Smokeless Fuels Contain Ultrafine Particles That Get Embedded in Lungs, Study ShowsKajian Menunjukkan Bahan Api Tanpa Asap Mengandungi Zarah Ultra Halus Yang Tersemat Dalam Paru-paru
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EN: The sentence uses a 'That-Clause' as a Relative Clause to modify the noun 'Tiny Particles'. The word 'that' acts as a relative pronoun and the subject of the verb 'harm'.
Bahasa Melayu: Ayat ini menggunakan 'that-clause' sebagai klausa relatif untuk menerangkan kata nama 'Tiny Particles (zarah halus)'. Dalam klausa tersebut, 'that' berfungsi sebagai kata ganti nama relatif dan juga sebagai subjek bagi kata kerja harm.
The factory uses machines that reduce air pollution.
Kilang ini menggunakan mesin yang boleh mengurangkan pencemaran udara.
EN: In news headlines, the Present Simple tense ('Finds', 'Release') is often used to describe recent discoveries or events to make the news feel more immediate and relevant.
Bahasa Melayu: Dalam tajuk berita, Present Simple tense (seperti Finds, Release) sering digunakan untuk menerangkan penemuan atau peristiwa terkini, menjadikan berita itu lebih segera dan terasa dekat.
New Report Shows Global Temperatures Rising.
Laporan baharu menunjukkan suhu global semakin meningkat.
EN: In many parts of Europe and the UK, 'smokeless fuels' (like anthracite or manufactured briquettes) are marketed as eco-friendly alternatives to traditional coal. This headline challenges the common public perception that 'less visible smoke' equals 'safer air'.
EN: The Present Perfect Tense (has revealed) is used to describe an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past and has relevance to the present, often used for reporting news or research findings.
Bahasa Melayu: Present Perfect Tense (has revealed) digunakan untuk menerangkan tindakan yang berlaku pada masa lalu pada masa yang tidak spesifik dan berkaitan dengan sekarang, sering digunakan untuk melaporkan berita atau hasil penyelidikan.
The scientist has discovered a new species of bird.
Saintis itu telah menemui spesies burung baharu.
EN: The 'as + adjective + as' structure is used to compare two things. When used with 'not', it indicates that the first thing has less of a quality than the second thing.
Bahasa Melayu: Struktur 'as + adjective + as' digunakan untuk membandingkan dua perkara. Apabila digunakan dengan 'not', ia menunjukkan bahawa perkara pertama tidak setara dengan perkara kedua dalam kualiti tertentu.
The exam was not as difficult as I expected.
Peperiksaan ini tidak sesukar yang saya jangkakan.
EN: In many European countries, 'smokeless fuels' are promoted by governments to reduce visible air pollution (smog) in cities. However, this sentence highlights a growing scientific concern that invisible pollutants can be even more dangerous.
EN: The sentence uses a 'Noun Clause' starting with 'that' as the direct object of the verb 'discovered'. This structure allows you to report a fact or finding.
Bahasa Melayu: Ayat ini menggunakan 'Klausa Nama' yang bermula dengan 'that' sebagai objek langsung bagi kata kerja 'discovered'. Struktur ini sering digunakan untuk melaporkan fakta atau penemuan penyelidikan.
Scientists found that the ice is melting quickly.
Para saintis mendapati bahawa lapisan ais sedang mencair dengan cepat.
EN: The word 'burning' is a 'Gerund' (a verb ending in -ing acting as a noun), which serves as the subject of the noun clause.
Bahasa Melayu: Perkataan 'burning' ialah 'Gerund' (kata kerja yang berakhir dengan -ing yang berfungsi sebagai kata nama), yang berperanan sebagai subjek dalam klausa nama.
Eating vegetables is good for your health.
Makan sayur-sayuran baik untuk kesihatan anda.
EN: In many European countries, 'smokeless fuels' (like anthracite or manufactured briquettes) are promoted by governments to reduce visible air pollution in cities, but this study highlights a hidden environmental cost.
EN: The 'so + adjective + that' structure is used to express cause and effect. 'So' emphasizes the degree of the adjective, while the 'that' clause describes the resulting consequence.
Bahasa Melayu: Struktur 'so + adjective + that' digunakan untuk menyatakan sebab dan akibat. 'So' menekankan tahap kata adjektif, manakala klausa yang diperkenalkan oleh 'that' menerangkan hasil yang terhasil.
The music was so loud that I couldn't hear him speak.
Muzik itu terlalu kuat sehingga saya tidak dapat mendengar apa yang dia katakan.
EN: The conjunction 'and' is used here to connect two parallel verb phrases ('travel deep' and 'cause problems') that share the same subject ('they').
Bahasa Melayu: Kata hubung 'and' digunakan di sini untuk menghubungkan dua frasa kerja yang selari ('bergerak lebih dalam' dan 'menyebabkan masalah'), yang kedua-duanya berkongsi subjek yang sama ('mereka').
He decided to go home and rest for a while.
Dia memutuskan untuk pulang ke rumah dan berehat sebentar.
EN: Passive Voice (be + past participle): This structure is used when the action is more important than who is performing it. Here, 'are sold' indicates that the fuels are the recipients of the selling action.
Bahasa Melayu: Suara pasif (kata kerja be + past participle): Struktur ini digunakan apabila tindakan itu sendiri lebih penting daripada pelaku. Di sini, 'are sold' menunjukkan bahawa bahan api adalah objek yang 'dijual'.
Fresh vegetables are sold at the local market every morning.
Sayur-sayuran segar dijual di pasar tempatan setiap pagi.
EN: Prepositional Phrase 'as... for...': 'As' is used here to function as a preposition meaning 'in the role of', while 'for' indicates the purpose or use of the item.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa sendi nama 'as... for...': 'As' digunakan di sini sebagai kata sendi nama yang bermaksud 'sebagai...', manakala 'for' digunakan untuk menunjukkan tujuan atau kegunaan objek tersebut.
This room is used as a study for the children.
Bilik ini digunakan sebagai bilik belajar untuk kanak-kanak.
EN: In many parts of the UK and Ireland, 'smokeless zones' were established to reduce air pollution. In these areas, only authorized smokeless fuels (like anthracite or certain manufactured briquettes) can be burned in fireplaces, as traditional coal and wood produce too much visible smoke.
EN: Present Perfect Tense (have + past participle): Used to describe an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past and has relevance to the present situation.
Bahasa Melayu: Present Perfect Tense (have + past participle): Digunakan untuk menerangkan tindakan yang berlaku pada masa lalu pada masa yang tidak spesifik dan berkaitan dengan keadaan sekarang.
She has lived in this city for ten years.
Dia telah tinggal di bandar ini selama sepuluh tahun.
EN: Passive Voice (be + past participle): Used when the focus is on the action or the receiver of the action rather than the doer. In this sentence, 'they' (fuels) are the ones being expected by people.
Bahasa Melayu: Suara pasif (be + past participle): Digunakan apabila tumpuan adalah pada tindakan itu sendiri atau penerima tindakan, bukan pelaku. Dalam ayat ini, 'mereka' (bahan api) adalah objek yang diharapkan oleh orang ramai.
The results are expected to be announced tomorrow.
Keputusan dijangka akan diumumkan esok.
EN: In many European countries, 'smokeless fuels' are a common term for anthracite or manufactured solid fuels used in 'smoke control areas' to reduce visible pollution, though this study challenges their actual safety.
EN: The use of 'something' followed by an adjective (surprising). In English, indefinite pronouns like something, anything, or nothing are modified by adjectives that come after the pronoun, not before it.
Bahasa Melayu: Pengubah suai selepas kata ganti nama tak tentu (seperti something, anything, nothing). Dalam bahasa Inggeris, kata adjektif mesti diletakkan selepas kata ganti nama ini, bukan sebelumnya.
I want to try something different for dinner tonight.
Saya mahu mencuba sesuatu yang berbeza untuk makan malam malam ini.
EN: The Past Simple tense is used here to describe a completed action that occurred at a specific time in the past (during their tests).
Bahasa Melayu: Past Simple tense. Digunakan di sini untuk menerangkan tindakan yang telah selesai pada masa tertentu pada masa lalu (semasa tempoh ujian).
The team finished the report yesterday.
Pasukan itu menyiapkan laporan semalam.
EN: The University of Galway is a prestigious research university in Ireland. In academic and news writing, specifying the institution adds credibility to the scientific findings being discussed.
EN: The sentence follows the 'Subject + Linking Verb + Subject Complement' pattern (SVC). The linking verb 'was' connects the subject 'The discovery' to the adjective 'accidental' which describes it.
Bahasa Melayu: Ayat ini mengikut pola 'Subjek + Kata Kerja Penghubung + Pelengkap Subjek' (SVC). Kata kerja penghubung 'was' menghubungkan subjek 'The discovery' dengan kata adjektif 'accidental' yang menerangkannya.
The meeting was productive.
Mesyuarat itu sangat produktif.
EN: The Past Simple tense is used here to describe a completed state or fact in the past. 'Was' is the past form of the verb 'to be' for singular subjects.
Bahasa Melayu: Di sini, Past Simple Tense digunakan untuk menerangkan keadaan atau fakta yang telah selesai pada masa lalu. 'Was' ialah bentuk lampau kata kerja 'to be' untuk subjek tunggal.
The movie was exciting.
Filem itu sangat menarik.
EN: In scientific contexts, 'accidental discovery' often refers to 'serendipity'—finding something valuable while looking for something else. This is a common theme in the history of science (e.g., the discovery of Penicillin).
EN: The Past Continuous Tense (was/were + verb-ing) is used to describe an action that was in progress at a specific time in the past or to provide background information for a story.
Bahasa Melayu: Past Continuous Tense (was/were + present participle) digunakan untuk menerangkan tindakan yang sedang berlangsung pada masa tertentu pada masa lalu, atau untuk memberikan latar belakang kepada cerita.
The team was analyzing the data when they found the error.
Apabila pasukan itu menemui kesilapan itu, mereka sedang menganalisis data.
EN: The correlative conjunction 'both... and...' is used to join two equal parts of a sentence (nouns, adjectives, or phrases), emphasizing that two things are included.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata hubung korelatif 'both... and...' (kedua-duanya...) digunakan untuk menghubungkan dua bahagian yang setara dalam ayat (seperti kata nama, kata adjektif, atau frasa), menekankan bahawa kedua-duanya termasuk.
The study examined both urban and rural air quality.
Kajian ini meneliti kualiti udara di kawasan bandar dan luar bandar.
EN: In many European countries like Ireland and the UK, traditional wood or coal-burning stoves are common for home heating. However, due to air quality concerns, governments are increasingly regulating what types of fuel can be burned, leading to the rise of 'smokeless' alternatives.
EN: The phrase 'As expected' is a fixed idiomatic expression used as a sentence adverb to indicate that the information following it confirms a previous prediction or common knowledge.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa 'As expected' ialah ungkapan idiomatik tetap yang digunakan sebagai kata keterangan ayat, menunjukkan bahawa maklumat seterusnya mengesahkan ramalan atau pengetahuan umum sebelumnya (bermakna 'seperti yang dijangkakan').
As expected, the team won the championship easily.
Seperti yang dijangkakan, pasukan itu memenangi kejuaraan dengan mudah.
EN: Comparative Adjectives: 'Less' is the comparative form of 'little' (used with uncountable nouns like 'smoke') to compare two things. The structure is 'less + [uncountable noun] + than'.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata adjektif perbandingan: 'Less' ialah bentuk perbandingan bagi 'little' (digunakan dengan kata nama tak boleh dikira, seperti 'smoke'), untuk membandingkan dua perkara. Strukturnya ialah 'less + [kata nama tak boleh dikira] + than'.
This new engine uses less fuel than the old one.
Enjin baharu ini menggunakan kurang bahan api berbanding enjin lama.
EN: In many European countries, including Ireland and the UK, 'smokeless fuels' (like anthracite or manufactured briquettes) are legally required in 'Smoke Control Areas' to reduce urban air pollution, though this study challenges their perceived safety.
EN: The structure 'X times more + [noun]' is used to express multiples or comparisons. It indicates that the quantity of something is multiplied by a specific factor compared to another reference point.
Bahasa Melayu: Struktur 'X times more + [kata nama]' digunakan untuk menyatakan gandaan atau perbandingan. Ia menunjukkan bahawa kuantiti sesuatu meningkat dengan faktor tertentu berbanding dengan titik rujukan yang lain.
This new engine produces four times more power than the old one.
Enjin baharu ini menghasilkan kuasa empat kali ganda lebih banyak daripada enjin lama.
EN: The past participle 'burned' acts as a reduced relative clause (which was burned), functioning as an adjective to modify the noun 'kilogram'.
Bahasa Melayu: Past participle 'burned' di sini berfungsi sebagai klausa relatif yang diringkaskan (yang menggugurkan which was), bertindak sebagai kata adjektif untuk menerangkan kata nama 'kilogram' (kilogram).
For every dollar spent, you earn one reward point.
Untuk setiap dolar yang dibelanjakan, anda akan mendapat satu mata ganjaran.
EN: In many European countries, including Ireland and the UK, 'smokeless fuels' (like anthracite or manufactured briquettes) are legally required in 'smoke control areas' to reduce visible air pollution. However, this study highlights a hidden danger that these regulations might have overlooked.
EN: The verb 'means' is followed by a 'that-clause' acting as the direct object. In English, the conjunction 'that' is often omitted in informal or journalistic writing when the meaning remains clear.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja 'means' diikuti oleh 'that-clause' yang bertindak sebagai objek langsung. Dalam bahasa Inggeris, apabila makna sudah jelas, kata hubung 'that' sering digugurkan dalam penulisan tidak formal atau penulisan berita.
The dark clouds mean (that) it will rain soon.
Awan gelap bermakna hujan akan turun tidak lama lagi.
EN: The phrase 'become deposited' uses 'become' as a linking verb followed by a past participle (deposited) to describe a change of state or a process of being placed somewhere.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa 'become deposited' menggunakan 'become' sebagai kata kerja penghubung yang diikuti oleh past participle (deposited), untuk menerangkan perubahan keadaan atau proses sesuatu diletakkan di sesuatu tempat.
Sediment can become deposited at the bottom of the river.
Sedimen mungkin termendap di dasar sungai.
EN: Appositive phrases (Non-restrictive): The phrase 'from the University of Galway' acts as an appositive or a parenthetical modifier, providing extra information about the subject (Professor Jurgita Ovadnevaite). It is set off by commas to show it is non-essential to the sentence structure.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa appositif (bukan pembatas): Frasa 'from the University of Galway' berfungsi sebagai appositif atau penerang tambahan yang memberikan maklumat tambahan tentang subjek (Profesor Jurgita Ovadnevaite). Ia dipisahkan dengan koma, menunjukkan bahawa ia bukan elemen penting dalam struktur ayat.
Mr. Smith, a local baker, won the competition.
Encik Smith, pembuat roti tempatan, memenangi pertandingan itu.
EN: Simple Past Tense: The verb 'explained' is in the simple past tense, used to describe a completed action that occurred at a specific time in the past.
Bahasa Melayu: Past Simple Tense: Kata kerja 'explained' menggunakan past simple tense, digunakan untuk menerangkan tindakan yang telah selesai pada masa tertentu pada masa lalu.
The doctor explained the treatment plan to the patient.
Doktor itu menerangkan pelan rawatan kepada pesakit.
EN: The University of Galway is a prestigious research university in Ireland. In academic and news contexts, it is common to introduce experts by their full title and institutional affiliation to establish authority on the subject matter.
EN: Past Perfect Tense: Used to describe an action that was completed before another point in the past. Here, 'had considered' refers to the period before the study's findings were revealed.
Bahasa Melayu: Past Perfect Tense: Digunakan untuk menerangkan tindakan yang telah selesai sebelum masa atau tindakan lain pada masa lalu. Di sini, 'had considered' merujuk kepada tempoh sebelum keputusan kajian diumumkan, apabila perkara ini belum dipertimbangkan.
She had finished her homework before her parents arrived home.
Dia telah menyiapkan kerja rumahnya sebelum ibu bapanya pulang ke rumah.
EN: Noun Clause with 'that': The word 'that' introduces a subordinate clause that functions as the direct object of the verb 'consider'. It explains exactly what was not considered.
Bahasa Melayu: Klausa nama dengan 'that': Perkataan 'that' memperkenalkan klausa subordinat yang berfungsi sebagai objek langsung bagi kata kerja 'consider', untuk memperincikan perkara yang 'tidak dipertimbangkan'.
He realized that he had left his keys in the car.
Dia menyedari bahawa dia telah meninggalkan kunci di dalam kereta.
EN: In many European countries, 'smokeless fuels' are promoted by governments to reduce visible air pollution (smog). This sentence highlights a scientific irony where a solution to one problem (smoke) inadvertently creates another (invisible particles).
EN: The 'not... until' structure is used to indicate that an action or situation did not happen before a specific time or event. It emphasizes that the event only occurred at that later point.
Bahasa Melayu: Struktur 'not... until' digunakan untuk menunjukkan bahawa tindakan atau keadaan tidak berlaku sebelum masa atau peristiwa tertentu. Ia menekankan bahawa peristiwa itu hanya berlaku pada masa yang lebih lewat.
I did not realize my mistake until he pointed it out.
Saya tidak menyedari kesilapan saya sehingga dia menunjukkannya.
EN: 'Such a/an + adjective + noun' is used to emphasize the degree or quality of something. It is more emphatic than using 'very'.
Bahasa Melayu: 'Such a/an + adjective + noun' digunakan untuk menekankan tahap atau kualiti sesuatu. Ini lebih menekankan daripada sekadar menggunakan 'very'.
It was such a beautiful day that we went for a walk.
Hari itu begitu indah sehingga kami pergi berjalan-jalan.
EN: In scientific contexts, 'data' is technically the plural of 'datum', but in modern English, it is commonly used as an uncountable noun with a singular verb. However, researchers often treat it with high precision as it represents the foundation of their evidence.
EN: Non-defining Relative Clause: The phrase 'who also worked on the study' provides extra information about the subject (Doctor Chunshui Lin). It is set off by commas and can be removed without changing the basic meaning of the sentence.
Bahasa Melayu: Klausa relatif bukan pembatas: Frasa 'who also worked on the study' memberikan maklumat tambahan tentang subjek (Dr. Lin Chunshui). Penggunaan ini biasanya dipisahkan dengan koma, dan walaupun digugurkan, struktur asas ayat tidak berubah.
My brother, who lives in London, is a doctor.
Abang saya yang tinggal di London ialah seorang doktor.
EN: Spend Time Doing Something: The structure 'spend + time + V-ing' is used to indicate how much time is dedicated to a specific activity.
Bahasa Melayu: Menghabiskan masa melakukan sesuatu: Struktur 'spend + masa + kata kerja-ing' digunakan untuk menunjukkan berapa banyak masa yang diluangkan untuk aktiviti tertentu.
She spent three hours reading the report.
Dia menghabiskan tiga jam membaca laporan itu.
EN: In academic and news contexts, it is common to introduce a person's full name and title followed by a relative clause to establish their credibility or role in the story.
EN: Prepositional Phrases as Adverbials: The sentence starts with 'After the laboratory findings,' which is a prepositional phrase acting as an adverbial of time. It sets the context for when the main action occurred.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa sendi nama sebagai keterangan: Ayat bermula dengan 'After the laboratory findings', iaitu frasa sendi nama yang berfungsi sebagai keterangan masa, menetapkan latar belakang untuk masa berlakunya tindakan utama.
After the long meeting, the team decided to take a break.
Selepas mesyuarat yang panjang, pasukan itu memutuskan untuk berehat.
EN: Phrasal Verb 'Go back': This verb means to return to a place or a previous activity. In this context, it is followed by an infinitive 'to check' to express purpose.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja frasa 'Go back': Kata kerja ini bermaksud kembali ke tempat atau aktiviti sebelumnya. Dalam konteks ini, ia diikuti oleh infinitif 'to check' untuk menunjukkan tujuan.
He went back to the library to find his lost notebook.
Dia kembali ke perpustakaan untuk mencari buku notanya yang hilang.
EN: Dublin is the capital of Ireland, while Birr is a smaller heritage town. The study's focus on both an urban center and a smaller town helps researchers understand how air quality issues affect different types of communities across the country.
EN: Indirect Questions: When a question (e.g., 'How do particles affect air quality?') is embedded within another sentence, it follows statement word order (Subject + Verb) instead of question word order.
Bahasa Melayu: Soalan tak langsung: Apabila soalan (contohnya, bagaimana zarah menjejaskan kualiti udara?) disisipkan dalam ayat lain, ia mesti menggunakan susunan kata penyata (subjek + kata kerja), bukan susunan kata soalan.
I don't know where he lives.
Saya tidak tahu di mana dia tinggal.
EN: Infinitive as Object: The verb 'want' is followed by a 'to-infinitive' (to + base verb) to indicate the action that is desired.
Bahasa Melayu: Infinitif sebagai objek: Kata kerja 'want' (mahu) diikuti oleh 'to-infinitive' (to + kata kerja dasar) untuk menunjukkan tindakan yang ingin dilakukan.
She wants to study environmental science.
Dia mahu belajar sains alam sekitar.
EN: In many European countries, 'smokeless fuels' (like anthracite or manufactured briquettes) are legally required in 'Smoke Control Areas' to reduce visible soot, but as this study shows, they still pose invisible health risks.
EN: The verb 'suggest' is followed by a 'that-clause' which functions as the direct object of the sentence. In this context, 'suggest' means to indicate or show that something is likely to be true.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja 'suggest' diikuti oleh 'that-clause' yang berfungsi sebagai objek langsung ayat. Dalam konteks ini, 'suggest' bermaksud menunjukkan atau membuktikan bahawa sesuatu mungkin benar.
The evidence suggests that the climate is changing rapidly.
Bukti menunjukkan bahawa iklim sedang berubah dengan cepat.
EN: The word 'need' is used as a transitive verb followed by a noun phrase ('more attention'). It expresses a necessity or requirement for something.
Bahasa Melayu: 'Need' di sini digunakan sebagai kata kerja transitif yang diikuti oleh frasa nama (more attention). Ia menyatakan keperluan atau keperluan untuk sesuatu.
This old house needs a new coat of paint.
Rumah lama ini memerlukan satu lapisan cat baharu.
EN: The verb 'believe' is followed by a 'that-clause' which functions as the direct object of the sentence. This structure is used to report opinions, thoughts, or facts.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja 'believe' diikuti oleh 'that-clause' yang berfungsi sebagai objek langsung ayat tersebut. Struktur ini sering digunakan untuk menyatakan pendapat, idea, atau fakta.
Scientists believe that climate change is a serious threat.
Para saintis percaya bahawa perubahan iklim adalah ancaman yang serius.
EN: The passive voice 'should be updated' (modal verb + be + past participle) is used here because the focus is on the regulations being changed, rather than who is changing them.
Bahasa Melayu: Suara pasif 'should be updated' (kata kerja bantu + be + past participle) digunakan di sini kerana tumpuan adalah pada 'peraturan yang diubah suai', bukan siapa yang mengubahnya.
The software should be updated regularly to ensure security.
Perisian perlu dikemas kini secara berkala untuk memastikan keselamatan.
EN: In many European countries, 'smokeless fuels' (like anthracite or manufactured briquettes) were promoted as eco-friendly alternatives to traditional coal to reduce visible smog in cities. This sentence reflects a shift in scientific understanding where 'invisible' pollution is now seen as a major threat.
Kosa kata utama dengan sebutan IPA, definisi, contoh ayat, dan kuiz interaktif.
Dalam konteks: Mendedahkan, menunjukkan fakta yang sebelum ini tidak diketahui.
Frasa dengan label jenis, definisi dwibahasa, nota penggunaan, dan contoh ayat.
to result in or cause something to happen
membawa kepada, menyebabkan
the degree to which the air is clean or polluted
kualiti udara
to return to a place, subject, or activity
kembali, menyemak semula
in the way that was planned or thought likely to happen
seperti yang dijangka, tidak mengejutkan
Particles with a diameter of less than 0.1 micrometers, often resulting from combustion.
Zarah ultra halus
To settle or accumulate in a specific place through a natural or physical process.
Terendap / Terkumpul
A small amount of a substance taken to be tested or analyzed in a laboratory.
Sampel bahan api
Data points or readings collected by sensors to determine the concentration of pollutants in the atmosphere.
Ukuran udara / Data pemantauan udara