Smokeless Fuels Contain Ultrafine Particles That Get Embedded in Lungs, Study ShowsKajian Menunjukkan Bahan Api Tanpa Asap Mengandungi Zarah Ultra Halus Yang Tersemat Dalam Paru-paru
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EN: The sentence uses a zero-that clause (omitted 'that') after the reporting verb 'Reveals'. This is common in news headlines to save space and maintain a direct tone. The structure is: Subject + Verb + (that) + Noun Clause.
Bahasa Melayu: Ayat ini menggugurkan kata hubung "that" yang memperkenalkan klausa kata nama selepas kata kerja pelapor "Reveals". Ini sangat lazim dalam tajuk berita untuk menjimatkan ruang dan mengekalkan nada yang langsung. Strukturnya: subjek + kata kerja + (that) + klausa kata nama.
The report suggests global temperatures will continue to rise.
Laporan itu menyatakan bahawa suhu global akan terus meningkat.
EN: The word 'That' functions as a relative pronoun introducing a defining relative clause. It provides essential information about the 'Ultrafine Particles'. In this context, 'that' acts as the subject of the verb 'penetrate'.
Bahasa Melayu: "That" di sini berfungsi sebagai kata ganti relatif yang memperkenalkan klausa relatif penentu, digunakan untuk memberikan maklumat penting tentang "Ultrafine Particles" (zarah ultra halus). Dalam konteks ini, "that" bertindak sebagai subjek bagi kata kerja "penetrate".
Scientists have identified chemicals that damage the ozone layer.
Para saintis telah mengenal pasti bahan kimia yang merosakkan lapisan ozon.
EN: The use of 'Deep' as an adverb. While 'deeply' is often used for abstract emotions (e.g., deeply moved), 'deep' is frequently used as an adverb of place to indicate physical penetration or position (e.g., deep into the woods).
Bahasa Melayu: Penggunaan "Deep" sebagai adverba. Walaupun "deeply" sering digunakan untuk emosi abstrak (contohnya, amat terharu), "deep" lazimnya digunakan sebagai adverba tempat untuk menunjukkan penembusan atau kedudukan fizikal (contohnya, jauh ke dalam hutan).
The needle went deep into the muscle.
Jarum itu menembusi jauh ke dalam otot.
EN: The term 'Smokeless Fuels' is often a regulatory or marketing term in the UK and Ireland. It refers to fuels that do not produce visible smoke, but as the study suggests, this can be misleading because invisible ultrafine particles are still emitted. The use of single quotation marks around 'Smokeless' in the headline signals skepticism or that the term is being cited from another source.
EN: The use of 'so-called' often functions as a distancing device, suggesting that a term or label is commonly used but may be inaccurate, misleading, or ironic. In this formal context, it highlights the discrepancy between the marketing label and the scientific reality.
Bahasa Melayu: Penggunaan "so-called" (yang kononnya) selalunya berfungsi sebagai alat "penjarakan", membayangkan bahawa sesuatu istilah atau label walaupun digunakan secara meluas, mungkin tidak tepat, mengelirukan atau bersifat sinis. Dalam konteks formal ini, ia menekankan percanggahan antara label pemasaran dan realiti saintifik.
The so-called expert failed to answer even the most basic questions about the subject.
Pakar yang kononnya itu tidak dapat menjawab soalan paling asas tentang topik tersebut.
EN: The phrase 'widely marketed as cleaner alternatives' is a past participle phrase acting as an adjectival modifier. It is set off by commas to provide non-essential, supplementary information about the 'smokeless fuels'.
Bahasa Melayu: "widely marketed as cleaner alternatives" ialah frasa partisipel lampau yang berfungsi sebagai penerang adjektif. Ia dipisahkan dengan koma untuk memberikan maklumat tambahan yang tidak penting tentang "bahan api tanpa asap".
The product, originally designed for industrial use, has become popular among homeowners.
Produk yang pada asalnya direka untuk kegunaan industri ini telah menjadi popular di kalangan pemilik rumah.
EN: The present perfect tense 'has revealed' is used here to introduce a recent discovery that has current relevance and implications, a common feature in academic and journalistic reporting.
Bahasa Melayu: Kala kini sempurna "has revealed" digunakan di sini untuk memperkenalkan penemuan terkini yang mempunyai kaitan dan impak pada masa kini, ciri umum dalam penulisan akademik dan kewartawanan.
Recent data has shown a significant decrease in carbon emissions across the region.
Data terkini menunjukkan penurunan ketara dalam pelepasan karbon di rantau ini.
EN: In many European countries, including Ireland (where the University of Galway is located), 'smokeless fuels' have been heavily promoted by governments to reduce visible smog in cities. This study is culturally significant because it challenges a long-standing environmental policy and public perception of 'green' consumer choices.
EN: The 'so + adjective + that' structure is used to express result or consequence. It emphasizes the degree of a quality (minuscule) to explain why a certain outcome (bypassing defenses) is possible.
Bahasa Melayu: Struktur "so + adjektif + that" digunakan untuk menyatakan hasil atau akibat. Ia menekankan tahap sesuatu sifat (sangat kecil) yang membawa kepada akibat tertentu (melepasi sistem pertahanan).
The noise was so loud that it could be heard from two blocks away.
Bunyi bising itu sangat kuat sehingga boleh didengar dari dua blok jauhnya.
EN: The verb 'become' functions as a linking verb here, followed by the past participle 'embedded' acting as an adjective to describe a change in state or condition.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja "become" berfungsi sebagai kata kerja penghubung di sini, diikuti dengan partisipel lampau "embedded" yang digunakan sebagai adjektif, untuk menerangkan perubahan keadaan atau situasi.
The wheels became stuck in the thick mud.
Roda itu terperosok ke dalam lumpur tebal.
EN: The adverb 'permanently' modifies the participle 'embedded', while 'deep within' acts as a complex prepositional phrase indicating precise location.
Bahasa Melayu: Adverba "permanently" (secara kekal) menerangkan partisipel "embedded", manakala "deep within" berfungsi sebagai frasa preposisi majmuk yang menunjukkan lokasi ruang yang tepat.
The memory was permanently etched into his mind.
Kenangan itu terpahat kekal dalam fikirannya.
EN: The use of 'whether' introduces a noun clause acting as the object of the preposition 'about'. It is used to present an indirect question or a choice between alternatives, often in formal contexts where 'if' might be considered too casual or ambiguous.
Bahasa Melayu: Penggunaan 'whether' memperkenalkan klausa kata nama yang berfungsi sebagai objek preposisi 'about'. Ia digunakan untuk mengemukakan soalan tidak langsung atau pilihan antara dua perkara, selalunya dalam konteks formal di mana penggunaan 'if' mungkin kelihatan terlalu tidak formal atau menimbulkan kekaburan.
The committee is debating whether the proposed budget can sustain long-term growth.
Jawatankuasa sedang membahaskan sama ada belanjawan yang dicadangkan dapat mengekalkan pertumbuhan jangka panjang.
EN: The past participle phrase 'posed by these products' acts as a reduced relative clause (which are posed by...) modifying the noun 'health risks'. This is a concise way to provide additional information about a noun in academic and journalistic writing.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa partisipel lampau 'posed by these products' berfungsi sebagai klausa relatif yang diringkaskan (asalnya which are posed by...), menerangkan kata nama 'health risks'. Ini ialah cara ringkas untuk memberikan maklumat tambahan tentang kata nama dalam penulisan akademik dan kewartawanan.
The challenges posed by climate change require global cooperation.
Cabaran yang ditimbulkan oleh perubahan iklim memerlukan kerjasama global.
EN: The verb 'address' in this context means 'to give attention to or deal with a matter or problem'. It is a high-level synonym for 'deal with' or 'handle', frequently used in policy and scientific discussions.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja 'address' dalam konteks ini bermaksud "memberi perhatian kepada atau menangani sesuatu isu atau masalah". Ia ialah sinonim peringkat tinggi bagi 'deal with' atau 'handle', sering digunakan dalam perbincangan dasar dan saintifik.
We must address the root causes of poverty to see real change.
Kita mesti menangani punca kemiskinan untuk melihat perubahan sebenar.
EN: In environmental policy discussions in English-speaking countries, the term 'adequately address' is a common formal expression used by researchers and advocates to suggest that current laws are insufficient or outdated without being overly aggressive.
EN: The use of 'while' followed by a present participle (-ing) is a reduced adverbial clause. It indicates that two actions are happening simultaneously, often where the subject of both clauses is the same ('Researchers').
Bahasa Melayu: Penggunaan 'while' diikuti dengan partisipel kini (-ing) ialah klausa keterangan yang diringkaskan, digunakan untuk menunjukkan dua tindakan yang berlaku serentak. Biasanya subjek kedua-dua klausa mestilah sama (dalam ayat ini, kedua-duanya ialah 'Researchers').
She often listens to podcasts while commuting to work.
Dia sering mendengar podcast semasa dalam perjalanan ke tempat kerja.
EN: The phrase 'make a discovery' is a light verb construction (or collocation). In academic and formal writing, using 'make' + noun often sounds more formal or emphasizes the result more than the simple verb 'discover'.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa 'make a discovery' ialah binaan kata kerja ringan (atau kolokasi). Dalam penulisan akademik dan formal, penggunaan 'make' + kata nama selalunya kedengaran lebih formal atau lebih menekankan hasil berbanding menggunakan kata kerja 'discover' sahaja.
The team made a significant breakthrough in cancer research.
Pasukan itu membuat penemuan besar dalam penyelidikan kanser.
EN: Adverb placement: 'accidentally' is placed after the object 'the discovery' to emphasize the manner in which the action was completed. In English, adverbs of manner can often move, but placing it after the verb-object phrase is common in descriptive reporting.
Bahasa Melayu: Kedudukan kata keterangan: 'accidentally' (secara tidak sengaja) diletakkan selepas objek 'the discovery' untuk menekankan cara tindakan itu disempurnakan. Dalam bahasa Inggeris, kedudukan kata keterangan cara agak fleksibel, tetapi dalam laporan deskriptif, meletakkannya selepas frasa kata kerja-objek adalah sangat lazim.
He deleted the files accidentally during the system update.
Dia secara tidak sengaja memadamkan fail tersebut semasa kemas kini sistem.
EN: The term 'eco-design' refers to a specific European Union standard (Ecodesign) for heaters and boilers aimed at reducing air pollution. In a UK/Ireland context, this is a significant regulatory topic as governments push for cleaner domestic heating solutions.
EN: The phrasal verb 'set out to' means to begin a task or project with a specific aim or intention. It often implies a planned, deliberate start to a long-term endeavor.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa kerja 'set out to' bermaksud "memulakan" atau "bercadang", biasanya merujuk kepada memulakan tugas atau projek dengan matlamat atau niat yang jelas, menekankan permulaan yang teratur.
The scientists set out to prove that the new drug was safe for human consumption.
Para saintis memulakan usaha untuk membuktikan bahawa ubat baharu ini selamat untuk dimakan manusia.
EN: The word 'those' is a demonstrative pronoun used here to avoid repeating the noun 'particle emissions'. Using 'those' (plural) or 'that' (singular) followed by a prepositional phrase is a hallmark of formal academic and journalistic writing.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata ganti penunjuk 'those' digunakan di sini untuk mengelakkan pengulangan kata nama 'particle emissions'. Dalam penulisan akademik atau kewartawanan formal, 'those' (jamak) atau 'that' (tunggal) sering digunakan diikuti dengan frasa preposisi untuk menjadikan ayat lebih ringkas.
The results of this study are more consistent than those of previous experiments.
Keputusan kajian ini lebih konsisten daripada keputusan eksperimen sebelumnya.
EN: The structure 'compare A against B' is used to examine the differences or similarities between two things, often implying a standard of comparison or a competitive evaluation.
Bahasa Melayu: Struktur 'compare A against B' digunakan untuk memeriksa perbezaan atau persamaan antara dua perkara, selalunya membawa maksud "membandingkan" atau "menilai berdasarkan sesuatu standard".
We need to compare the actual costs against the original budget.
Kita perlu membandingkan kos sebenar dengan belanjawan asal.
EN: The terms 'smokeless coal ovoids' and 'olive-stone briquettes' refer to specific types of solid fuels common in Ireland and the UK, where traditional open fires and stoves are still used for domestic heating. 'Ovoids' are egg-shaped compressed coal dust, and 'olive-stone briquettes' are an eco-friendly alternative made from processed olive waste.
EN: The use of 'did' before the base verb 'produce' is an emphatic use of the auxiliary verb. In affirmative sentences, it is used to contrast a fact with a previous expectation or to emphasize the truth of a statement, often used with 'although' to acknowledge a partial truth before presenting a counter-point.
Bahasa Melayu: Penggunaan 'did' sebelum kata kerja dasar 'produce' ialah penggunaan penekanan kata bantu. Dalam ayat afirmatif, ia digunakan untuk membezakan fakta dengan jangkaan sebelumnya, atau untuk menekankan kebenaran kenyataan. Ia sering digabungkan dengan 'although', yang mengakui sebahagian fakta sebelum mengemukakan hujah balas.
Although the experiment was difficult, we did achieve the desired results.
Walaupun eksperimen itu sukar, kami sememangnya mencapai keputusan yang diharapkan.
EN: The structure 'X times more [noun] than Y' is used for comparative ratios. Note that 'two and three times more' indicates a significant increase. In formal writing, 'counterpart' is used to refer to a person or thing that holds the same position or function as another in a different context.
Bahasa Melayu: Struktur 'X times more [kata nama] than Y' digunakan untuk nisbah perbandingan. Perhatikan bahawa 'two and three times more' menunjukkan peningkatan yang ketara. Dalam penulisan formal, 'counterpart' digunakan untuk merujuk kepada orang atau benda yang mempunyai status atau fungsi yang sama dalam konteks yang berbeza.
The new processor is four times more powerful than its predecessor.
Pemproses baharu ini mempunyai prestasi empat kali lebih baik daripada produk generasi sebelumnya.
EN: In many European countries, 'smokeless fuels' are promoted by governments to reduce visible air pollution (smog) in urban areas. However, this sentence highlights a scientific irony: while they solve the visible problem, they may worsen the invisible one (ultrafine particles), reflecting a growing debate in environmental policy regarding 'eco-friendly' labeling.
EN: The Past Perfect tense ('had taken') is used here to indicate an action that was completed before another point in the past (the moment she 'emphasised' the results). This establishes a clear chronological sequence in formal reporting.
Bahasa Melayu: Kala lampau sempurna (had taken) digunakan di sini untuk menunjukkan tindakan yang telah selesai sebelum titik masa tertentu pada masa lampau (iaitu masa dia "menekankan" keputusan). Ini mewujudkan urutan masa yang jelas dalam laporan formal.
By the time the conference started, the researchers had already published their preliminary findings.
Sebelum mesyuarat bermula, para penyelidik telah pun menerbitkan penemuan awal mereka.
EN: The phrase 'take someone by surprise' is an idiomatic expression meaning to happen unexpectedly. Adding the adverb 'entirely' modifies the intensity, emphasizing the total lack of anticipation.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa "take someone by surprise" ialah ungkapan idiomatik yang bermaksud berlaku tanpa diduga. Penambahan kata keterangan "entirely" (sepenuhnya) mengubah suai tahap, menekankan bahawa ia langsung tidak dijangka.
The sudden change in weather took the hikers entirely by surprise.
Perubahan cuaca yang mendadak mengejutkan para pendaki gunung.
EN: The verb 'emphasise' is followed by a 'that' clause, which functions as the direct object of the sentence. This structure is standard for reporting statements, findings, or beliefs in academic and journalistic contexts.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja "emphasise" (menekankan) diikuti dengan klausa "that", yang berfungsi sebagai objek langsung ayat. Struktur ini adalah standard dalam konteks akademik dan kewartawanan untuk memetik kenyataan, penemuan atau pandangan.
The report emphasised that immediate action is required to reduce carbon emissions.
Laporan itu menekankan bahawa tindakan segera diperlukan untuk mengurangkan pelepasan karbon.
EN: The Past Perfect tense ('had considered') is used here to indicate an action that was completed before another past action or time mentioned in the text (the professor's cautioning). It emphasizes the lack of prior research leading up to the discovery.
Bahasa Melayu: Kala lampau sempurna (had considered) digunakan di sini untuk menunjukkan keadaan yang telah wujud atau selesai sebelum tindakan lampau lain yang disebut dalam teks (amaran profesor). Ia menekankan bahawa sebelum penemuan itu, bidang akademik kekurangan penyelidikan berkaitan.
The scientists realized that they had overlooked a crucial variable in their initial calculations.
Para saintis menyedari bahawa mereka telah mengabaikan pemboleh ubah kritikal dalam pengiraan awal mereka.
EN: The noun 'possibility' is followed by a 'that-clause' acting as an appositive. This structure defines the content of the possibility, which is a common feature in formal academic and journalistic writing to pack complex information into a single sentence.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata nama "possibility" diikuti dengan "klausa that" yang berfungsi sebagai appositif. Struktur ini digunakan untuk mentakrifkan kandungan khusus "kemungkinan" tersebut, ciri umum dalam penulisan akademik dan kewartawanan formal untuk memasukkan maklumat kompleks dalam satu ayat.
There is a strong possibility that the new regulations will be implemented next year.
Terdapat kemungkinan besar peraturan baharu akan dilaksanakan pada tahun hadapan.
EN: The modal verb 'might' expresses a hypothetical or tentative relationship in the past context. Combined with 'simultaneously correspond to', it describes a potential correlation that was previously unrecognized.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja modal "might" menyatakan hubungan hipotetikal atau tentatif dalam konteks lampau. Digabungkan dengan "simultaneously correspond to" (sepadan secara serentak), ia menerangkan perkaitan potensi yang tidak disedari sebelum ini.
The decline in sales might correspond to the recent increase in product prices.
Penurunan jualan mungkin berkaitan dengan kenaikan harga produk baru-baru ini.
EN: In academic and scientific discourse, researchers use hedging language (like 'might' and 'possibility') to remain objective and acknowledge that scientific findings are subject to further verification, even when the results are alarming.
EN: Inversion in the third conditional: When 'if' is omitted in conditional sentences, the auxiliary verb (had) is placed before the subject. This structure is highly formal and common in academic or journalistic writing.
Bahasa Melayu: Penyongsangan dalam ayat bersyarat ketiga: Apabila 'if' digugurkan dalam ayat bersyarat, kata bantu (had) mesti dipindahkan ke hadapan subjek. Struktur ini sangat formal dan lazim dalam penulisan akademik atau kewartawanan.
Had the company invested more in research, they would have avoided the crisis.
Sekiranya syarikat itu telah melabur lebih banyak dalam penyelidikan dan pembangunan pada masa itu, mereka dapat mengelakkan krisis tersebut.
EN: The use of 'might have been + past participle' expresses a past possibility or a hypothetical outcome that did not actually happen, emphasizing uncertainty in the past.
Bahasa Melayu: Penggunaan 'might have been + partisipel lampau' menyatakan kemungkinan pada masa lampau atau hasil hipotetikal yang tidak berlaku, menekankan ketidakpastian tentang keadaan lampau.
The project might have been completed on time if the weather had been better.
Sekiranya cuaca lebih baik, projek itu mungkin telah disiapkan tepat pada masanya.
EN: Present participle as a post-modifier: 'governing' functions as an adjective modifying 'regulations', equivalent to the relative clause 'which govern'.
Bahasa Melayu: Partisipel kini sebagai penerang selepas kata nama: 'governing' berfungsi seperti adjektif yang menerangkan 'regulations', bersamaan dengan klausa relatif 'which govern'.
Laws governing environmental protection are becoming stricter.
Undang-undang yang mengawal perlindungan alam sekitar semakin ketat.
EN: In academic and scientific reporting, using 'she argued' or 'she contended' instead of 'she said' adds a layer of professional debate and intellectual rigor, suggesting that the statement is a reasoned conclusion based on evidence.
EN: The sentence uses a non-defining relative clause (starting with 'who') to provide extra information about the subject. In formal writing, these are set off by commas and cannot use 'that'.
Bahasa Melayu: Ayat ini menggunakan klausa relatif bukan pembatas (bermula dengan 'who') untuk memberikan maklumat tambahan tentang objek. Dalam penulisan formal, klausa sedemikian mesti dipisahkan dengan koma dan tidak boleh digantikan dengan 'that'.
Professor Smith, who won the Nobel Prize, will give a lecture tomorrow.
Profesor Smith (yang pernah memenangi Hadiah Nobel) akan memberikan syarahan esok.
EN: The adjective 'painstaking' is a high-level C1 descriptor meaning 'extremely careful and thorough.' It is often used in academic or professional contexts to emphasize the effort behind a process.
Bahasa Melayu: Adjektif 'painstaking' ialah perkataan peringkat tinggi C1 yang bermaksud "sangat teliti dan menyeluruh". Ia sering digunakan dalam konteks akademik atau profesional untuk menekankan usaha besar yang dilakukan dalam sesuatu proses.
The restoration of the ancient manuscript was a painstaking process.
Proses pemulihan manuskrip purba ini sangat teliti dan rumit.
EN: In academic and scientific reporting, it is standard practice to include the specific role of a researcher (e.g., 'who co-led the investigation') to establish authority and credibility before presenting their findings.
EN: The Past Perfect tense ('had spent') is used to describe an action that was completed before another action or point in time in the past (in this case, before he 'noted' it).
Bahasa Melayu: Kala lampau sempurna (had spent) digunakan untuk menerangkan tindakan yang telah selesai sebelum tindakan atau titik masa lampau yang lain (dalam ayat ini, sebelum dia "menunjukkan" perkara itu, pasukan telah selesai membakar sampel).
By the time the results were published, the researchers had spent years collecting data.
Sebelum keputusan diterbitkan, para penyelidik telah menghabiskan masa bertahun-tahun mengumpul data.
EN: The phrase 'on a virtually daily basis' is a sophisticated adverbial phrase. 'Virtually' means 'almost' or 'nearly,' and 'on a ... basis' is a formal way to express frequency.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa "on a virtually daily basis" ialah frasa keterangan yang canggih. "Virtually" bermaksud "hampir" atau "secara praktikal", manakala "on a ... basis" ialah cara formal untuk menyatakan kekerapan.
The system is updated on a weekly basis to ensure security.
Sistem ini dikemas kini setiap minggu untuk memastikan keselamatan.
EN: The 'to + infinitive' structure ('to guarantee') is used here as an adverbial of purpose, explaining why the team spent so much time burning the samples.
Bahasa Melayu: Struktur "to + infinitif" (to guarantee) digunakan di sini sebagai keterangan tujuan, menjelaskan sebab pasukan itu menghabiskan banyak masa membakar sampel.
She revised the manuscript multiple times to guarantee its accuracy.
Dia menyemak semula manuskrip itu beberapa kali untuk memastikan ketepatannya.
EN: In academic and scientific reporting, using precise phrases like 'on a daily basis' instead of just 'daily' adds a level of formality and emphasizes the systematic nature of the research process.
EN: Negative Inversion: When a sentence begins with a negative or restrictive adverbial like 'Not only', the auxiliary verb (did, is, have, etc.) is placed before the subject. This structure is used for emphasis and is common in formal writing and academic registers.
Bahasa Melayu: Penyongsangan negatif: Apabila ayat bermula dengan kata keterangan negatif atau sekatan seperti 'Not only', kata bantu (seperti did, is, have) mesti diletakkan sebelum subjek. Struktur ini digunakan untuk menguatkan nada, lazim dalam penulisan formal dan konteks akademik.
Not only did she complete the marathon, but she also broke the national record.
Bukan sahaja dia menamatkan maraton, malah dia memecahkan rekod kebangsaan.
EN: The verb 'prompt' followed by an object and a to-infinitive (prompt someone to do something) means to cause or encourage someone to take a specific action, often as a reaction to new information or an event.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja 'prompt' diikuti dengan objek dan infinitif (prompt someone to do something), bermaksud mendorong atau mendesak seseorang untuk mengambil tindakan tertentu, biasanya sebagai tindak balas kepada maklumat atau peristiwa baharu.
The sudden drop in temperature prompted the city to open emergency shelters.
Penurunan suhu yang mendadak mendorong bandar itu membuka pusat perlindungan kecemasan.
EN: Reduced Relative Clause: 'taken in Dublin' is a past participle phrase acting as an adjective modifying 'measurements'. It is a shortened form of 'which were taken in Dublin'.
Bahasa Melayu: Klausa relatif yang diringkaskan: 'taken in Dublin' ialah frasa partisipel lampau yang berfungsi sebagai penerang adjektif untuk 'measurements'. Ia adalah bentuk ringkas bagi 'which were taken in Dublin'.
The evidence presented in court was overwhelming.
Bukti yang dikemukakan di mahkamah adalah muktamad.
EN: The mention of Dublin and Birr provides a specific Irish context. Birr is a town in County Offaly, Ireland, known for its historical scientific significance (like the Birr Castle telescope). Using specific locations adds credibility and local relevance to scientific reporting in Ireland.
EN: The phrase 'extend well beyond' is a common academic and formal expression used to indicate that the influence or scope of something is much larger than its immediate context.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa 'extend well beyond' ialah ungkapan akademik dan formal yang biasa digunakan untuk menunjukkan bahawa kesan atau skop sesuatu melampaui konteks langsung atau kategori awalnya.
The impact of the new policy extends well beyond the financial sector.
Kesan dasar baharu itu melangkaui jauh daripada bidang kewangan.
EN: The conjunction 'as' is used here to mean 'because' or 'since,' providing a reason or explanation for the preceding statement in a formal register.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata hubung 'as' digunakan di sini untuk bermaksud "kerana" atau "oleh sebab", memberikan sebab atau penjelasan untuk kenyataan sebelumnya dalam konteks formal.
He decided to retire early as his health was declining.
Oleh sebab kesihatannya merosot, dia memutuskan untuk bersara awal.
EN: The verb 'rely on' is a phrasal verb meaning to depend on someone or something. In this context, it highlights a state of dependency on a specific resource.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja 'rely on' ialah kata kerja frasa yang bermaksud bergantung pada seseorang atau sesuatu. Dalam konteks ini, ia menekankan keadaan kebergantungan pada sumber tertentu.
Many rural communities rely on agriculture for their livelihood.
Banyak komuniti luar bandar bergantung pada pertanian untuk mata pencarian mereka.
EN: In many parts of Europe, especially in Ireland and the UK, 'smokeless fuels' (like anthracite or ovoids) were promoted to reduce visible smog in cities. However, this research highlights a modern environmental dilemma where solving one problem (visible smoke) inadvertently creates another (invisible ultrafine particles).
EN: This sentence uses an inverted conditional structure (Inversion in the Second Conditional). The word 'Were' is moved to the front to replace 'If' (If policymakers were to act...). This structure is highly formal and used to discuss hypothetical or unlikely future scenarios.
Bahasa Melayu: Ayat ini menggunakan struktur ayat bersyarat songsang (Penyongsangan dalam Ayat Bersyarat Kedua). 'Were' dipindahkan ke hadapan ayat untuk menggantikan 'If' (ayat asal: If policymakers were to act...). Struktur ini sangat formal dan digunakan untuk membincangkan situasi hipotetikal atau yang tidak mungkin berlaku pada masa hadapan.
Were the company to face bankruptcy, the government would likely intervene.
Sekiranya syarikat itu menghadapi kebankrapan, kerajaan mungkin akan campur tangan.
EN: The phrase 'It is conceivable that...' is a formal way to express that something is possible or can be imagined. It shifts the focus from the speaker's opinion to a more objective, logical possibility.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa 'It is conceivable that...' ialah cara formal untuk menyatakan bahawa sesuatu adalah mungkin atau boleh dibayangkan. Ia mengalihkan tumpuan daripada pendapat subjektif penutur kepada kemungkinan yang lebih objektif dan logik.
It is conceivable that life exists on other planets within our galaxy.
Boleh dibayangkan bahawa kehidupan wujud di planet lain dalam galaksi kita.
EN: The use of 'would be introduced' is the passive voice in the conditional mood. It emphasizes the action (introducing standards) rather than the person performing the action, which is common in academic and policy-related writing.
Bahasa Melayu: Penggunaan 'would be introduced' ialah suara pasif dalam suasana bersyarat. Ia menekankan tindakan itu sendiri (pengenalan standard) dan bukannya orang yang melaksanakan tindakan itu, yang sangat lazim dalam penulisan akademik dan berkaitan dasar.
New safety protocols would be introduced if the inspection failed.
Jika pemeriksaan gagal, protokol keselamatan baharu akan diperkenalkan.
EN: In English-speaking policy debates, the use of highly formal structures like 'Were... to' and 'conceivable' is common to maintain a professional, objective tone. It avoids sounding overly emotional or aggressive while still making a strong logical point.
EN: The verb 'urge' is a mandative verb that triggers the subjunctive mood in the following 'that' clause. In this structure, the base form of the verb (bare infinitive) is used regardless of the subject. In this sentence, 'remain' is used instead of 'remains' despite 'consumers' being plural (though the form is identical here, the underlying structure is subjunctive).
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja 'urge' (mendesak) tergolong dalam kata kerja yang menuntut atau mencadangkan, dan klausa 'that' selepasnya mesti menggunakan suasana subjungtif. Strukturnya ialah "urge that + subjek + (should) + kata kerja dasar". Dalam ayat ini, 'remain' ialah kata kerja dasar, yang menunjukkan suasana cadangan atau permintaan.
The committee urges that every member be present at the meeting.
Jawatankuasa itu mendesak setiap ahli supaya hadir pada mesyuarat tersebut.
EN: The phrase 'previously deemed safe' is a reduced relative clause (passive voice) modifying 'fuels'. It is short for 'fuels which were previously deemed safe'. 'Deem' is a formal synonym for 'consider' or 'judge'.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa 'previously deemed safe' ialah klausa relatif yang diringkaskan (suara pasif) yang menggugurkan kata ganti relatif dan kata kerja 'be', digunakan untuk menerangkan 'fuels'. Bentuk penuhnya ialah 'fuels which were previously deemed safe'. 'Deem' ialah penggunaan formal bagi 'consider' (menganggap).
The building was evacuated after it was deemed unstable by engineers.
Kakitangan telah dipindahkan selepas jurutera menganggap bangunan itu tidak stabil.
EN: In Western environmental discourse, 'smokeless fuels' were long promoted as a responsible choice for urban heating. This sentence reflects a growing scientific skepticism and a shift toward stricter public health transparency in policy-making.
Kosa kata utama dengan sebutan IPA, definisi, contoh ayat, dan kuiz interaktif.
Dalam konteks: terobosan, perintis
Dalam konteks: sangat halus, terlalu kecil
Dalam konteks: memintas, mengelak
Dalam konteks: terbenam, tertanam
Dalam konteks: secukupnya, memadai
Dalam konteks: rakan sejawat, yang setara
Dalam konteks: Pada masa yang sama; serentak
Dalam konteks: lonjakan, peningkatan mendadak
Dalam konteks: dirumus, digubal
Dalam konteks: sukar, memerlukan ketelitian tinggi
Dalam konteks: implikasi, kesan yang mungkin
Dalam konteks: boleh dibayangkan, mungkin
Frasa dengan label jenis, definisi dwibahasa, nota penggunaan, dan contoh ayat.
To start an activity with a particular aim or intention.
Mula melakukan, berniat (mencapai matlamat tertentu)
To cause people to doubt or feel uncertain about something.
Menimbulkan persoalan tentang...
To surprise someone by happening unexpectedly.
Membuatkan seseorang terkejut
To have an influence or effect that reaches much further than a specific area.
Melangkaui jauh daripada...
Considered or judged to be safe.
Dianggap selamat
A regulatory category of solid fuels, such as anthracite or manufactured briquettes, that are legally permitted for use in smoke-control areas because they emit minimal visible smoke.
Bahan api tanpa asap
Stoves that meet specific European Union standards (Ecodesign Directive) for high energy efficiency and low emission levels of particulate matter and other pollutants.
Relau reka bentuk eko (standard EU)
A type of manufactured smokeless fuel made from coal dust and a binder, pressed into an oval or egg shape for consistent burning.
Briket arang batu bujur
The systems and methods used to provide warmth within private residential households, as opposed to industrial or commercial heating.
Pemanasan domestik