Shinya Yamanaka: Reprogramming LifeShinya Yamanaka: Memprogram Semula Kehidupan
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EN: Prepositional Phrase as an Adverbial: The sentence begins with 'After years of dedicated testing,' which functions as a time-related adverbial phrase. It sets the context for when the main action occurred.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa sendi sebagai Keterangan: Ayat ini bermula dengan 'After years of dedicated testing', iaitu frasa keterangan yang berkaitan dengan masa, yang menetapkan latar belakang masa bagi tindakan utama.
After months of hard work, the project was finally completed.
Selepas berbulan-bulan usaha, projek itu akhirnya siap.
EN: Collocation 'Make a discovery': In English, we often use the verb 'make' with nouns like 'discovery,' 'decision,' or 'mistake' to describe an action, rather than using a single verb.
Bahasa Melayu: Kolokasi 'Make a discovery': Dalam bahasa Inggeris, kita sering menggunakan kata kerja 'make' dengan kata nama seperti 'discovery' (penemuan), 'decision' (keputusan), atau 'mistake' (kesilapan) untuk menerangkan sesuatu tindakan, dan bukannya hanya menggunakan kata kerja tunggal.
The explorers made a significant discovery in the cave.
Para penjelajah membuat penemuan penting di dalam gua itu.
EN: Shinya Yamanaka is a Japanese scientist who won the Nobel Prize for discovering iPS cells. In Japanese culture, his story is often cited as an example of 'persistence' (ganbaru), especially since he was once considered a clumsy surgeon before finding his true calling in research.
EN: The sentence uses a 'Noun Clause' (that-clause) as the direct object of the verb 'found'. This structure allows the speaker to report a fact or discovery by connecting a full sentence to a main verb.
Bahasa Melayu: Ayat ini menggunakan 'Klausa Nama' (klausa yang diperkenalkan oleh 'that') sebagai objek langsung bagi kata kerja 'found'. Struktur ini membolehkan penutur melaporkan fakta atau penemuan dengan menghubungkan ayat yang lengkap.
Researchers discovered that the new drug was effective.
Para penyelidik mendapati bahawa ubat baharu ini berkesan.
EN: The phrase 'reprogram A into B' uses the preposition 'into' to indicate a transformation or change in state from one thing to another.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa 'reprogram A into B' menggunakan kata sendi 'into' untuk menunjukkan perubahan atau peralihan daripada satu keadaan kepada keadaan yang lain.
The magician turned the paper into a bird.
Ahli silap mata menukar kertas itu menjadi seekor burung.
EN: Passive Voice (be + past participle): Used when the action is performed on the subject. Here, 'were called' indicates that the cells received the name from scientists.
Bahasa Melayu: Suara Pasif (kata kerja be + kata kerja lampau): Digunakan apabila tindakan dilakukan ke atas subjek. Di sini, 'were called' menunjukkan bahawa sel-sel ini dinamakan oleh saintis.
The new species was named after the professor who discovered it.
Spesies baharu ini dinamakan sempena profesor yang menemuinya.
EN: Appositive Phrase: The phrase 'short for...' acts as an appositive, providing additional information or a definition for the noun 'iPS cells' immediately preceding it.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa Apositif: Frasa 'short for...' bertindak sebagai apositif, memberikan maklumat tambahan atau definisi bagi kata nama 'iPS cells' yang terletak serta-merta sebelumnya.
He lives in Kyoto, a city famous for its beautiful temples.
Dia tinggal di Kyoto, sebuah bandar yang terkenal dengan kuil-kuil yang indah.
EN: The term 'iPS cells' was intentionally coined by Shinya Yamanaka with a lowercase 'i' to mimic the popularity of the 'iPod' at the time, hoping the technology would become just as widely recognized.
EN: Passive Voice (be + past participle): Used when the subject receives the action rather than performing it. Here, 'the scientific world' is the receiver of the 'stunning' action.
Bahasa Melayu: Suara Pasif (kata kerja be + kata kerja lampau): Digunakan apabila subjek menerima tindakan dan bukan pelaku tindakan. Dalam ayat ini, 'dunia saintifik' ialah objek yang 'terkejut'.
The audience was deeply moved by the performance.
Penonton amat terharu dengan persembahan itu.
EN: Adverbs of Degree: The word 'completely' is an adverb used to modify the adjective/participle 'stunned,' emphasizing the total extent of the feeling.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata Adverba Darjah: 'completely' (sepenuhnya) ialah kata adverba yang digunakan untuk menerangkan kata adjektif atau partisipel 'stunned', menekankan betapa mendalamnya perasaan itu.
The project was completely finished on time.
Projek itu telah disiapkan sepenuhnya tepat pada masanya.
EN: The verb 'mean' can be followed by a noun clause (that-clause) acting as its object. In this sentence, the word 'that' is omitted, which is common in informal and semi-formal English. It connects the subject 'iPS cells' to the consequence or implication.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja 'mean' (bermakna) boleh diikuti oleh klausa nama (klausa that) yang bertindak sebagai objeknya. Dalam ayat ini, kata hubung 'that' telah digugurkan, yang lazim dalam bahasa Inggeris tidak formal atau separa formal. Ia menghubungkan subjek 'sel iPS' dengan akibat atau implikasinya.
The heavy rain meant the football match had to be cancelled.
Hujan lebat ini bermakna perlawanan bola sepak terpaksa dibatalkan.
EN: The phrase 'no longer' is an adverbial phrase used to indicate that a situation that existed in the past does not exist now. It is more formal than 'not... anymore' and usually placed before the main verb.
Bahasa Melayu: 'no longer' ialah frasa keterangan yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan bahawa keadaan yang wujud pada masa lampau kini tidak lagi wujud. Ia lebih formal daripada 'not... anymore' dan biasanya diletakkan sebelum kata kerja utama.
He no longer works for this company.
Dia tidak lagi bekerja untuk syarikat itu.
EN: The use of embryonic stem cells has been a major ethical issue in science because it involves the destruction of human embryos. Shinya Yamanaka's discovery of iPS cells was revolutionary because it provided a way to create stem cells without using embryos, thus bypassing these ethical concerns.
EN: The use of the past participle 'surrounding' acts as a present participle phrase (reduced relative clause). It functions as an adjective to modify the preceding noun 'debate'. It is short for 'which surrounded' or 'that was surrounding'.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa partisipel kini 'surrounding' di sini bertindak sebagai kata adjektif yang menerangkan kata nama 'debate' sebelumnya. Ini ialah bentuk ringkas klausa relatif; ayat asal boleh dianggap sebagai 'which surrounded' atau 'that was surrounding'.
There are many issues surrounding the new policy.
Terdapat banyak persoalan yang mengelilingi dasar baharu ini.
EN: The verb 'avoid' is a transitive verb that must be followed by a direct object (in this case, 'a huge ethical debate'). It describes the action of preventing something from happening.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja 'avoid' ialah kata kerja transitif yang mesti diikuti oleh objek langsung (dalam ayat ini, 'a huge ethical debate'). Ia menerangkan tindakan untuk menghalang sesuatu daripada berlaku.
We should take the highway to avoid traffic jams.
Kita patut menggunakan lebuh raya untuk mengelakkan kesesakan lalu lintas.
EN: The use of human embryos in scientific research has been a major ethical and political issue globally, particularly in Western countries, due to differing views on when human life begins. Yamanaka's iPS cell discovery was revolutionary because it provided a way to conduct stem cell research without destroying embryos, thus bypassing these moral concerns.
EN: The present participle phrase (V-ing) is used here as a result clause, indicating a consequence of the main action. It functions as a reduced adverbial clause.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa partisipel kini (kata kerja -ing) digunakan di sini sebagai klausa hasil, menunjukkan akibat daripada tindakan dalam klausa utama. Ini ialah penggunaan ringkas klausa keterangan.
The company implemented new safety rules, reducing workplace accidents by half.
Syarikat itu melaksanakan peraturan keselamatan baharu, yang mengurangkan kemalangan di tempat kerja sebanyak separuh.
EN: The modal verb 'could' is used here to express possibility or capability in a past context or a hypothetical scenario enabled by a discovery.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja bantu 'could' digunakan di sini untuk menyatakan kemungkinan atau keupayaan dalam konteks lampau, atau yang diberikan oleh sesuatu penemuan.
With the new telescope, astronomers could see distant galaxies more clearly.
Dengan teleskop baharu ini, ahli astronomi dapat memerhati galaksi yang jauh dengan lebih jelas.
EN: In medical science, 'rejection' refers to the immune system attacking a transplanted organ or tissue. The use of iPS cells is a major breakthrough because it uses the patient's own genetic material, theoretically eliminating the need for immunosuppressant drugs.
EN: The modal verb 'could' is used here to express possibility or potential in the future. It suggests that while the outcome is likely, it is not yet a guaranteed reality.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja bantu 'could' digunakan di sini untuk menyatakan kemungkinan atau potensi pada masa hadapan. Ia membayangkan bahawa walaupun hasilnya kelihatan memberangsangkan, ia belum menjadi fakta yang pasti.
New technology could reduce energy consumption significantly.
Teknologi baharu itu mungkin dapat mengurangkan penggunaan tenaga secara ketara.
EN: The sentence uses a compound predicate where two verbs ('revolutionize' and 'offer') share the same subject ('This discovery') and modal verb ('could'), connected by the conjunction 'and'.
Bahasa Melayu: Ayat ini menggunakan predikat majmuk di mana dua kata kerja (revolutionize dan offer) berkongsi subjek yang sama (This discovery) dan kata kerja bantu (could), dan dihubungkan oleh kata hubung 'and'.
The program will educate students and provide job opportunities.
Program itu akan mendidik pelajar dan menyediakan peluang pekerjaan.
EN: The term 'personalized medicine' (or treatments) refers to a modern medical model that tailors healthcare to the individual characteristics of each patient, often based on genetic information. This was a major shift from the 'one-size-fits-all' approach.
EN: The Past Simple tense is used to describe completed actions at a specific time in the past. In this sentence, 'received' is the past form of the regular verb 'receive'.
Bahasa Melayu: Kala Lampau Mudah digunakan untuk menerangkan tindakan yang telah selesai pada masa tertentu pada masa lampau. Dalam ayat ini, 'received' ialah bentuk lampau bagi kata kerja tetap 'receive'.
She graduated from university in 2015.
Dia menamatkan pengajian dari universiti pada tahun 2015.
EN: Prepositional phrases of time (e.g., 'In 2012') are often placed at the beginning of a sentence to set the context or emphasize when the event occurred.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa sendi masa (contohnya, 'In 2012') selalunya diletakkan di awal ayat untuk mewujudkan maklumat latar belakang atau menekankan masa berlakunya peristiwa.
In the morning, we usually go for a walk.
Pada waktu pagi, kami biasanya pergi berjalan-jalan.
EN: The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is one of the most prestigious awards in the scientific world. Shinya Yamanaka's win was significant for Japan and the field of regenerative medicine, as it recognized the discovery that mature cells can be converted back into stem cells.
EN: The Past Continuous tense (was/were + verb-ing) is used here to describe an ongoing background action ('doing laundry') that was interrupted by a sudden event in the Past Simple ('the phone rang').
Bahasa Melayu: Kala Lampau Berterusan (was/were + kata kerja -ing) digunakan di sini untuk menerangkan tindakan latar belakang yang sedang berlangsung (mencuci pakaian) yang diganggu oleh peristiwa mengejut yang berlaku dalam Kala Lampau Mudah (telefon berdering).
I was sleeping when the alarm went off.
Saya sedang tidur apabila loceng berbunyi.
EN: The conjunction 'When' introduces a subordinate time clause. When the 'when' clause comes first, a comma is required to separate it from the main clause.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata hubung 'When' memperkenalkan klausa masa subordinat. Apabila klausa 'when' diletakkan di awal ayat, koma mesti digunakan untuk memisahkannya daripada klausa utama.
When the rain stopped, we went outside.
Apabila hujan berhenti, kami keluar ke luar.
EN: The mention of Shinya Yamanaka doing laundry when he received the Nobel Prize call is a famous anecdote in Japan. It highlights his humility and 'ordinary' lifestyle despite his extraordinary scientific achievements, which resonates with the cultural value of staying grounded (modesty).
EN: The sentence uses 'It' as a preparatory subject (dummy subject) to introduce a 'that-clause' which functions as the real subject. This structure is used to place focus on the adjective 'ironic'.
Bahasa Melayu: Ayat ini menggunakan 'It' sebagai subjek persediaan (subjek palsu) untuk memperkenalkan klausa nama yang bermula dengan 'that' (subjek sebenar). Struktur ini sering digunakan untuk menekankan komen atau perasaan penutur tentang sesuatu perkara (seperti 'ironic' dalam ayat ini).
It is surprising that he finished the marathon in under three hours.
Sungguh menghairankan bahawa dia berjaya menamatkan maraton dalam masa tiga jam.
EN: The Past Perfect tense ('had become') is used to describe an action that was completed before another point in the past (the moment it was recognized as ironic).
Bahasa Melayu: Kala Lampau Sempurna (had + kata kerja lampau) digunakan untuk menerangkan tindakan yang telah selesai sebelum satu titik masa atau tindakan lampau yang lain. Dalam ayat ini, tindakannya 'menjadi saintis' berlaku sebelum masa penulis 'merasakan ironi'.
By the time the movie started, we had already bought our popcorn.
Apabila filem bermula, kami sudah membeli popcorn.
EN: Shinya Yamanaka often humbles himself by mentioning his past struggles as a surgeon, where he was nicknamed 'Jyamanaka' (a play on his name meaning 'obstacle' or 'nuisance') because he was not skilled at surgery. This narrative of turning failure into world-class success is highly respected in both Japanese and global scientific culture.
EN: The sentence uses the 'Subject + Linking Verb + Subject Complement' structure. Here, 'a moment of incredible recognition' acts as the complement, providing more information about the subject 'This'.
Bahasa Melayu: Ayat ini menggunakan struktur 'Subjek + Kata Kerja Penghubung + Pelengkap Subjek'. Di sini, 'a moment of incredible recognition' bertindak sebagai pelengkap untuk menerangkan kandungan subjek 'This'.
That was a period of great transition for the company.
Itu ialah tempoh transformasi besar bagi syarikat itu.
EN: The preposition 'for' is used here to indicate the reason or the object of the recognition, connecting the achievement to the specific work performed.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata sendi 'for' digunakan di sini untuk menunjukkan sebab atau objek pengiktirafan, menghubungkan pencapaian dengan kerja khusus yang dilakukan.
She received an award for her bravery.
Dia menerima anugerah kerana keberaniannya.
EN: The term 'groundbreaking' is frequently used in scientific and academic contexts to describe research that changes the way people think about a subject or opens up new possibilities, much like Shinya Yamanaka's iPS cell discovery.
EN: The 'to-infinitive' (to + base verb) is used here as an adverbial of purpose to explain 'why' the action is being performed. It answers the question: For what purpose does he run marathons?
Bahasa Melayu: Infinitif 'to' (to + kata kerja dasar) digunakan di sini sebagai keterangan tujuan untuk menerangkan 'mengapa' tindakan itu dilakukan. Ia menjawab soalan 'Untuk tujuan apa dia berlari maraton?'
She studies hard to get into a good university.
Dia belajar bersungguh-sungguh untuk memasuki universiti yang baik.
EN: The conjunction 'and' connects two noun phrases ('money' and 'awareness') that function as the direct objects of the verb 'raise'. This is known as a compound object.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata hubung 'and' menghubungkan dua frasa nama ('money' dan 'awareness') yang bersama-sama berfungsi sebagai objek bagi kata kerja 'raise'. Ini dipanggil objek majmuk.
The charity provides food and shelter for the homeless.
Badan amal itu menyediakan makanan dan tempat tinggal untuk gelandangan.
EN: In the scientific community, it is increasingly common for high-profile researchers to engage in public activities like marathons to humanize science and attract private funding, as government grants can be highly competitive or limited.
EN: The imperative mood is used to give commands, advice, or encouragement. It is formed by using the base form of the verb without a subject. To make it negative, 'don't' (do not) is added before the verb.
Bahasa Melayu: Modus Imperatif digunakan untuk memberi arahan, nasihat, atau galakan. Strukturnya ialah menggunakan kata kerja dasar secara langsung, tanpa subjek. Untuk membentuk ayat negatif, letakkan 'don't' (do not) sebelum kata kerja.
Don't lose hope during difficult times.
Jangan putus asa pada masa sukar.
EN: The conjunction 'even when' is used to emphasize that something remains true or should continue to happen despite a specific condition or circumstance occurring.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata hubung 'even when' (walaupun apabila) digunakan untuk menekankan bahawa sesuatu tetap benar atau patut terus berlaku walaupun dalam keadaan atau syarat tertentu.
She stays calm even when she is under pressure.
Walaupun di bawah tekanan, dia tetap tenang.
EN: Shinya Yamanaka is known for his humility and persistence. He often uses the metaphor of running a marathon to describe scientific research, emphasizing that long-term dedication is more important than short-term speed. This quote reflects the 'Ganbaru' (perseverance) spirit common in Japanese culture.
EN: The structure 'Subject + is + what...' uses a nominal relative clause (what-clause) as a subject complement to define or emphasize the subject.
Bahasa Melayu: Struktur 'Subjek + is + what...' menggunakan klausa relatif nominal (klausa what) sebagai pelengkap subjek, untuk mentakrifkan atau menekankan ciri atau fungsi subjek.
Hard work is what leads to success.
Usaha adalah kunci kepada kejayaan.
EN: The phrasal verb 'drive someone forward' means to motivate or compel someone to progress or continue their efforts.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja frasa 'drive someone forward' bermaksud memotivasikan atau memaksa seseorang untuk maju atau terus berusaha.
Her ambition drives her forward even in difficult times.
Walaupun dalam masa sukar, cita-citanya terus mendorongnya ke hadapan.
EN: The sentence reflects the value of 'persistence' (shitsunen or gambaru in Japanese context), which is highly regarded in scientific research and Japanese culture, emphasizing that success comes from not giving up.
EN: The verb 'continue' can be followed by a gerund (V-ing) to describe an ongoing action or a state that persists over time without interruption.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja 'continue' boleh diikuti oleh gerund (kata kerja -ing) untuk menerangkan tindakan atau keadaan yang berterusan dan tidak terganggu.
She continues practicing the piano every evening.
Dia terus berlatih piano setiap petang.
EN: The phrasal verb 'turn A into B' means to transform or change something from one state or form into another.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa 'turn A into B' bermaksud 'mengubah A menjadi B', digunakan untuk menerangkan perubahan sesuatu daripada satu keadaan atau bentuk kepada yang lain.
The magician turned the piece of paper into a flower.
Ahli silap mata menukar kertas itu menjadi sekuntum bunga.
EN: The mention of 'iPS cells' refers to a major milestone in Japanese scientific history. Shinya Yamanaka's work is a source of great national pride in Japan, representing the country's leading role in regenerative medicine.
Kosa kata utama dengan sebutan IPA, definisi, contoh ayat, dan kuiz interaktif.
Dalam konteks: Memprogram semula atau mengubah fungsi dan ciri sel.
Dalam konteks: Kemajuan besar atau penemuan yang memecahkan tradisi.
Dalam konteks: Embrio; berkaitan dengan embrio.
Dalam konteks: Etika; berkaitan dengan prinsip moral.
Dalam konteks: Tindak balas penolakan (dalam perubatan).
Dalam konteks: Merevolusikan; mengubah secara menyeluruh.
Dalam konteks: Ironik; tidak dijangka.
Dalam konteks: Pengiktirafan; penghargaan.
Dalam konteks: Perintis; inovatif.
Dalam konteks: Ketekunan; kegigihan.
Dalam konteks: Tanpa mengenal penat lelah; rajin.
Frasa dengan label jenis, definisi dwibahasa, nota penggunaan, dan contoh ayat.
To stop making an effort; to quit.
berputus asa
To collect money for a particular purpose, especially for charity.
mengumpul wang
To motivate or push someone to make progress or succeed.
mendorong seseorang ke hadapan, memotivasikan
Related to or connected with the utilization of something.
di sekeliling penggunaan...
To change the genetic instructions of a cell so that it functions as a different type of cell.
memprogram semula (sel)
Undifferentiated cells capable of giving rise to indefinitely more cells of the same type, or from which certain other kinds of cells arise by differentiation.
sel stem
Artificially caused or stimulated in a laboratory environment rather than occurring naturally.
teraruh
An immune system response where the body attacks a transplanted organ or tissue as if it were a foreign threat.
penolakan (imun)