenaga boleh diperbaharui sebagai keutamaan utama dalam pelan pembangunan baharu.
EN: The use of 'the two most + adjective + plural noun' is a superlative structure used to highlight a specific, limited number of items (in this case, two) that possess the highest degree of a quality within a group.
Bahasa Melayu: Penggunaan 'the two most + adjektif + kata nama jamak' ialah struktur superlatif yang digunakan untuk menekankan item tertentu dan terhad (di sini dua) yang mempunyai kualiti paling tinggi dalam kumpulan.
They selected the two most promising candidates for the final interview.
Mereka menyaring dua calon yang paling berpotensi untuk temuduga akhir.
EN: The verb 'emerge as' is used to describe how something becomes known, recognized, or develops into a particular position or role over time. It is more formal and dynamic than simply using 'become'.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa kerja 'emerge as' digunakan untuk menggambarkan bagaimana sesuatu menjadi diketahui, diiktiraf atau berkembang menjadi peranan atau status tertentu dari masa ke masa. Ini lebih formal dan dinamik daripada sekadar 'become'.
Renewable energy has emerged as a viable alternative to fossil fuels.
Tenaga boleh diperbaharui telah muncul sebagai pilihan yang berdaya maju untuk menggantikan bahan api fosil.
EN: The noun phrase 'primary driver' is a formal academic and journalistic collocation used to identify the main cause or force behind a trend, event, or phenomenon.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa nama 'primary driver' ialah kolokasi formal dalam bahasa akademik dan kewartawanan, digunakan untuk menunjukkan punca atau pendorong paling utama di sebalik sesuatu trend, peristiwa atau fenomena.
Technological innovation is the primary driver of economic growth in the modern era.
Inovasi teknologi ialah pemacu utama pertumbuhan ekonomi moden.
EN: The post-modifier 'worldwide' is an adverb used here as an adjective equivalent modifying the noun phrase 'deforestation and biodiversity loss', meaning 'happening or existing in all parts of the world'.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata pengubah selepas 'worldwide' ialah kata keterangan yang digunakan di sini sebagai adjektif untuk menerangkan frasa nama 'deforestation and biodiversity loss', menunjukkan bahawa fenomena ini berlaku di seluruh dunia.
The campaign received widespread support from environmentalists worldwide.
Gerakan ini mendapat sokongan luas daripada ahli alam sekitar di seluruh dunia.
EN: In recent years, the environmental impact of diet, particularly red meat consumption, has become a major topic of discussion in Western countries. This has led to a significant rise in 'flexitarianism' (semi-vegetarianism) and the popularity of plant-based meat alternatives in supermarkets and restaurants across the global north.
EN: The present participle 'encompassing' is used here to introduce a non-defining participial clause that functions as an adjective, providing extra information about the subject 'Energy expenditure'. It is equivalent to 'which encompasses'.
Bahasa Melayu: Partisipel kini 'encompassing' digunakan di sini untuk memperkenalkan klausa partisipel tidak menghadkan, berfungsi sebagai adjektif yang memberikan maklumat tambahan untuk menerangkan subjek 'Energy expenditure'. Ini bersamaan dengan 'which encompasses'.
The new policy, affecting all employees, will be implemented next month.
Dasar baharu yang melibatkan semua pekerja akan dilaksanakan pada bulan hadapan.
EN: The verb 'constitute' is a formal verb meaning 'to be the parts that together form something' or 'to be equivalent to'. In academic and formal writing, it is often preferred over 'make up' or 'be'.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja 'constitute' ialah kata kerja formal yang bermaksud 'menjadi bahagian yang bersama-sama membentuk' atau 'bersamaan dengan'. Dalam penulisan akademik dan formal, ia lebih digemari berbanding 'make up' atau 'be'.
Twelve people constitute a jury in this country.
Di negara itu, dua belas orang membentuk satu juri.
EN: Parallel structure in lists: When listing multiple items, they should share the same grammatical form. Here, 'aviation' (noun), 'residential heating and cooling' (noun phrase with gerunds), and 'the burning of fossil fuels' (noun phrase with gerund) are all grammatically parallel as noun entities.
Bahasa Melayu: Struktur selari dalam senarai: Apabila menyenaraikan beberapa item, ia harus berkongsi bentuk tatabahasa yang sama. Di sini, 'aviation' (kata nama), 'residential heating and cooling' (frasa nama yang mengandungi gerund) dan 'the burning of fossil fuels' (frasa nama yang mengandungi gerund) disenaraikan secara selari sebagai entiti kata nama.
The course covers academic writing, critical thinking, and presenting research.
Kursus ini merangkumi penulisan akademik, pemikiran kritis dan penerbitan penyelidikan.
EN: Inverted conditional structure (subjunctive mood) without 'if'. When 'if' is omitted in conditional clauses containing 'were', 'had', or 'should', the auxiliary verb is placed before the subject.
Bahasa Melayu: Struktur bersyarat songsang (mood subjungtif) tanpa 'if'. Apabila klausa bersyarat mengandungi 'were', 'had' atau 'should', 'if' boleh digugurkan dan kata bantu digerakkan ke hadapan subjek.
Were he to accept the job offer, he would have to relocate to Germany.
Sekiranya dia menerima tawaran kerja itu, dia perlu berpindah ke Jerman.
EN: The use of 'unchecked' as a post-positive modifier or object complement. Here, 'to persist unchecked' means to continue without being stopped or regulated.
Bahasa Melayu: Penggunaan 'unchecked' sebagai pengubah selepas kata atau pelengkap objek. Di sini, 'to persist unchecked' bermaksud berterusan berlaku tanpa sebarang halangan atau kawalan (berterusan tanpa kawalan).
The disease was allowed to spread unchecked throughout the region.
Penyakit itu dibiarkan merebak tanpa kawalan di seluruh wilayah.
EN: Interrupter clause (parenthetical insertion). 'The researchers cautioned' is inserted into the middle of the main conditional sentence to attribute the statement, which is a common journalistic style.
Bahasa Melayu: Klausa penyisip (sisipan kurungan). 'The researchers cautioned' disisipkan di tengah-tengah klausa bersyarat utama untuk menunjukkan sumber kenyataan, ini adalah gaya penulisan biasa dalam laporan berita.
The new policy, the director announced, will take effect next month.
Pengurus mengumumkan bahawa dasar baharu akan berkuat kuasa pada bulan hadapan.
EN: The passive construction 'be derived from' is used to indicate the origin or source of something, often abstract concepts, data, or words. It emphasizes the source rather than the agent performing the derivation.
Bahasa Melayu: Struktur pasif 'be derived from' digunakan untuk menunjukkan asal atau sumber sesuatu, biasanya untuk konsep abstrak, data atau perkataan. Ia menekankan sumber, bukan subjek yang melakukan terbitan.
The word 'biodiversity' is derived from Greek and Latin roots.
Perkataan 'biodiversiti' berasal daripada akar kata Yunani dan Latin.
EN: Parallel noun phrases are used to list multiple items of equal grammatical rank. In this sentence, 'climate disruption, biodiversity loss, nutrient pollution, and freshwater depletion' are four parallel noun-noun/adjective-noun compounds acting as the objects of the preposition 'of'.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa nama selari digunakan untuk menyenaraikan beberapa item yang mempunyai kedudukan tatabahasa yang sama. Dalam ayat ini, 'climate disruption', 'biodiversity loss', 'nutrient pollution' dan 'freshwater depletion' ialah empat struktur kata nama-kata nama/adjektif-kata nama yang selari, semuanya berfungsi sebagai objek kepada kata sendi 'of'.
The report highlights the dangers of soil erosion, air pollution, and habitat destruction.
Laporan itu menekankan bahaya hakisan tanah, pencemaran udara dan kemusnahan habitat.
EN: The prepositional phrase 'on an individual basis' is used to specify the perspective or unit of measurement being discussed, meaning 'when considered individually' or 'per person'. It is a formal alternative to 'individually' or 'per capita'.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa kata sendi nama 'on an individual basis' digunakan untuk menentukan perspektif atau unit ukuran perbincangan, bermaksud 'secara individu' atau 'per kapita'. Ini adalah alternatif yang lebih formal untuk 'individually' atau 'per capita'.
The employees will be evaluated on an individual basis rather than as a team.
Pekerja akan dinilai secara individu, bukan sebagai satu pasukan.
EN: The verb 'range' is used with the prepositional phrase 'from A to B' to express the limits of variation in amount, number, or degree. In this sentence, it indicates the fluctuating or estimated scale of the environmental cost.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja 'range' digunakan dengan frasa kata sendi nama 'from A to B' untuk menyatakan julat perubahan dalam kuantiti, angka atau darjah. Dalam ayat ini, ia menunjukkan julat anggaran kos alam sekitar.
The price of organic vegetables can range from three to eight dollars per kilogram.
Harga sayur-sayuran organik boleh berjulat antara tiga hingga lapan dolar per kilogram.
EN: The complex noun phrase 'the average annual environmental damage bill for someone in the global top ten percent' functions as the subject. It features multiple pre-modifiers ('average', 'annual', 'environmental damage') and a post-modifying prepositional phrase ('for someone in the global top ten percent') that narrows down the specific group.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa kata nama kompleks 'the average annual environmental damage bill for someone in the global top ten percent' berfungsi sebagai subjek. Ia mengandungi beberapa kata pengubah di hadapan (average, annual, environmental damage) dan frasa kata sendi nama di belakang (for someone in the global top ten percent) untuk menentukan kumpulan tertentu.
The average monthly electricity bill for a household in this city has increased significantly.
Bil elektrik purata bulanan bagi keluarga biasa di bandar ini telah meningkat dengan ketara.
EN: The sentence discusses environmental damage in terms of monetary value ('damage bill'). This reflects a growing trend in environmental economics to quantify ecological footprints and climate impacts in financial terms, making the abstract concept of environmental degradation more tangible to policymakers and the general public.
EN: The phrase 'those residing in...' uses a present participle ('residing') as an adjective phrase modifying the pronoun 'those'. This is a reduced relative clause, shortened from 'those who reside in...'. It is commonly used in formal and written English to describe a specific group of people.
Bahasa Melayu: Struktur 'those residing in...' menggunakan partisipel kini (residing) untuk menerangkan kata ganti nama 'those'. Ini adalah struktur klausa relatif yang dipendekkan, asalnya 'those who reside in...'. Dalam bahasa Inggeris formal dan bertulis, struktur ini sering digunakan untuk menggambarkan kumpulan tertentu.
The policy applies only to those residing in the European Union.
Dasar ini hanya terpakai kepada mereka yang menetap di Kesatuan Eropah.
EN: The verb 'soared' is used to describe a rapid and dramatic increase. It is a highly descriptive verb often used in financial, economic, or statistical contexts to emphasize a sharp upward trend, rather than using a simple verb like 'increased'.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja "soared" (melonjak) digunakan untuk menggambarkan peningkatan yang pantas dan drastik. Dalam konteks kewangan, ekonomi, atau statistik data, ini adalah kata kerja yang sangat deskriptif untuk menekankan trend kenaikan yang mendadak, lebih ekspresif berbanding hanya menggunakan "increased".
Temperatures soared to record heights during the summer months.
Semasa musim panas, suhu melonjak ke paras tertinggi dalam sejarah.
EN: The adverb 'however' is used as a parenthetical insertion (set off by commas) to introduce a contrast. Placing 'however' after the initial prepositional phrase ('For those..., however, ...') creates a smoother, more sophisticated transition in formal writing compared to placing it at the very beginning of the sentence.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata keterangan «however» di sini digunakan sebagai sisipan (dipisahkan dengan koma) untuk memperkenalkan kontras. Meletakkan «however» selepas frasa preposisi di awal ayat (iaitu «For those..., however, ...») berbanding meletakkannya terus di awal ayat, menjadikan peralihan dalam penulisan formal lebih lancar dan lebih elegan.
For small businesses, however, the new tax regulation poses a significant challenge.
Walau bagaimanapun, bagi perniagaan kecil, peraturan cukai baharu itu membawa cabaran yang besar.
EN: The sentence highlights the vast disparity in environmental impact between average global citizens and wealthy individuals in developed nations like the United States. In environmental economics, this reflects the concept of the 'ecological footprint' and 'carbon inequality,' where consumption-driven environmental damage is disproportionately caused by high-income populations in the Global North.
EN: When a negative correlative conjunction like 'Not only' begins a sentence, subject-auxiliary inversion is required in the first clause. The auxiliary verb (do/does/did) is placed before the subject.
Bahasa Melayu: Apabila kata hubung korelatif negatif seperti 'Not only' memulakan ayat, klausa pertama mesti disongsangkan antara subjek dan kata bantu. Kata bantu (do/does/did) perlu diletakkan sebelum subjek.
Not only did she complete the project ahead of schedule, but she also stayed within the budget.
Dia bukan sahaja menyiapkan projek itu lebih awal, tetapi juga memastikan perbelanjaan berada dalam lingkungan bajet.
EN: The correlative structure 'Not only... but (also)... as well' is used to connect and emphasize two coordinated clauses. 'As well' can be used at the end of the second clause as an alternative to 'also' after 'but'.
Bahasa Melayu: Struktur korelatif 'Not only... but (also)... as well' digunakan untuk menghubungkan dan menekankan dua klausa yang setara. 'As well' di hujung ayat boleh menjadi alternatif kepada 'also' selepas 'but', untuk menyatakan 'juga'.
Not only does the new policy reduce carbon emissions, but it stimulates green technology investment as well.
Dasar baharu ini bukan sahaja mengurangkan pelepasan karbon, tetapi juga merangsang pelaburan dalam teknologi hijau.
EN: The idiom 'close the gap' means to reduce the difference or disparity between two groups, levels, or standards.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa 'close the gap' bermaksud mengurangkan perbezaan atau jurang antara dua kumpulan, tahap atau piawaian.
The government is implementing new educational reforms to close the gap between public and private schools.
Kerajaan sedang melaksanakan pembaharuan pendidikan baharu untuk mengurangkan jurang antara sekolah awam dan swasta.
EN: The sentence reflects a central debate in global climate politics: 'Common but Differentiated Responsibilities' (CBDR). Historically, wealthy nations (the Global North) have contributed the most to cumulative greenhouse gas emissions, but rapidly developing emerging economies (like China and India) are now also major contributors to current emissions, leading to complex negotiations on who should pay for climate mitigation.
EN: The use of 'that of' is a crucial grammatical device used to avoid repetition of a singular noun (in this case, 'the average environmental cost') when comparing two similar things. If the noun being compared were plural, 'those of' would be used instead.
Bahasa Melayu: Penggunaan 'that of' ialah alat tatabahasa penting untuk mengelakkan pengulangan kata nama tunggal (dalam ayat ini, 'purata kos alam sekitar'), sering digunakan dalam perbandingan dua perkara yang serupa. Jika objek yang dibandingkan ialah kata nama jamak, 'those of' digunakan.
The GDP of Japan is currently smaller than that of the United States.
KDNK Jepun kini lebih kecil daripada KDNK Amerika Syarikat.
EN: The past participle phrase 'attributed to...' acts as a reduced relative clause (which is/has been attributed to...) modifying the noun phrase 'the average environmental cost'. It functions as an adjective to specify the source or cause of the cost.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa partisipel lampau 'attributed to...' (disebabkan oleh...) di sini berfungsi sebagai klausa relatif yang dipendekkan (yang mana 'which is/has been attributed to...'), menerangkan frasa nama 'the average environmental cost' dan berfungsi sebagai adjektif untuk menjelaskan sumber atau punca kos tersebut.
The drop in sales attributed to the recent economic downturn has worried investors.
Penurunan jualan yang dikaitkan dengan kemelesetan ekonomi baru-baru ini telah menimbulkan kebimbangan di kalangan pelabur.
EN: The adverb 'Notably' is used as a sentence modifier (or disjunct) at the very beginning of the sentence. It signals to the reader that the information following is particularly striking, important, or worthy of attention.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata keterangan 'Notably' (yang perlu diberi perhatian) digunakan pada permulaan ayat sebagai pengubah ayat (atau kata keterangan ulasan). Ia memberi isyarat kepada pembaca bahawa maklumat yang berikut adalah sangat menarik, penting atau patut diberi perhatian.
Notably, none of the board members opposed the new environmental policy.
Perlu diberi perhatian, tiada seorang pun ahli lembaga pengarah yang menentang dasar mesra alam yang baharu ini.
EN: This sentence reflects a major shift in global environmental economics. Historically, Western developed nations (like Germany) were the primary drivers of high-consumption environmental damage. However, the rapid economic rise of emerging economies, particularly China, has created a massive new class of high-consuming individuals whose environmental footprint now rivals or exceeds that of their counterparts in traditional wealthy nations.
Kosa kata utama dengan sebutan IPA, definisi, contoh ayat, dan kuiz interaktif.
Dalam konteks: Menekankan, menonjolkan (kepentingan atau kebenarannya)
Dalam konteks: Belum pernah berlaku sebelum ini, tidak ada tandingan
Dalam konteks: Secara tidak seimbang, tidak sekata
Dalam konteks: Membuat sesuatu kelihatan kecil, mengatasi, menguasai
Dalam konteks: Kepelbagaian biologi
Dalam konteks: Merangkumi, termasuk (pelbagai perkara)
Dalam konteks: merupakan, membentuk
Dalam konteks: Berterusan, terus wujud (terutamanya keadaan yang sukar atau buruk)
Dalam konteks: Kumulatif, bertambah secara beransur-ansur
Dalam konteks: Pengurangan, kehabisan
Dalam konteks: Meningkat dengan mendadak, melonjak
Frasa dengan label jenis, definisi dwibahasa, nota penggunaan, dan contoh ayat.
A term used to refer to wealthier, highly developed countries, typically located in North America, Europe, and parts of Asia and Oceania.
Global North, kumpulan negara maju
Natural fuels such as coal or gas, formed in the geological past from the remains of living organisms.
Bahan api fosil
To continue to exist or develop without any control, restraint, or prevention.
Berterusan tanpa kawalan, dibiarkan berlarutan
Nations' economies that are progressing toward becoming advanced, characterized by rapid growth and industrialization.
Ekonomi sedang pesat membangun