EN: The relative clause 'who have been profoundly affected by extreme weather events' uses the present perfect passive voice ('have been + past participle') to describe an ongoing state or a past action with current relevance. The adverb 'profoundly' modifies the past participle 'affected' to emphasize the depth of the impact.
Bahasa Melayu: Klausa relatif "who have been profoundly affected by extreme weather events" menggunakan bentuk pasif kala kini sempurna (have been + past participle), untuk menggambarkan keadaan yang berterusan atau tindakan lampau yang memberi kesan kepada masa kini. Adverba "profoundly" (secara mendalam) menerangkan past participle "affected" untuk menekankan kedalaman kesan tersebut.
Many coastal communities that have been severely impacted by rising sea levels are seeking government assistance.
Banyak komuniti pantai yang terjejas teruk oleh kenaikan paras laut sedang meminta bantuan kerajaan.
EN: The present continuous verb phrase 'are now pursuing' indicates an action currently in progress. The verb 'pursue' in a legal context means to initiate or carry out a legal claim or action.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa kerja kala kini berterusan "are now pursuing" menunjukkan tindakan yang sedang berlaku pada masa kini. Kata kerja "pursue" dalam konteks undang-undang bermaksud "memfailkan" atau "menjalankan" tindakan atau tuntutan undang-undang.
The environmental group is now pursuing legal action against the chemical factory.
Kumpulan alam sekitar itu kini sedang menjalankan tindakan undang-undang terhadap kilang kimia tersebut.
EN: The prepositional phrase 'before the United Nations' uses 'before' in a formal, legal sense meaning 'in the presence of' or 'to be judged by' an official body or authority.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa sendi nama "before the United Nations" menggunakan "before" dengan makna formal dan undang-undang, yang bermaksud "di hadapan" atau "untuk diadili oleh" badan atau pihak berkuasa rasmi.
The landmark human rights case was argued before the Supreme Court last week.
Kes hak asasi manusia yang bersejarah ini telah dibahaskan di Mahkamah Agung minggu lalu.
EN: This sentence reflects a growing global trend of 'climate litigation,' where citizens use international human rights frameworks (like the United Nations) to hold their national governments accountable for climate inaction. Australia, being a major fossil fuel exporter, is a key battleground for these pioneering legal challenges.
EN: The adverb 'thereby' is used to introduce a logical consequence or result of the action just mentioned. It is typically followed by a present participle (-ing form) acting as an adverbial modifier of result.
Bahasa Melayu: Adverba "thereby" (dengan itu, justeru) digunakan untuk memperkenalkan akibat atau hasil logik daripada tindakan yang dinyatakan sebelum ini. Ia biasanya diikuti oleh kata kerja bentuk kini (bentuk -ing), dan berfungsi sebagai penerang keterangan yang menunjukkan hasil.
The company reduced its carbon emissions, thereby avoiding heavy government fines.
Syarikat itu mengurangkan pelepasan karbonnya, dengan itu mengelakkan denda besar daripada kerajaan.
EN: The noun clause introduced by 'that' functions as the direct object of the reporting verb 'argues'. Inside this clause, the subject is 'the Australian government's persistent endorsement of fossil fuel exports' and the verb is in the present perfect tense ('has directly exacerbated').
Bahasa Melayu: Klausa nama yang diperkenalkan oleh "that" berfungsi sebagai objek langsung bagi kata kerja pelapor "argues". Dalam klausa ini, subjeknya ialah "the Australian government's persistent endorsement of fossil fuel exports", manakala kata kerjanya menggunakan bentuk kala kini sempurna ("has directly exacerbated").
The scientist argues that immediate action is required to prevent further biodiversity loss.
Para saintis berhujah bahawa tindakan segera perlu diambil untuk mengelakkan kehilangan biodiversiti yang lebih lanjut.
EN: The relative clause 'they have personally endured' is an adjective clause modifying the noun 'devastation'. The relative pronoun 'which' or 'that' is omitted because it functions as the direct object of the verb 'endured' within the relative clause.
Bahasa Melayu: Klausa relatif "they have personally endured" ialah klausa adjektif yang menerangkan kata nama "devastation". Kata ganti relatif "which" atau "that" digugurkan kerana ia berfungsi sebagai objek langsung bagi kata kerja "endured" dalam klausa relatif tersebut.
The challenges they have successfully overcome made them much stronger.
Cabaran yang berjaya mereka atasi telah menjadikan mereka lebih kuat.
EN: This sentence reflects the growing global trend of 'climate litigation,' where citizens use human rights frameworks (such as those of the United Nations) to hold governments legally accountable for climate inaction. Australia, being one of the world's largest exporters of coal and liquefied natural gas (LNG), is a major focal point for these unprecedented legal challenges.
EN: Non-defining relative clauses (introduced by 'which') provide non-essential, extra information about a noun. They are separated from the rest of the sentence by commas. In formal writing, they allow the writer to insert commentary or background details without disrupting the main narrative flow.
Bahasa Melayu: Klausa relatif tidak menyekat (yang diperkenalkan oleh 'which') memberikan maklumat tambahan yang tidak penting tentang kata nama, dan dipisahkan dengan koma daripada bahagian ayat yang lain. Dalam penulisan formal, ini membolehkan penulis menyelitkan komen atau butiran latar belakang tanpa mengganggu aliran naratif utama.
The report, which was published last Tuesday, highlights the urgent need for renewable energy investment.
Laporan itu (yang diterbitkan pada Selasa lepas) menekankan keperluan mendesak untuk pelaburan dalam tenaga boleh diperbaharui.
EN: The verb 'contend' is a high-register reporting verb used in formal, academic, or legal contexts to mean 'to assert or maintain an argument'. It is typically followed by a 'that'-clause containing the proposition being argued.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja 'contend' ialah kata kerja pelaporan berdaftar tinggi yang digunakan dalam konteks formal, akademik, atau undang-undang, bermaksud 'menegaskan atau mempertahankan sesuatu hujah'. Ia biasanya diikuti oleh klausa yang diperkenalkan oleh 'that' yang menyatakan proposisi yang dituntut.
Defense counsel contended that the evidence was circumstantial and insufficient for a conviction.
Peguam pembela menegaskan bahawa bukti itu adalah keterangan tidak langsung dan tidak mencukupi untuk mensabitkan kesalahan.
EN: The structure 'protect [someone] from [something]' is a standard transitive verb pattern where 'from' introduces the source of danger, harm, or unwanted influence. The object of 'from' is often a noun phrase representing a risk.
Bahasa Melayu: Struktur 'protect [someone] from [something]' (melindungi seseorang daripada sesuatu) ialah pola kata kerja transitif standard, di mana 'from' memperkenalkan sumber bahaya, kecederaan, atau kesan buruk. Objek 'from' biasanya frasa kata nama yang mewakili risiko.
The new regulations are designed to protect consumers from fraudulent financial schemes.
Peraturan baharu itu bertujuan untuk melindungi pengguna daripada skim kewangan yang menipu.
EN: This sentence reflects the growing global phenomenon of 'climate litigation,' where citizens use international human rights frameworks (like the United Nations) to hold governments legally accountable for climate inaction. The term 'groundbreaking' highlights how legal scholars view this as a potential paradigm shift in environmental law.
EN: Inversion with prepositional phrases of place/direction. When a prepositional phrase (e.g., 'Among the claimants') is placed at the beginning of a sentence for emphasis or cohesion, the subject ('Brendon Donohue...') and the verb ('is') are inverted. This is common in formal and literary styles to introduce new information.
Bahasa Melayu: Struktur songsang dengan frasa preposisi tempat/arah. Apabila frasa preposisi (seperti 'Among the claimants') diletakkan di awal ayat untuk penekanan atau kesinambungan makna, kedudukan subjek ('Brendon Donohue...') dan kata kerja ('is') diterbalikkan. Ini sangat lazim dalam gaya formal dan sastera, digunakan untuk memperkenalkan maklumat baharu.
Among the ruins was a beautifully preserved Roman mosaic.
Di tengah-tengah runtuhan itu terdapat mozek Rom yang terpelihara dengan baik.
EN: Double relative clauses modifying a single noun. The noun phrase 'a thirty-three-year-old Brisbane resident' is modified by two successive relative clauses: a subject relative clause ('who is legally blind') and a possessive relative clause ('whose mobility is severely restricted...'), joined by the coordinating conjunction 'and'.
Bahasa Melayu: Klausa relatif berganda yang memodifikasikan satu kata nama tertentu. Frasa kata nama 'a thirty-three-year-old Brisbane resident' dimodifikasikan oleh dua klausa relatif berturut-turut: satu klausa relatif subjektif ('who is legally blind') dan satu klausa relatif posesif ('whose mobility is severely restricted...'), yang disambungkan oleh kata hubung koordinat 'and'.
She is a dedicated researcher who has published numerous papers and whose work is highly respected in the scientific community.
Dia seorang sarjana yang berdedikasi, telah menerbitkan banyak kertas kerja, dan hasil penyelidikannya sangat dihormati dalam komuniti saintifik.
EN: The use of 'legally blind' as an adverb-adjective collocation. 'Legally' functions as a submodifier restricting the domain of the adjective 'blind', indicating that the blindness meets the official, statutory definition rather than necessarily meaning total darkness.
Bahasa Melayu: Penggunaan 'legally blind' sebagai kolokasi adverba-kata sifat. 'Legally' (dari segi undang-undang) berfungsi sebagai pengubah yang menyekat skop kata sifat 'blind' (buta), menunjukkan bahawa keadaan buta itu memenuhi definisi rasmi yang ditetapkan oleh undang-undang, dan tidak semestinya bermaksud berada dalam kegelapan sepenuhnya.
Although he can see light and shapes, he is considered legally blind.
Walaupun dia boleh melihat cahaya dan bentuk, dia telah disahkan buta dari segi undang-undang.
EN: The mention of 'legally blind' and 'Peters plus syndrome' highlights the vulnerability of disabled individuals during extreme weather events. In international human rights and climate litigation, emphasizing the specific physical challenges of claimants is a strategic legal approach to demonstrate that climate change disproportionately affects vulnerable populations, thereby violating their basic human rights to life and security.
EN: The structure 'find oneself + past participle/adjective/prepositional phrase' is used to describe a situation where someone suddenly realizes they are in a particular state or place, often unexpectedly or without intending to be.
Bahasa Melayu: Struktur 'find oneself + past participle/adjective/prepositional phrase' digunakan untuk menerangkan seseorang yang tiba-tiba menyedari bahawa mereka berada dalam keadaan atau situasi tertentu, biasanya secara tidak dijangka atau bukan atas kehendak sendiri.
After walking blindly through the fog, she found herself lost in an unfamiliar neighborhood.
Selepas berjalan secara membuta tuli dalam kabus, dia mendapati dirinya tersesat di kawasan kejiranan yang asing.
EN: The past participle 'trapped' functions as an object complement modifying 'himself', indicating a passive state resulting from an external event (the flood).
Bahasa Melayu: Partisipel lampau 'trapped' di sini berfungsi sebagai objek komplemen yang memodifikasikan 'himself', menunjukkan keadaan terperangkap secara pasif yang disebabkan oleh peristiwa luaran (banjir).
The hikers were trapped in the canyon by the sudden rockslide.
Pendaki itu terperangkap di dalam gaung akibat tanah runtuh yang berlaku secara tiba-tiba.
EN: The temporal adverbial clause introduced by 'When' establishes the historical and situational background for the main clause, using the simple past tense to denote completed actions in past time.
Bahasa Melayu: Klausa adverba masa yang diperkenalkan oleh 'When' menetapkan latar belakang sejarah dan kontekstual untuk klausa utama, dan menggunakan simple past tense untuk menunjukkan tindakan yang telah selesai pada masa lampau.
When the earthquake struck the city in 2011, many historical buildings collapsed.
Apabila gempa bumi melanda bandar itu pada tahun 2011, banyak bangunan bersejarah runtuh.
EN: Brisbane's West End is an inner-city suburb known for its vibrant, bohemian culture and proximity to the Brisbane River. In February 2022, Queensland experienced catastrophic rainfall and flooding, which devastated low-lying areas like West End, highlighting the vulnerability of urban infrastructure to extreme weather events exacerbated by climate change.
EN: The past perfect passive ('had been dispatched') is used to describe an action that was completed before another past action or state, emphasizing the passive nature of the action (the alerts were sent by an external system).
Bahasa Melayu: Suara pasif past perfect ('had been dispatched') digunakan untuk menerangkan tindakan yang telah selesai sebelum titik masa atau tindakan tertentu pada masa lampau, dan menekankan sifat pasif tindakan tersebut (amaran dihantar oleh sistem luaran).
By the time the rescue team arrived, the emergency supplies had been dispatched to the affected area.
Sebelum pasukan penyelamat tiba, bekalan kecemasan telah dihantar ke kawasan yang terjejas.
EN: The conjunction 'although' introduces a concession clause. In formal English, 'although' is not paired with 'but' in the main clause, unlike in Chinese structure where '雖然...但是...' is common.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata hubung 'although' memperkenalkan klausa konsesi. Dalam bahasa Inggeris formal, 'although' tidak boleh digunakan bersama dengan 'but' dalam klausa utama, berbeza dengan struktur bahasa Cina yang lazim 'walaupun... tetapi...'.
Although the storm has passed, the local authorities remain on high alert.
Walaupun ribut telah berlalu, pihak berkuasa tempatan masih dalam keadaan berjaga-jaga yang tinggi.
EN: The verb 'cease' followed by an infinitive ('ceased to function') is a formal way to express that an action or state has stopped. It carries a more literary or official register than 'stopped functioning'.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja 'cease' diikuti oleh infinitif ('ceased to function') ialah cara formal untuk menyatakan bahawa sesuatu tindakan atau keadaan telah berhenti. Berbanding dengan 'stopped functioning', ia mempunyai nada yang lebih sastera atau rasmi.
The machinery ceased to operate after the power grid failed.
Selepas grid elektrik gagal, mesin itu berhenti berfungsi.
EN: In modern apartment buildings, critical infrastructure such as lifts (elevators) and intercoms rely heavily on the electrical grid. During extreme weather events like the 2022 Brisbane floods, power outages can instantly isolate vulnerable residents, especially those with disabilities, highlighting a critical gap in emergency evacuation planning and infrastructure resilience.
EN: The verb 'render' is used as a causative verb meaning 'to cause someone or something to be in a particular state'. It is typically followed by an object and an adjective (render + object + adjective), often describing a negative or helpless state.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja 'render' digunakan sebagai kata kerja kausatif yang bermaksud 'menyebabkan seseorang atau sesuatu berada dalam keadaan tertentu'. Ia biasanya diikuti oleh objek dan kata sifat (render + objek + kata sifat), dan sering digunakan untuk menerangkan keadaan negatif atau tidak berdaya.
The sudden heavy snowstorm rendered the mountain roads impassable.
Ribut salji yang tiba-tiba menjadikan laluan gunung tidak dapat dilalui.
EN: The reporting verb 'recall' can take multiple parallel noun clauses starting with 'that' as its direct objects. In this sentence, 'recalled that [clause 1], and that [clause 2]' structurally connects two distinct recollections under the same main verb.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja pelaporan 'recall' boleh diikuti oleh beberapa klausa kata nama selari yang bermula dengan 'that' sebagai objek langsungnya. Dalam ayat ini, 'recalled that [klausa 1], and that [klausa 2]' secara strukturnya menghubungkan dua ingatan yang berbeza di bawah kata kerja utama yang sama.
She recalled that she had locked the front door, and that she had turned off the stove.
Dia teringat bahawa dia telah mengunci pintu depan, dan bahawa dia telah mematikan dapur gas.
EN: The phrasal verb 'run out of' means to use up the supply of something so that none is left. It is an active construction where the subject is the person using the resource, whereas 'something runs out' uses the resource as the subject.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja frasa 'run out of' bermaksud menghabiskan bekalan sesuatu sehingga tiada yang tinggal. Ini ialah struktur aktif, di mana subjek ialah orang yang menggunakan sumber tersebut; manakala 'something runs out' menggunakan sumber itu sebagai subjek.
During the long trek, the hikers ran out of water much faster than expected.
Semasa pendakian yang panjang, pendaki itu kehabisan bekalan air jauh lebih cepat daripada yang dijangkakan.
EN: Apposition (Appositive Noun Phrase): 'Jack Egan' is placed immediately after 'Another claimant' to identify or explain who the claimant is. In English, non-restrictive appositives (which provide extra, non-essential information) are set off by commas.
Bahasa Melayu: Aposisi (Frasa Kata Nama Apositif): 'Jack Egan' diletakkan serta-merta selepas 'seorang lagi penuntut', untuk mengenal pasti atau menjelaskan identiti penuntut tersebut. Dalam bahasa Inggeris, aposisi tidak menyekat (yang memberikan maklumat tambahan, tidak penting) biasanya dipisahkan dengan koma.
My biology teacher, Mr. Harrison, explained the process of photosynthesis.
Cikgu biologi saya, Encik Harrison, menerangkan proses fotosintesis.
EN: Prepositional Phrases of Place (Nested Locations): When describing a location in English, the order typically goes from the specific to the general: 'in Batemans Bay' (specific town) followed by 'on the New South Wales south coast' (broader region).
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa Preposisi Tempat (Lokasi Bersarang): Dalam bahasa Inggeris, apabila menerangkan sesuatu lokasi, urutannya biasanya 'dari kecil ke besar' (dari spesifik ke skop yang lebih luas): pertama 'di Batemans Bay' (bandar spesifik), kemudian 'di pantai selatan New South Wales' (kawasan yang lebih luas).
She lives in a small cottage in Grasmere in the Lake District.
Dia tinggal di sebuah pondok kecil di Grasmere, Lake District.
EN: Prepositional Phrases of Time with 'during': The preposition 'during' is used to indicate that an event took place within the duration of a specific period or event ('the devastating bushfires of New Year's Eve 2019').
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa Preposisi Masa dengan 'during': Preposisi 'during' (semasa) digunakan untuk menunjukkan bahawa sesuatu peristiwa berlaku dalam tempoh masa tertentu atau dalam tempoh sesuatu kejadian ('semasa kebakaran hutan yang dahsyat pada malam Tahun Baharu 2019').
Many businesses were forced to close during the economic recession.
Semasa kemelesetan ekonomi, banyak perniagaan terpaksa ditutup.
EN: The 'New Year's Eve 2019' bushfires refer to the catastrophic 'Black Summer' bushfire season (2019–2020) in Australia. It was one of the most devastating wildfire seasons in the country's history, burning millions of hectares, destroying thousands of homes, and killing dozens of people, as well as billions of animals. Batemans Bay, a popular coastal town in New South Wales, was heavily impacted, forcing residents and tourists to flee to beaches to escape the flames.
EN: The verb 'describe' is a transitive verb that is typically followed by a gerund (V-ing) or a noun phrase, rather than an infinitive. It is used to depict an action or state that someone experienced.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja 'describe' (menerangkan) ialah kata kerja transitif yang biasanya diikuti oleh gerund (V-ing) atau frasa kata nama, dan bukannya infinitif (to V), untuk menggambarkan tindakan atau keadaan yang dialami oleh seseorang.
She described walking through the ancient ruins at sunrise.
Dia menerangkan pengalamannya berjalan melalui runtuhan purba pada waktu matahari terbit.
EN: The verb 'watch' can be followed by an object and a bare infinitive (for a completed action) or a present participle (V-ing, for an ongoing action). In this sentence, 'watching... as...' functions similarly to show an ongoing, dramatic process unfolding.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja deria 'watch' (melihat) boleh diikuti oleh objek dan infinitif tanpa 'to' (untuk proses yang lengkap) atau partisipel kini (V-ing, untuk tindakan yang sedang berlangsung). Dalam ayat ini, 'watching... as...' digunakan untuk menunjukkan proses yang sedang berlaku dan dramatik.
We watched helplessly as the floodwaters rose higher and higher.
Kami melihat dengan tidak berdaya semasa banjir semakin meningkat.
EN: The conjunction 'as' is used here to mean 'while' or 'at the same time that', introducing a background action that happens simultaneously with the main action of watching.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata hubung 'as' di sini bermaksud 'semasa' atau 'pada masa yang sama dengan', digunakan untuk memperkenalkan peristiwa latar belakang yang berlaku serentak dengan tindakan dalam klausa utama (melihat).
The lights went out as we were about to leave the building.
Semasa kami bersiap untuk meninggalkan bangunan itu, lampu padam.
EN: This sentence vividly depicts the trauma of the 2019-2020 Australian bushfire season, colloquially known as 'Black Summer'. The description of watching one's home burn helplessly highlights the severe psychological impact of climate-induced disasters on individuals, which is a central theme in modern climate litigation seeking human rights protections.
EN: The perfect participle ('Having abandoned...') is used to express an action that was completed before the action in the main clause ('Egan fled...'). It emphasizes the chronological sequence of events and a cause-and-effect relationship.
Bahasa Melayu: Partisipel sempurna (seperti 'Having abandoned...') digunakan untuk menyatakan tindakan yang telah selesai sebelum tindakan dalam klausa utama ('Egan fled...'). Ia menekankan urutan masa peristiwa dan hubungan sebab-akibat.
Having finished her presentation, Sarah answered questions from the audience.
Selepas menyelesaikan pembentangannya, Sarah menjawab soalan daripada penonton.
EN: The prepositional phrase 'through a torrent of' uses the noun 'torrent' metaphorically to describe a large, overwhelming, and violent flow of something (in this case, burning embers), heightening the dramatic intensity of the scene.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa preposisi 'through a torrent of' menggunakan kata nama 'torrent' (aliran deras) secara metafora untuk menerangkan aliran sesuatu (di sini, bara api yang membakar) yang besar, mengatasi, dan ganas, dengan itu meningkatkan ketegangan dramatik dalam suasana tersebut.
The politician had to navigate through a torrent of criticism from the media.
Ahli politik itu terpaksa menghadapi kritikan yang bertubi-tubi daripada media.
EN: The to-infinitive 'to reach safety' functions as an adverbial of purpose, explaining why the subject performed the action of fleeing.
Bahasa Melayu: Infinitif 'to reach safety' berfungsi sebagai adverba tujuan, menjelaskan mengapa subjek melakukan tindakan 'melarikan diri'.
They climbed to the top of the hill to get a better view of the valley.
Mereka mendaki ke puncak gunung untuk mendapatkan pemandangan lembah yang lebih baik.
EN: This sentence vividly depicts the harrowing experience of surviving the 'Black Summer' bushfires in Australia (2019–2020). The term 'burning embers' refers to a major hazard of bushfires, where strong winds carry glowing coals kilometers ahead of the main fire front, starting new fires and trapping residents. The narrative highlights the intense personal trauma that has driven citizens to take the unprecedented step of suing their government at the UN.
EN: The past perfect tense ('had perished') is used to describe an action that was completed before another action in the past (his fearing and searching). This establishes a clear chronological order of events in past-tense narratives.
Bahasa Melayu: Past perfect tense ('had perished') digunakan untuk menerangkan tindakan yang telah selesai sebelum titik masa atau tindakan tertentu pada masa lampau (kebimbangan dan pencariannya). Ini mewujudkan urutan masa yang jelas dalam naratif masa lampau.
By the time the rescue team arrived, the fire had already consumed the entire building.
Sebelum pasukan penyelamat tiba, api telah memusnahkan keseluruhan bangunan itu.
EN: The preposition 'alongside' means 'together with' or 'next to'. In formal or literary contexts, it is often used to express that someone experienced the same fate or situation as others.
Bahasa Melayu: Preposisi 'alongside' bermaksud 'bersama dengan' atau 'di sebelah'. Dalam konteks formal atau sastera, ia sering digunakan untuk menunjukkan bahawa seseorang mengalami nasib atau situasi yang sama dengan orang lain.
She worked alongside world-renowned scientists to develop the vaccine.
Dia bekerja bersama-sama saintis terkenal dunia untuk membangunkan vaksin itu.
EN: The relative clause 'who lost their lives that fire season' uses the relative pronoun 'who' to modify the antecedent noun phrase 'the thirty-three people'. This provides essential identifying information about the victims.
Bahasa Melayu: Klausa relatif 'who lost their lives that fire season' menggunakan kata ganti relatif 'who' untuk memodifikasikan frasa kata nama anteseden 'the thirty-three people' (tiga puluh tiga orang itu), memberikan maklumat pengenalan penting tentang mangsa.
The volunteers who helped during the flood were praised for their bravery.
Sukarelawan yang membantu semasa banjir dipuji kerana keberanian mereka.
EN: The phrase 'that fire season' refers to the catastrophic 2019–2020 Australian bushfire season, colloquially known as 'Black Summer'. It was a period of unusually intense bushfires that devastated parts of Australia, particularly New South Wales, leading to significant loss of human life, wildlife, and property, and sparking intense global discussions on climate change.
EN: The use of 'couple' as a collective noun can take either a singular or plural verb depending on the variety of English. In British and Australian English, collective nouns like 'couple' often take a plural verb ('were') to emphasize the individual members of the group. In American English, a singular verb ('was') is more common.
Bahasa Melayu: Penggunaan 'couple' sebagai kata nama kolektif boleh diikuti dengan kata kerja tunggal atau jamak, bergantung pada variasi serantau bahasa Inggeris. Dalam bahasa Inggeris British dan Australia, kata nama kolektif seperti 'couple' selalunya diikuti dengan kata kerja jamak (were), untuk menekankan ahli-ahli individu dalam kumpulan; manakala dalam bahasa Inggeris Amerika, kata kerja tunggal (was) lebih kerap digunakan.
The couple are deciding on their wedding venue.
Pasangan pengantin itu sedang membuat keputusan tentang tempat majlis perkahwinan mereka.
EN: The passive construction 'be reunited' indicates that the subjects (the couple) were brought back together, often after a period of separation or a traumatic event. The agent of the action is not specified, focusing the attention on the state of being together again.
Bahasa Melayu: Struktur pasif 'be reunited' (bertemu semula, bersatu semula) menunjukkan bahawa subjek (pasangan itu) berkumpul semula selepas tempoh perpisahan atau peristiwa bencana. Di sini, pelaku tidak dinyatakan, dengan itu memberi tumpuan kepada keadaan 'bersatu semula' itu.
After years of separation by war, the family were finally reunited.
Selepas berpisah selama bertahun-tahun akibat perang, keluarga itu akhirnya bersatu semula.
EN: The adverb 'ultimately' is used to describe an event that happens after a long time or a series of other events, emphasizing the final result or resolution of a complex situation.
Bahasa Melayu: Adverba 'ultimately' (akhirnya, pada akhirnya) digunakan untuk menerangkan sesuatu peristiwa yang berlaku selepas masa yang panjang atau satu siri peristiwa, menekankan hasil atau kesudahan akhir dalam situasi yang kompleks.
Though they faced many setbacks, they ultimately achieved their goal.
Walaupun menghadapi banyak halangan, mereka akhirnya mencapai matlamat mereka.
EN: Non-defining relative clauses (using 'which') provide extra, non-essential information about a noun. They are separated from the rest of the sentence by commas. If removed, the sentence remains grammatically complete and retains its core meaning.
Bahasa Melayu: Klausa relatif tidak menyekat (menggunakan 'which') memberikan maklumat tambahan yang tidak penting tentang anteseden. Klausa jenis ini mesti dipisahkan daripada klausa utama dengan koma di kedua-dua belah. Jika ia digugurkan, makna klausa utama masih lengkap dan munasabah.
The new policy, which was announced yesterday, aims to reduce carbon emissions.
Dasar baharu yang diumumkan semalam ini bertujuan untuk mengurangkan pelepasan karbon.
EN: The present perfect passive voice ('has/have been' + past participle) is used to describe an action that has been completed at an unspecified time before now, emphasizing the receiver of the action rather than the doer.
Bahasa Melayu: Suara pasif present perfect ('has/have been' + past participle) digunakan untuk menerangkan tindakan yang telah selesai pada masa lampau yang tidak dinyatakan secara spesifik, dengan tumpuan kepada orang atau benda yang menerima tindakan itu, dan bukannya pelaku.
The final report has been successfully submitted to the committee.
Laporan akhir telah berjaya diserahkan kepada jawatankuasa.
EN: The sentence highlights a growing global trend of 'climate litigation,' where individuals or groups use international bodies like the United Nations to hold governments accountable for climate inaction. This represents a shift from traditional domestic legal battles to international human rights frameworks.
EN: The structure 'Rather than + -ing' is used to express preference or to contrast two actions, meaning 'instead of doing something'. When placed at the beginning of a sentence, it introduces an alternative that is being rejected or avoided in favor of the action in the main clause.
Bahasa Melayu: Struktur 'Rather than + -ing' (gerund) digunakan untuk menyatakan keutamaan atau membezakan dua tindakan, bermaksud 'daripada melakukan sesuatu'. Apabila diletakkan di awal ayat, ia memperkenalkan alternatif yang ditolak atau dielakkan, untuk menyerlahkan tindakan yang diambil dalam klausa utama.
Rather than investing in temporary fixes, the company decided to overhaul its entire security system.
Syarikat itu memutuskan untuk membaik pulih sepenuhnya sistem keselamatannya, dan bukannya melabur dalam penyelesaian sementara.
EN: The verb 'demand' triggers a subjunctive clause (mandative subjunctive) when followed by a 'that'-clause. In this structure, the verb in the 'that'-clause must be in its base form (bare infinitive), regardless of the subject's person or number. In passive voice, this appears as 'be + past participle' (e.g., 'be held' instead of 'is held' or 'was held').
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja 'demand' (menuntut) mencetuskan klausa subjungtif (subjungtif mandatif) apabila diikuti oleh klausa 'that'. Dalam struktur ini, tanpa mengira orang atau bilangan subjek, kata kerja dalam klausa 'that' mesti menggunakan bentuk dasar kata kerja. Dalam suara pasif, ini ditunjukkan sebagai 'be + past participle' (contohnya, menggunakan 'be held' dan bukannya 'is held' atau 'was held').
The committee demanded that the controversial policy be suspended immediately.
Jawatankuasa itu menuntut agar dasar yang kontroversial itu digantung serta-merta.
EN: The collocation 'hold someone accountable for something' means to consider someone responsible for a situation or action and expect them to explain it or face consequences. In the passive voice, 'someone is held accountable for something' shifts the focus to the person or entity bearing the responsibility.
Bahasa Melayu: Kolokasi "hold someone accountable for something" bermaksud "menuntut seseorang bertanggungjawab terhadap sesuatu", iaitu menganggap seseorang patut memikul tanggungjawab terhadap sesuatu keadaan atau tindakan, dan menjangkakan mereka memberikan penjelasan atau menanggung akibatnya. Dalam bentuk pasif, "someone is held accountable for something" mengalihkan fokus kepada orang atau entiti yang memikul tanggungjawab tersebut.
Public officials must be held accountable for their spending decisions.
Pegawai awam mesti bertanggungjawab terhadap keputusan perbelanjaan mereka.
EN: This sentence reflects a growing global trend in 'climate litigation,' where citizens use international human rights frameworks (like the UN) to hold governments legally responsible for climate change. Unlike traditional lawsuits, these actions often seek systemic policy reform (such as halting fossil fuel projects) rather than monetary damages, highlighting a shift from economic restitution to environmental accountability.
EN: The clause 'should the UN intervention prove successful' is an inverted conditional clause (first conditional / future possibility) where 'should' replaces 'if' and the subject-verb order is inverted ('should the UN intervention prove' instead of 'if the UN intervention should prove'). This structure is highly formal and common in legal, academic, and journalistic registers.
Bahasa Melayu: Klausa 'should the UN intervention prove successful' ialah klausa bersyarat songsang (kondisional jenis pertama / kemungkinan masa hadapan), di mana 'should' menggantikan 'if', dan susunan subjek serta kata kerja diterbalikkan (menggunakan 'should the UN intervention prove' dan bukannya 'if the UN intervention should prove'). Struktur ini sangat formal dan lazim dalam gaya bahasa undang-undang, akademik, dan kewartawanan.
Should you require further assistance, please do not hesitate to contact our legal department.
Sekiranya anda memerlukan bantuan lanjut, sila hubungi jabatan undang-undang kami tanpa sebarang keraguan.
EN: The verb 'prove' is used here as a copular (linking) verb meaning 'to turn out to be' or 'to be found to be'. It is directly followed by the adjective 'successful' rather than an adverb, describing the state of the subject 'the UN intervention'.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja 'prove' di sini digunakan sebagai kata kerja penghubung (kopula), yang bermaksud 'ternyata' atau 'didapati'. Ia diikuti terus oleh kata sifat 'successful' dan bukannya kata adverba, untuk memodifikasikan keadaan subjek 'the UN intervention'.
The new strategy proved highly effective during the trial period.
Strategi baharu itu terbukti sangat berkesan semasa tempoh percubaan.
EN: The modal verb 'could' is used to express a tentative or conditional possibility in the future, dependent on the condition introduced by the inverted 'should' clause. It conveys a professional, cautious tone typical of legal analysis.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja modal 'could' digunakan untuk menyatakan kemungkinan tentatif atau bersyarat pada masa hadapan, yang bergantung pada syarat yang diperkenalkan oleh klausa songsang 'should'. Ia menyampaikan nada profesional dan berhati-hati yang lazim dalam analisis undang-undang.
A successful appeal could pave the way for systemic reforms in the justice system.
Kejayaan rayuan itu berpotensi membuka jalan untuk pembaharuan sistemik dalam sistem kehakiman.
EN: This sentence reflects a growing global trend in 'climate litigation,' where citizens use international human rights frameworks (like those of the United Nations) to hold national governments accountable for climate inaction. This represents a shift from traditional environmental law to a human-rights-based approach to climate change.
EN: The noun clause introduced by 'whether' acts as a subject complement following the linking verb 'remains'. It is used to express uncertainty or a choice between alternatives, often translated as 'whether or not'.
Bahasa Melayu: Klausa kata nama yang diperkenalkan oleh 'whether' berfungsi sebagai komplemen subjek selepas kata kerja penghubung 'remains'. Ia digunakan untuk menyatakan ketidakpastian atau pilihan antara alternatif yang berbeza, biasanya diterjemahkan sebagai 'sama ada'.
The issue remains whether the local community will accept the new waste management facility.
Persoalannya masih sama ada komuniti tempatan akan menerima kemudahan pelupusan sisa baharu itu.
EN: The verb 'compel' is a transitive verb that typically takes the pattern 'compel someone/something to do something' or 'compel + noun phrase'. It expresses the act of forcing or driving someone to a course of action.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja 'compel' ialah kata kerja transitif yang biasanya menggunakan pola 'compel someone/something to do something' atau 'compel + frasa kata nama'. Ia bermaksud memaksa atau mendorong seseorang untuk melakukan sesuatu tindakan.
Extreme circumstances may compel the government to take emergency measures.
Keadaan yang melampau mungkin memaksa kerajaan untuk mengambil langkah kecemasan.
EN: The relative clause 'that ranks among the world's largest fossil fuel exporters' uses the relative pronoun 'that' to modify the noun 'nation'. The phrase 'rank among' is used to position someone or something within a specific class or category.
Bahasa Melayu: Klausa relatif 'that ranks among the world's largest fossil fuel exporters' menggunakan kata ganti relatif 'that' untuk memodifikasikan kata nama 'nation'. Frasa 'rank among' digunakan untuk mengklasifikasikan seseorang atau sesuatu ke dalam tahap atau kategori tertentu.
She ranks among the most influential scientists of her generation.
Dia tersenarai di kalangan saintis paling berpengaruh dalam generasinya.
EN: This sentence highlights the ongoing global tension between economic interests (specifically fossil fuel exports) and climate action. Australia, as one of the world's largest coal and liquefied natural gas (LNG) exporters, often finds itself at the center of international climate litigation and policy debates, balancing domestic economic reliance on resources against global environmental responsibilities.
Kosa kata utama dengan sebutan IPA, definisi, contoh ayat, dan kuiz interaktif.
Dalam konteks: Belum pernah berlaku sebelum ini, tidak ada tandingan
Dalam konteks: sokongan, pengiktirafan, pengesahan
Dalam konteks: menjadikan lebih buruk, memburukkan
Dalam konteks: kemusnahan yang dahsyat, bencana
Dalam konteks: boleh dijangka
Dalam konteks: menyayat hati, tragis, menyeksakan
Dalam konteks: (terutama disebabkan kemalangan atau keadaan buruk) meninggal dunia, mati
Dalam konteks: litigasi, tindakan undang-undang
Dalam konteks: mengekalkan, menjadikan kekal
Dalam konteks: memaksa, mendesak
Frasa dengan label jenis, definisi dwibahasa, nota penggunaan, dan contoh ayat.
A natural fuel such as coal or gas, formed in the geological past from the remains of living organisms.
Bahan api fosil
To be forced to accept responsibility for one's actions or decisions.
Dipertanggungjawabkan, dituntut bertanggungjawab
To decide or do something that will be used as an example or rule to be followed in the future for similar cases.
Mewujudkan preseden penting
To use up the available supply of something.
Kehabisan, menghabiskan