New research links prenatal exposure to Pfas to later development of PMOSPenyelidikan baharu mengaitkan pendedahan pranatal kepada PFAS dengan perkembangan PMOS di kemudian hari
Pratonton Audio Lengkap
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EN: The past participle phrase 'conducted by...' acts as an adjectival modifier (reduced relative clause) modifying the noun phrase 'A landmark study'. It is equivalent to 'which was conducted by...'.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa partisipel lampau "conducted by..." (dijalankan oleh...) bertindak sebagai penerang adjektif (klausa relatif yang diringkaskan), menerangkan frasa nama "A landmark study" (satu kajian penting). Ini bersamaan dengan "which was conducted by...".
The report published by the research team received global attention.
Laporan yang diterbitkan oleh pasukan penyelidik itu telah menarik perhatian global.
EN: The present perfect tense ('has established') is used to describe an action that occurred at an unspecified time in the past but has significant relevance or results in the present.
Bahasa Melayu: Kala kini sempurna ("has established") digunakan untuk menerangkan tindakan yang berlaku pada masa lalu pada masa yang tidak spesifik, tetapi mempunyai kaitan atau hasil yang penting pada masa kini.
Scientists have discovered a new method to purify contaminated water.
Para saintis telah menemui kaedah baharu untuk membersihkan sumber air yang tercemar.
EN: The correlative structure 'a connection between A and B' is used to link two distinct elements (prenatal exposure and subsequent development) to show their relationship.
Bahasa Melayu: Struktur korelatif "a connection between A and B" (hubungan antara A dan B) digunakan untuk menghubungkan dua elemen yang berbeza (pendedahan pranatal dan perkembangan seterusnya) untuk menunjukkan hubungan antara mereka.
There is a clear link between sleep deprivation and cognitive decline.
Terdapat hubungan yang jelas antara kurang tidur dan penurunan kognitif.
EN: The term 'forever chemicals' is a popular, non-scientific designation for PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances), highlighting their extreme persistence in the human body and the environment. This term has gained significant traction in Western public health discourse and media to emphasize environmental risks.
EN: The structure 'be likely to + verb' is used to express probability. When modified by 'significantly more', it indicates a much higher statistical probability of an event occurring. In this sentence, 'were significantly more likely to have...' compares the probability between two groups.
Bahasa Melayu: Struktur "be likely to + kata kerja" digunakan untuk menyatakan kebarangkalian. Apabila diubah suai oleh "significantly more", ia menunjukkan bahawa kebarangkalian statistik sesuatu peristiwa berlaku meningkat dengan ketara. Dalam ayat ini, "were significantly more likely to have..." membandingkan perbezaan kebarangkalian antara dua kumpulan subjek.
Patients who skip breakfast are significantly more likely to develop metabolic issues over time.
Pesakit yang tidak bersarapan mempunyai kebarangkalian yang lebih tinggi untuk mengalami masalah metabolik dari masa ke masa.
EN: The relative clause 'who later developed PMOS...' is an adjective clause modifying the noun 'daughters'. The relative pronoun 'who' acts as the subject of the relative clause, and the adverb 'later' indicates a subsequent development in the timeline.
Bahasa Melayu: Klausa relatif "who later developed PMOS..." ialah klausa adjektif yang digunakan untuk menerangkan kata nama "daughters" (anak perempuan). Kata ganti relatif "who" berfungsi sebagai subjek dalam klausa relatif, manakala kata keterangan "later" menunjukkan perkembangan yang berlaku kemudian pada garis masa.
The researchers tracked children who later showed exceptional talent in mathematics.
Para penyelidik mengikuti kanak-kanak yang kemudiannya menunjukkan bakat luar biasa dalam matematik.
EN: The prepositional phrase 'by their late teenage years' uses 'by' to mean 'not later than' or 'at some point before'. It establishes a temporal limit or deadline by which the development of the condition occurred.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa preposisi "by their late teenage years" menggunakan "by" untuk bermaksud "tidak lewat daripada" atau "pada suatu titik masa sebelum...". Ia menetapkan had masa, iaitu sebelum atau pada akhir usia remaja, gejala tersebut telah berkembang.
Most individuals establish their core career goals by their late twenties.
Kebanyakan orang akan menetapkan matlamat kerjaya teras mereka sebelum lewat usia dua puluhan.
EN: The term 'PFAS' (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances) refers to a group of synthetic chemicals widely used in consumer products since the 1940s, often called 'forever chemicals' because they do not break down in the environment or the human body. This study highlights a growing public health concern in Western societies regarding environmental toxins and their multi-generational endocrine-disrupting effects, which has sparked intense regulatory debates in both the US and Europe.
EN: The past participle phrase 'formerly referred to as...' functions as a non-restrictive appositive modifier, providing additional historical or alternative naming information about the subject 'PMOS' without restricting its identity.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa partisipel lampau "formerly referred to as..." (sebelum ini dirujuk sebagai...) berfungsi di sini sebagai penerang apositif tak terhad, memberikan maklumat tambahan tentang nama sejarah atau nama alternatif bagi subjek "PMOS", tanpa mengehadkan identiti subjek itu sendiri.
The country, formerly referred to as Burma, is now officially known as Myanmar.
Negara yang sebelum ini dikenali sebagai Burma kini secara rasmi dinamakan Myanmar.
EN: The passive construction 'is estimated to + infinitive' is used to report beliefs, estimates, or calculations objectively, especially when the exact agent of the estimation is general or unimportant.
Bahasa Melayu: Struktur pasif "is estimated to + infinitive" digunakan untuk melaporkan kepercayaan, anggaran, atau pengiraan secara objektif, terutamanya apabila subjek khusus anggaran itu adalah umum atau tidak penting.
The ancient temple is estimated to be over two thousand years old.
Kuil purba ini dianggarkan berusia lebih dua ribu tahun.
EN: The linking verb 'remain' is followed by a past participle ('undiagnosed') functioning as a subject complement, describing a continuing state or condition of the subject.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja penghubung "remain" diikuti oleh partisipel lampau (seperti "undiagnosed") yang berfungsi sebagai pelengkap subjek, untuk menerangkan bahawa subjek terus berada dalam keadaan atau situasi tertentu.
Despite the investigation, many questions remain unanswered.
Walaupun siasatan telah dijalankan, banyak isu masih tidak dapat diselesaikan.
EN: The transition from 'polycystic ovary syndrome' (PCOS) to 'polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome' (PMOS) reflects an ongoing shift in the medical community to more accurately describe the condition. Rather than focusing solely on ovarian cysts (which are not always present), the new terminology emphasizes the broader endocrine and metabolic nature of the syndrome, highlighting how medical language evolves with scientific understanding.
EN: The conjunction 'though' is used to introduce a subordinate clause that concedes a point, meaning 'despite the fact that' or 'although'. In formal and academic writing, it is often used to balance a strong claim with a necessary qualification or limitation.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata hubung "though" digunakan untuk memperkenalkan klausa konsesif, bermaksud "walaupun" atau "meskipun". Dalam penulisan formal dan akademik, ia sering digunakan untuk menambah batasan atau kekangan yang perlu selepas membuat hujah yang kuat, untuk mengekalkan objektiviti perbincangan.
The results of the experiment are promising, though the researchers admit that the sample size was relatively small.
Keputusan eksperimen itu memberangsangkan, walaupun para penyelidik mengakui bahawa saiz sampel agak kecil.
EN: The modal verb 'may' combined with the base verb 'constitute' expresses tentative possibility in academic register. 'Constitute' is a formal synonym for 'be' or 'make up', used here to link a cause (chemical exposure) to an effect (primary driver) without asserting absolute certainty.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja modal "may" digabungkan dengan kata kerja dasar "constitute" menyatakan "spekulasi atau kebarangkalian yang sederhana" dalam gaya akademik. "Constitute" ialah sinonim formal bagi "adalah" atau "merupakan", digunakan di sini untuk menghubungkan punca (pendedahan kimia) dengan kesan (faktor utama), sambil mengelakkan pernyataan yang terlalu mutlak.
These newly discovered documents may constitute the most important evidence in the case.
Dokumen baharu yang ditemui ini mungkin merupakan bukti paling penting dalam kes ini.
EN: The passive construction 'is warranted' is highly common in academic and professional English. 'Warrant' as a transitive verb means 'to justify or make necessary'. Using the passive voice ('is warranted') shifts the focus to the action (investigation) rather than who should perform it.
Bahasa Melayu: Struktur pasif "is warranted" sangat biasa dalam bahasa Inggeris akademik dan profesional. Kata kerja transitif "warrant" bermaksud "menjadikan sesuatu kelihatan munasabah atau perlu". Penggunaan suara pasif (is warranted) mengalihkan tumpuan kepada tindakan itu sendiri (penyiasatan lanjut), bukan kepada pihak yang melaksanakannya.
Given the sudden drop in sales, immediate corrective action is warranted.
Memandangkan penurunan jualan yang mendadak, tindakan pembetulan segera adalah perlu.
EN: The phrase 'peer-reviewed paper' refers to a cornerstone of modern scientific integrity. Before a study is published in a reputable journal, it must be evaluated by independent experts (peers) in the same field to ensure its methodology, data, and conclusions are robust. This term highlights the high credibility of the study mentioned in the text.
EN: The phrasal verb 'build upon' (or 'build on') means to use something as a basis for further development. It is commonly used in academic and professional contexts to describe how new research, ideas, or systems expand on existing foundations.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja frasa "build upon" (atau "build on") bermaksud "menggunakan sesuatu sebagai asas" atau "berdasarkan kepada...". Dalam konteks akademik dan profesional, ia sering digunakan untuk menerangkan bagaimana penyelidikan, idea, atau sistem baharu mengembangkan asas sedia ada.
Our new marketing strategy builds upon the success of last year's campaign.
Strategi pemasaran baharu kami dibina berdasarkan kejayaan kempen tahun lepas.
EN: The past perfect tense ('had already linked') is used here to indicate an action that was completed before another action in the past (the publication or conduct of 'this study'). It emphasizes the chronological sequence of scientific discoveries.
Bahasa Melayu: Kala lampau sempurna ("had already linked") digunakan di sini untuk menunjukkan tindakan yang telah selesai sebelum tindakan lain pada masa lalu (penerbitan atau pelaksanaan "kajian ini"). Ia menekankan urutan kronologi penemuan saintifik.
By the time the new policy was announced, several studies had already linked the chemical to health risks.
Sebelum dasar baharu diumumkan, beberapa kajian telah menghubungkan bahan kimia itu dengan risiko kesihatan.
EN: The relative pronoun 'that' introduces a restrictive relative clause ('that had already linked...') modifying the noun 'research'. It specifies which research is being referred to, making it essential to the meaning of the sentence.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata ganti relatif "that" memperkenalkan klausa relatif terhad ("that had already linked..."), yang digunakan untuk menerangkan kata nama "research" (penyelidikan). Ia secara jelas menunjukkan penyelidikan yang mana dirujuk, dan amat penting untuk makna ayat.
The company adopted a technology that had already proven effective in Europe.
Syarikat itu menggunakan teknologi yang telah terbukti berkesan di Eropah.
EN: Negative Inversion: When negative adverbs or adverbial phrases (such as 'never before', 'rarely', 'seldom', 'hardly') are placed at the beginning of a sentence for emphasis, the subject and the auxiliary verb are inverted (auxiliary verb + subject + main verb).
Bahasa Melayu: Penyongsangan Negatif: Apabila kata keterangan atau frasa keterangan negatif (seperti 'never before', 'rarely', 'seldom', 'hardly') diletakkan di awal ayat untuk penekanan, kedudukan subjek dan kata bantu perlu diterbalikkan (kata bantu + subjek + kata kerja utama).
Never before had she witnessed such an extraordinary natural phenomenon.
Sebelum ini, dia tidak pernah melihat fenomena alam yang begitu luar biasa.
EN: Noun Clause as Object: The wh-clause 'how prenatal exposure might contribute to the onset of PMOS in later life' acts as the direct object of the transitive verb 'examined'. The word order within the noun clause remains statement order (subject + verb), not question order.
Bahasa Melayu: Klausa Nama sebagai Objek: Klausa wh- 'how prenatal exposure might contribute to the onset of PMOS in later life' berfungsi sebagai objek langsung bagi kata kerja transitif 'examined'. Susunan perkataan dalam klausa nama kekal dalam susunan ayat penyata (subjek + kata kerja), bukan susunan ayat tanya.
The committee discussed how the new policy would affect local businesses.
Jawatankuasa membincangkan bagaimana dasar baharu itu akan mempengaruhi perniagaan tempatan.
EN: Collocation 'contribute to': The phrasal verb 'contribute to' means to help to cause an event or situation. Here, 'to' is a preposition, so it must be followed by a noun, pronoun, or gerund (in this case, the noun phrase 'the onset of PMOS').
Bahasa Melayu: Kolokasi 'contribute to': Kata kerja frasa 'contribute to' bermaksud "menyumbang kepada" atau "menyebabkan" sesuatu peristiwa atau keadaan. Di sini, 'to' ialah preposisi, oleh itu ia mesti diikuti oleh kata nama, kata ganti nama, atau gerund (dalam ayat ini, frasa nama 'the onset of PMOS').
Stress can significantly contribute to high blood pressure.
Tekanan mungkin menyumbang dengan ketara kepada tekanan darah tinggi.
EN: The present perfect tense ('have argued') is used here to describe an action that began in the past and continues to have relevance, validity, or impact in the present. In academic and journalistic contexts, it introduces a current stance or ongoing debate.
Bahasa Melayu: Kala kini sempurna (have argued) digunakan di sini untuk menerangkan tindakan yang bermula pada masa lalu dan masih relevan, sah, atau berpengaruh pada masa kini. Dalam konteks akademik dan kewartawanan, ia sering digunakan untuk memperkenalkan pendirian semasa atau perbincangan yang berterusan.
Researchers have argued that early intervention is key to successful treatment.
Para penyelidik telah berhujah bahawa intervensi awal adalah kunci kepada rawatan yang berjaya.
EN: The noun clause introduced by 'that' functions as the direct object of the reporting verb 'argued'. It allows the writer to report a belief, claim, or fact indirectly.
Bahasa Melayu: Klausa nama yang diperkenalkan oleh "that" berfungsi sebagai objek langsung bagi kata kerja laporan "argued". Ia membolehkan penulis menyatakan kepercayaan, tuntutan, atau fakta secara tidak langsung.
The committee announced that the project would receive additional funding.
Jawatankuasa mengumumkan bahawa projek itu akan menerima dana tambahan.
EN: The classifier phrase 'a piece of' is used with the uncountable noun 'evidence' to make it countable. 'Crucial' acts as an attributive adjective modifying 'piece'.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa penjodoh bilangan "a piece of" digunakan dengan kata nama tak boleh dikira "evidence" untuk menjadikannya boleh dikira. Kata adjektif "crucial" berfungsi sebagai penerang yang mendahului "piece".
The detective found a crucial piece of evidence hidden in the basement.
Detektif itu menemui sekeping bukti penting yang tersembunyi di ruang bawah tanah.
EN: In Western scientific and public policy discourse, 'public health advocates' play a critical role in bridging the gap between academic research and government regulation. They often use scientific findings to lobby for stricter environmental laws, such as regulating synthetic chemicals like PFAS.
EN: Apposition is a grammatical relation where a noun phrase is placed next to another noun phrase to identify or explain it. In this sentence, 'a senior scientist with the Environmental Working Group...' is an appositive phrase that provides background information about the subject 'Tasha Stoiber'.
Bahasa Melayu: Aposisi ialah hubungan tatabahasa di mana frasa nama diletakkan bersebelahan dengan frasa nama yang lain untuk menerangkan atau menjelaskannya. Dalam ayat ini, "a senior scientist with the Environmental Working Group..." ialah frasa apositif yang memberikan maklumat latar belakang tentang subjek, "Tasha Stoiber".
Dr. Aris, a leading expert in marine biology, delivered the keynote address.
Dr. Aris, pakar terkemuka dalam bidang biologi marin, menyampaikan ucaptama.
EN: Non-defining relative clauses (introduced by 'who' or 'which' and set off by commas) provide extra, non-essential information about a noun. Here, 'who reviewed the study independently' adds detail about Tasha Stoiber but is not required to identify her.
Bahasa Melayu: Klausa relatif tak terhad (diperkenalkan oleh 'who' atau 'which' dan dipisahkan dengan koma) memberikan maklumat tambahan yang tidak penting tentang kata nama. Di sini, "who reviewed the study independently" menambah butiran tentang Tasha Stoiber, tetapi ia bukan maklumat yang diperlukan untuk mengenal pastinya.
My brother, who lives in New York, is coming to visit next week.
Abang saya yang tinggal di New York akan datang melawat minggu depan.
EN: The present participle phrase 'documenting specific harms...' acts as an adjective modifying the noun phrase 'a larger body of evidence'. It is a reduced relative clause, equivalent to 'which documents specific harms...'.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa partisipel kini "documenting specific harms..." bertindak sebagai kata adjektif, menerangkan frasa nama "a larger body of evidence". Ini ialah klausa relatif yang diringkaskan, bersamaan dengan "which documents specific harms...".
The government released a report outlining the new economic policies.
Kerajaan mengeluarkan laporan yang menggariskan dasar ekonomi baharu.
EN: The mention of the 'Environmental Working Group' (EWG) reflects the prominent role of non-profit advocacy and research organizations in US environmental policy and public health. In the US, such independent groups often review scientific literature and lobby for stricter regulations on synthetic chemicals like PFAS, bridging the gap between academic science and public awareness.
EN: The verb 'comprise' means 'to consist of' or 'to be made up of'. Unlike 'compose', which is typically used in the passive voice ('is composed of'), 'comprise' is used in the active voice to list the constituent parts of a whole. It does not require the preposition 'of' when used actively.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja "comprise" bermaksud "terdiri daripada" atau "merangkumi". Tidak seperti "compose" yang biasanya digunakan dalam suara pasif (is composed of), "comprise" dalam suara aktif secara langsung mengambil bahagian-bahagiannya, menunjukkan bahagian yang membentuk keseluruhan, dan dalam penggunaan aktif, ia tidak memerlukan preposisi "of" selepasnya.
The collection comprises over three hundred rare manuscripts from the medieval period.
Koleksi itu merangkumi lebih daripada tiga ratus manuskrip berharga dari zaman pertengahan.
EN: The phrase 'most frequently utilized...' is a reduced relative clause (or participle clause) modifying 'synthetic compounds'. It is shortened from 'which are most frequently utilized...'. The past participle 'utilized' is used because the compounds receive the action of being used.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa "most frequently utilized..." ialah klausa relatif yang diringkaskan (klausa partisipel) yang menerangkan "synthetic compounds" (sebatian sintetik), diringkaskan daripada "which are most frequently utilized...". Di sini, partisipel lampau "utilized" digunakan kerana sebatian tersebut digunakan secara pasif.
The techniques, originally developed in Japan, are now widely used worldwide.
Teknologi yang pada asalnya dibangunkan di Jepun ini kini telah diterima pakai secara meluas di seluruh dunia.
EN: The suffix '-resistant' is combined with nouns (water, stain, grease) to form adjectives meaning 'able to resist' or 'proof against' the specified substance. This is a highly productive pattern in technical and commercial English.
Bahasa Melayu: Akhiran "-resistant" digabungkan dengan kata nama (water, stain, grease) untuk membentuk kata adjektif yang bermaksud "mampu menahan" atau "kalis" terhadap bahan tertentu. Ini adalah corak pembentukan kata yang sangat biasa dan produktif dalam bahasa Inggeris teknikal dan perniagaan.
The new smartphone features a scratch-resistant screen and heat-resistant casing.
Telefon pintar baharu ini dilengkapi dengan skrin kalis calar dan sarung kalis haba.
EN: PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances) are often referred to as 'forever chemicals' in public discourse because they do not break down in the environment or the human body. The suffix '-resistant' highlighted in the sentence reflects the primary commercial appeal of these chemicals, which has led to their widespread use in consumer goods like non-stick cookware, water-repellent clothing, and stain-resistant carpets, despite growing environmental and health concerns.
EN: The phrase 'Were it not for...' is a formal, inverted conditional structure used to express a hypothetical situation in the present or general time (equivalent to 'If it were not for...'). It indicates that the current situation depends entirely on the noun phrase that follows.
Bahasa Melayu: "Were it not for..." ialah struktur ayat bersyarat yang formal dan terbalik (inverted), digunakan untuk menyatakan andaian yang bertentangan dengan keadaan sekarang atau umum (bersamaan dengan "If it were not for..."). Ia menunjukkan bahawa keadaan semasa bergantung sepenuhnya pada frasa nama yang mengikutinya.
Were it not for his timely advice, we might make a terrible mistake.
Jika bukan kerana cadangannya yang tepat pada masanya, kami mungkin telah melakukan kesilapan yang serius.
EN: The main clause uses 'might never have + past participle' to express a hypothetical past possibility or consequence that did not actually happen, fitting into a mixed conditional context where a past result is linked to a general/present condition.
Bahasa Melayu: Klausa utama menggunakan "might never have + past participle" untuk menyatakan hasil hipotesis yang mungkin berlaku pada masa lalu tetapi sebenarnya tidak berlaku, sesuai dalam konteks ayat bersyarat campuran yang menghubungkan hasil masa lalu dengan keadaan umum/sekarang.
Without your financial support, the project might never have been completed.
Jika bukan kerana sokongan kewangan anda, projek ini mungkin tidak akan pernah selesai.
EN: The sentence discusses the environmental persistence of PFAS, often referred to as 'forever chemicals' in public health and environmental science. The formal register of the sentence ('Were it not for...', 'permeated... so thoroughly') reflects the serious, academic, and regulatory tone typical of high-level scientific journalism and policy debates in English-speaking countries.
EN: The present perfect tense ('has linked') is used here to describe an action that started in the past and has strong relevance or continuing effects in the present, establishing a foundation of accepted scientific knowledge.
Bahasa Melayu: Kala kini sempurna (has linked) digunakan di sini untuk menerangkan tindakan yang bermula pada masa lalu dan mempunyai kaitan atau kesan yang kuat pada masa kini, dengan itu mewujudkan asas pengetahuan saintifik yang diiktiraf.
Recent studies have linked high sugar consumption to cardiovascular diseases.
Penyelidikan terkini telah menghubungkan pengambilan gula yang tinggi dengan penyakit kardiovaskular.
EN: The present participle clause ('raising...') acts as an adverbial clause of result, showing an immediate consequence of the action described in the main clause. It functions similarly to ', which raises...'.
Bahasa Melayu: Klausa partisipel kini (raising...) berfungsi sebagai klausa keterangan yang menunjukkan hasil, memaparkan akibat langsung daripada tindakan dalam klausa utama. Fungsinya serupa dengan ", which raises...".
The factory closed down, leaving hundreds of people unemployed.
Kilang itu ditutup, menyebabkan beratus-ratus orang kehilangan pekerjaan.
EN: The past participle 'compromised' is used as an adjective meaning 'weakened or damaged'. It is commonly used in medical and scientific contexts to describe systems (like the immune system) that are not functioning at full capacity.
Bahasa Melayu: Partisipel lampau "compromised" digunakan di sini sebagai kata adjektif yang bermaksud "terjejas" atau "lemah". Dalam konteks perubatan dan saintifik, ia sering digunakan untuk menerangkan sistem yang tidak berfungsi sepenuhnya (seperti sistem imun).
Patients with compromised immune systems should avoid crowded places.
Pesakit yang mempunyai sistem imun yang terjejas harus mengelakkan tempat yang sesak.
EN: In Western public health discourse, the regulation of synthetic chemicals like PFAS (often called 'forever chemicals' because they do not break down in the environment) is a highly debated topic. The phrase 'regulatory oversight' refers to the supervision by government bodies (such as the EPA in the US) which environmental advocates argue has been historically insufficient due to industry lobbying.
Kosa kata utama dengan sebutan IPA, definisi, contoh ayat, dan kuiz interaktif.
Dalam konteks: bersejarah, penting
Dalam konteks: pranatal
Dalam konteks: berikutnya, yang berlaku selepas itu
Dalam konteks: tinggi, meningkat
Dalam konteks: merupakan, membentuk
Dalam konteks: perlu, munasabah
Dalam konteks: gangguan, kekacauan
Dalam konteks: keabnormalan, kecacatan
Dalam konteks: meresap, memenuhi
Dalam konteks: terjejas, rosak
Dalam konteks: pengawasan, penyeliaan
Frasa dengan label jenis, definisi dwibahasa, nota penggunaan, dan contoh ayat.
A popular term for PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances), synthetic chemicals that do not break down in the environment or the human body.
Bahan kimia kekal
An academic article that has been evaluated by other experts in the same field before publication to ensure its quality and scientific integrity.
Makalah yang dinilai tara
To use something as a basis or foundation for further development or research.
Berkembang berasaskan..., dibina di atas...
If it had not been for; used to show that something is the only reason why something else did not happen or is not true.
Jika tidak kerana..., jika tiada...