Shinya Yamanaka: The Worst SurgeonShinya Yamanaka: Pakar Bedah Terburuk
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EN: The verb 'dream' is often followed by the preposition 'of' or 'about' to indicate the content of the dream. When followed by an action, the gerund form (verb + -ing) must be used.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja "dream" (bermimpi) selalunya diikuti oleh kata depan "of" atau "about" untuk menunjukkan kandungan mimpi. Jika diikuti oleh tindakan, bentuk gerund (V-ing) mesti digunakan.
She dreams of traveling around the world.
Dia bermimpi untuk mengembara ke seluruh dunia.
EN: The gerund 'healing' functions as the object of the preposition 'of'. Gerunds allow us to treat an action as a noun or a concept.
Bahasa Melayu: Gerund "healing" di sini berfungsi sebagai objek bagi kata depan "of". Gerund membolehkan kita memperlakukan sesuatu tindakan sebagai kata nama atau konsep.
Healing takes time after a major surgery.
Pemulihan selepas pembedahan besar memerlukan masa.
EN: Shinya Yamanaka is a famous Japanese scientist who won the Nobel Prize for his work on iPS cells. This sentence highlights his initial motivation, which is a common theme in biographies of great achievers—starting with a simple, noble goal.
EN: The Present Participle (-ing) as a Reduced Relative Clause: The phrase 'fixing broken bones...' functions as an adjective modifying 'orthopedic surgeon'. It is a shortened version of 'who fixes' or 'whose job is fixing'.
Bahasa Melayu: Partisipel Kini (-ing) sebagai Klausa Relatif yang Diringkaskan: Frasa 'fixing broken bones...' berfungsi sebagai kata adjektif, menerangkan 'orthopedic surgeon' (pakar bedah ortopedik) sebelumnya. Ia adalah bentuk ringkas bagi 'who fixes' atau 'whose job is fixing'.
She works as a volunteer, helping elderly people in her neighborhood.
Dia menjadi sukarelawan, membantu warga emas di kawasan kejiranan.
EN: Infinitive as Direct Object: The verb 'want' is followed by a 'to-infinitive' (to become) to indicate a desire or goal.
Bahasa Melayu: Infinitif sebagai Objek Langsung: Kata kerja 'want' diikuti oleh 'to-infinitive' (infinitif to become), untuk menyatakan keinginan atau matlamat.
They want to travel around the world next year.
Mereka mahu mengembara ke seluruh dunia pada tahun hadapan.
EN: In many cultures, including Japan and the West, becoming an orthopedic surgeon is considered a prestigious and highly demanding career path, requiring precision and physical stamina.
EN: The prepositional phrase 'With great ambition' functions as an adverbial of manner, describing the state or attitude with which the action was performed. Placing it at the beginning of the sentence adds emphasis to the subject's motivation.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa kata depan 'With great ambition' berfungsi sebagai keterangan cara, menerangkan keadaan atau sikap semasa melakukan tindakan. Meletakkannya di awal ayat meningkatkan penekanan terhadap motivasi subjek.
With heavy hearts, they said goodbye to their hometown.
Dengan berat hati, mereka mengucapkan selamat tinggal kepada kampung halaman mereka.
EN: The verb 'enter' is used here as a transitive verb meaning 'to become a member of an institution'. In this context, it does not require a preposition like 'into'.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja 'enter' digunakan di sini sebagai kata kerja transitif yang bermaksud "menjadi ahli sesebuah institusi atau sekolah". Dalam konteks ini, ia tidak memerlukan kata depan 'into'.
She entered the university at the age of eighteen.
Dia memasuki universiti itu pada usia lapan belas tahun.
EN: Kobe is a major Japanese city known for its prestigious medical institutions. In Japanese culture, entering medical school is a highly respected achievement that often carries significant family and social expectations.
EN: The preposition 'as' is used here to indicate a role, function, or capacity. It describes the identity or status of the person in the future.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata depan 'as' digunakan di sini untuk menunjukkan peranan, fungsi, atau kedudukan. Ia menerangkan identiti atau kedudukan orang itu pada masa hadapan.
She works as a consultant for a large firm.
Dia bekerja sebagai perunding di sebuah syarikat besar.
EN: The Past Simple tense ('had') is used to describe a state or situation that existed at a specific time in the past within the narrative.
Bahasa Melayu: Kala Lampau Mudah ('had') digunakan untuk menerangkan keadaan atau situasi yang wujud pada titik masa tertentu pada masa lampau dalam penceritaan.
They had a beautiful house in the countryside.
Mereka dahulu mempunyai sebuah rumah yang cantik di kawasan luar bandar.
EN: The term 'healer' is a broad term that can refer to doctors, but it often carries a more spiritual or holistic connotation than 'physician' or 'surgeon'. In this context, it emphasizes Yamanaka's noble motivation to help people beyond just the technical aspect of surgery.
EN: Sentence Adverbs: The word 'Unfortunately' is a sentence adverb used to express the speaker's attitude or evaluation of the entire situation described in the sentence.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata Adverba Ayat: 'Unfortunately' ialah kata adverba ayat yang digunakan untuk menyatakan sikap atau penilaian penutur terhadap keseluruhan situasi yang diterangkan dalam ayat.
Luckily, the rain stopped before the game started.
Nasib baik, hujan berhenti sebelum perlawanan bermula.
EN: Subjective Complement: In the structure 'Subject + Linking Verb (was) + Noun Phrase', the noun phrase 'a very clumsy surgeon' serves as a subjective complement, providing more information about the subject 'Shinya'.
Bahasa Melayu: Pelengkap Subjek: Dalam struktur "Subjek + Kata Kerja Penghubung (was) + Frasa Kata Nama", frasa kata nama 'a very clumsy surgeon' berfungsi sebagai pelengkap subjek, untuk menerangkan identiti atau keadaan subjek 'Shinya'.
She was a talented musician in her youth.
Dia ialah seorang pemuzik yang sangat berbakat semasa muda.
EN: In medical contexts, 'clumsy' is a particularly strong word because precision is the most critical skill for a surgeon. This highlights the severity of Shinya Yamanaka's struggle before he found his true calling in research.
EN: The relative clause 'that should have taken thirty minutes' uses the relative pronoun 'that' to modify the noun 'Operations'. The structure 'should have + past participle' expresses a past expectation or obligation that was not fulfilled.
Bahasa Melayu: Klausa relatif "that should have taken thirty minutes" menggunakan kata ganti relatif "that" untuk menerangkan kata nama "Operations". Struktur "should have + kata kerja lampau" digunakan untuk menyatakan jangkaan atau kewajipan pada masa lampau yang "sepatutnya berlaku tetapi sebenarnya tidak berlaku".
The project that should have finished yesterday is still ongoing.
Projek yang sepatutnya siap semalam itu masih berjalan sehingga kini.
EN: The verb 'take' is used here to indicate the amount of time required for an activity. The structure is 'Activity + take + person + time'.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja 'take' digunakan di sini untuk menunjukkan jumlah masa yang diperlukan untuk sesuatu aktiviti. Strukturnya ialah "aktiviti + take + seseorang + masa".
The drive to the airport took us forty minutes.
Memandu ke lapangan terbang mengambil masa empat puluh minit untuk kami.
EN: In medical contexts, efficiency is highly valued. The contrast between 'thirty minutes' and 'two hours' emphasizes the character's struggle with the manual dexterity required for surgery, which is a key part of his backstory before moving to research.
EN: The present participle 'meaning' is used here as a reduced relative clause (which means) to provide a definition or explanation of the preceding noun. It functions as a post-modifier.
Bahasa Melayu: Partisipel kini "meaning" digunakan di sini sebagai klausa relatif yang diringkaskan (yang bermaksud which means), untuk mentakrifkan atau menerangkan kata nama sebelumnya. Ia berperanan sebagai penerang selepas kata nama.
He received a letter meaning he was accepted.
Dia menerima sepucuk surat, yang bermaksud dia telah diterima masuk.
EN: This is a pun on the scientist's surname 'Yamanaka'. In Japanese, 'Jama' (邪魔) means obstacle or hindrance. His colleagues combined 'Jama' with the end of his name to mock his clumsiness in surgery.
EN: Linking Verbs (Sense Verbs): The verb 'feel' acts as a linking verb here, connecting the subject 'He' to the adjectives 'discouraged' and 'like a complete failure' which describe his state of mind.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata Kerja Penghubung (Kata Kerja Deria): Kata kerja 'feel' bertindak sebagai kata kerja penghubung di sini, menghubungkan subjek 'He' dengan kata adjektif 'discouraged' dan frasa kata depan 'like a complete failure', untuk menerangkan keadaan fikiran subjek.
She felt confident and like a professional after the presentation.
Selepas pembentangan itu, dia berasa yakin dan menganggap dirinya seperti seorang profesional.
EN: Parallel Structure: The conjunction 'and' connects two complements of the verb 'feel'. The first is an adjective ('discouraged') and the second is a prepositional phrase ('like a complete failure').
Bahasa Melayu: Struktur Selari: Kata hubung 'and' menghubungkan dua pelengkap bagi kata kerja 'feel'. Yang pertama ialah kata adjektif 'discouraged', dan yang kedua ialah frasa kata depan 'like a complete failure'.
The athlete was exhausted and in need of a long rest.
Atlet itu berasa keletihan dan memerlukan rehat yang panjang.
EN: The term 'operating room' (OR) is a high-pressure environment where precision is expected. In Japanese culture, which Shinya Yamanaka belongs to, there is often a strong societal pressure to excel in one's chosen profession, making his feeling of being a 'failure' particularly poignant.
EN: The prepositional phrase 'Instead of' is followed by a gerund (V-ing) to indicate an action that was replaced by another. It functions as a contrastive modifier.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa kata depan 'Instead of' (daripada) diikuti oleh gerund (V-ing) untuk menunjukkan tindakan yang digantikan oleh tindakan lain, berfungsi sebagai penerang perbandingan dalam ayat.
Instead of ordering pizza, we cooked dinner at home.
Kami tidak memesan piza, sebaliknya memasak makan malam di rumah.
EN: The verb 'decide' is followed by a 'to-infinitive' (to + base verb) to express a choice or a plan for a future action.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja 'decide' (memutuskan) diikuti oleh "infinitif" (to + kata kerja dasar) untuk menyatakan pilihan atau rancangan untuk tindakan pada masa hadapan.
She decided to study law after graduation.
Dia memutuskan untuk belajar undang-undang selepas tamat pengajian.
EN: Shinya Yamanaka's story is a famous example of 'pivoting' in one's career. In many cultures, especially in Japan, switching paths after failing in a prestigious field like surgery can be seen as a difficult social challenge, but his success highlights the value of persistence in a different direction.
EN: The 'to-infinitive' (to + base verb) is used here as an adverbial of purpose to explain 'why' the action in the main clause was performed.
Bahasa Melayu: 'To-infinitive' (to + kata kerja dasar) digunakan di sini sebagai keterangan tujuan, untuk menerangkan "mengapa" tindakan dalam klausa utama berlaku.
She studied hard to pass the exam.
Dia belajar bersungguh-sungguh untuk lulus peperiksaan.
EN: Prepositional phrases (in San Francisco) act as modifiers to provide specific details about location or direction.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa kata depan (in San Francisco) bertindak sebagai penerang untuk memberikan butiran khusus tentang tempat atau arah.
They live in a small apartment in Tokyo.
Mereka tinggal di sebuah apartmen kecil di Tokyo.
EN: The Gladstone Institutes are real, world-renowned independent biomedical research organizations located in San Francisco, closely affiliated with UCSF. This highlights the international nature of high-level scientific research.
EN: Present Participle Phrase (V-ing): The phrase 'causing him to become depressed' is a participle phrase that functions as a result clause. It describes the consequence of the preceding main clause.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa Partisipel Kini (V-ing): 'causing him to become depressed' ialah frasa partisipel yang digunakan di sini sebagai klausa hasil, untuk menerangkan akibat yang timbul daripada klausa utama yang dinyatakan sebelum ini.
The heavy rain lasted for hours, flooding the streets.
Hujan lebat berterusan selama beberapa jam, menyebabkan jalan-jalan ditenggelami air.
EN: Idiomatic Expression 'one after another': This phrase is used to describe a series of events happening in quick succession or sequence.
Bahasa Melayu: Ungkapan Idiomatik 'one after another': Frasa ini digunakan untuk menerangkan satu siri peristiwa yang berlaku berturut-turut atau silih berganti.
The guests arrived one after another.
Para tetamu tiba satu demi satu.
EN: The use of the auxiliary verb 'did not' followed by the base form of the verb ('bring') is the standard way to form the simple past negative. It indicates that an action did not occur in the past.
Bahasa Melayu: Penggunaan kata kerja bantu 'did not' diikuti oleh bentuk dasar kata kerja ('bring') ialah cara standard untuk membentuk ayat negatif kala lampau mudah, untuk menunjukkan bahawa sesuatu tindakan tidak berlaku pada masa lampau.
The new strategy did not solve the problem.
Strategi baharu ini tidak menyelesaikan masalah itu.
EN: Adverbs of manner or time, like 'immediately', are often placed between the auxiliary verb and the main verb to modify the timing or way the action occurs.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata adverba cara atau masa, seperti 'immediately', selalunya diletakkan di antara kata kerja bantu dan kata kerja utama, untuk menerangkan masa atau cara tindakan itu berlaku.
He did not immediately realize his mistake.
Dia tidak segera menyedari kesilapannya.
EN: The sentence reflects a common theme in biographical narratives: the 'plateau' or 'valley of disappointment' where initial efforts do not yield results. In English-speaking academic and professional cultures, emphasizing that success is not 'immediate' is a way to highlight perseverance.
EN: Present Participle Phrase (V-ing): This sentence uses a participle phrase ('Returning to Japan') to indicate an action that happens at the same time as, or immediately before, the main action. It functions as an adverbial modifier, and the subject of the participle must be the same as the subject of the main clause (Shinya).
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa Partisipel Kini (V-ing): Ayat ini menggunakan frasa partisipel "Returning to Japan" untuk menunjukkan tindakan yang berlaku serentak atau sejurus sebelum tindakan dalam klausa utama. Ia berfungsi sebagai penerang adverba, dan subjek logik partisipel mesti sama dengan subjek klausa utama (Shinya).
Walking into the room, she saw her friends waiting for her.
Apabila memasuki bilik, dia melihat rakan-rakannya sedang menunggunya.
EN: Gerund as Object: The verb 'begin' can be followed by a gerund (V-ing) or an infinitive (to V). Here, 'studying' acts as a gerund, functioning as the direct object of the verb 'began'.
Bahasa Melayu: Gerund sebagai Objek: Kata kerja "begin" boleh diikuti oleh gerund (V-ing) atau infinitif (to V). Di sini, "studying" berfungsi sebagai gerund, bertindak sebagai objek langsung bagi kata kerja "began".
He began playing the piano when he was five.
Dia mula bermain piano pada usia lima tahun.
EN: Shinya Yamanaka is a Japanese Nobel Prize-winning scientist known for discovering iPS cells. His career path from a 'clumsy' surgeon to a world-renowned researcher is a famous example of perseverance in Japanese educational contexts.
EN: Relative Clause (Adjective Clause): The word 'that' introduces a relative clause that modifies the noun 'question'. It functions as the object of the verb 'asked'.
Bahasa Melayu: Klausa Relatif (Klausa Adjektif): Perkataan 'that' memperkenalkan klausa relatif yang menerangkan kata nama 'question'. Ia berfungsi sebagai penerang objek bagi kata kerja 'asked' dalam ayat.
She found a solution that everyone thought was perfect.
Dia menemui penyelesaian yang semua orang anggap sempurna.
EN: Object Complement: The verb 'consider' is followed by an object ('question', represented by the gap in the relative clause) and an adjective ('impossible'), which describes the state or quality of the object.
Bahasa Melayu: Pelengkap Objek: Kata kerja 'consider' diikuti oleh objek ('question', yang diwakili oleh kata ganti relatif) dan kata adjektif 'impossible', yang menerangkan keadaan atau sifat objek tersebut.
The jury considered the evidence sufficient.
Juri menganggap bukti itu mencukupi.
EN: In scientific contexts, 'asking the right question' is often considered more important than finding the answer itself, as it challenges established paradigms.
EN: The phrasal verb 'turn (something) back into (something)' describes a process of transformation or reversion to a previous state. 'Turn' acts as the action of changing, while 'back into' indicates returning to an original form.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja frasa "turn (something) back into (something)" menerangkan proses transformasi atau pemulihan kepada keadaan sebelumnya. 'turn' mewakili tindakan perubahan, manakala 'back into' menunjukkan kembali kepada bentuk asal.
The magician turned the rabbit back into a hat.
Ahli silap mata itu mengubah arnab itu kembali menjadi topi.
EN: Interrogative sentence structure with 'Could': This sentence uses the modal verb 'Could' at the beginning to form a question about possibility or feasibility in a hypothetical or polite context.
Bahasa Melayu: Struktur ayat tanya dengan 'Could': Ayat ini meletakkan kata kerja bantu 'Could' pada awal ayat untuk menanyakan kemungkinan atau kebolehlaksanaan dalam konteks hipotetikal atau sopan.
Could you explain this theory again?
Bolehkah anda menerangkan teori ini sekali lagi?
EN: This sentence refers to the groundbreaking research on iPS cells (induced pluripotent stem cells). In a scientific context, 'ordinary adult cell' refers to a specialized cell (like a skin cell) that has already finished its development, making the idea of reversing it to a 'stem cell' revolutionary.
EN: The sentence uses a 'Noun Clause' (that-clause) as the direct object of the verb 'believed'. The word 'that' is omitted here, which is common in informal or concise writing when the meaning remains clear.
Bahasa Melayu: Ayat ini menggunakan "Klausa Kata Nama" (klausa that) sebagai objek langsung bagi kata kerja believed. Kata hubung 'that' digugurkan di sini, yang lazim dalam penulisan tidak formal atau ringkas, selagi maknanya jelas.
Many people thought the project was impossible.
Ramai orang percaya bahawa rancangan itu mustahil.
EN: The word 'definitive' is an adjective used to emphasize that something is final and not subject to change or doubt.
Bahasa Melayu: Perkataan 'definitive' ialah kata adjektif yang digunakan untuk menekankan bahawa sesuatu itu muktamad, pasti, dan tidak boleh diubah atau diragui.
The judge gave a definitive ruling on the case.
Hakim membuat keputusan muktamad mengenai kes itu.
Kosa kata utama dengan sebutan IPA, definisi, contoh ayat, dan kuiz interaktif.
Dalam konteks: Keinginan atau cita-cita yang kuat untuk mencapai kejayaan
Dalam konteks: Tidak cekap tangan, kekok
Dalam konteks: Halangan, penghalang
Dalam konteks: Berasa kecewa, hilang keyakinan
Dalam konteks: Mengejar, meneruskan (sesuatu laluan atau matlamat)
Dalam konteks: Kemurungan, rasa sedih yang berpanjangan
Dalam konteks: Sel stem (sel asas yang mempunyai keupayaan untuk membezakan)
Dalam konteks: Muktamad, jelas dan tidak boleh dipertikaikan
Frasa dengan label jenis, definisi dwibahasa, nota penggunaan, dan contoh ayat.
To stop trying to do something.
Berputus asa
Happening in succession; many things occurring in a sequence.
Satu demi satu
A shift in the course of action or career path.
Perubahan arah
A room in a hospital where surgical operations are performed.
Bilik bedah
Medical procedures involving surgery to treat a disease or injury.
Pembedahan
Special human cells that have the ability to develop into many different cell types.
Sel stem
A cell that has already specialized into a specific type (like a skin or blood cell) and is no longer a stem cell.
Sel dewasa / Sel terbeza