AI helps read papyrus scroll burnt to crisp during Vesuvius eruptionAI Bantu Membaca Skrol Papirus yang Rentung Semasa Letusan Vesuvius
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EN: The past participle phrase 'charred beyond recognition...' acts as an adjective clause (reduced relative clause) modifying 'An ancient papyrus scroll'. 'Beyond recognition' is a fixed prepositional phrase meaning to such a degree that it cannot be identified.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa partisip lampau "charred beyond recognition..." di sini berfungsi sebagai klausa adjektif (klausa relatif yang diringkaskan), menerangkan subjek "An ancient papyrus scroll". "Beyond recognition" ialah frasa sendi tetap yang bermaksud "rosak atau berubah sehingga tidak dapat dikenali".
The historic building was damaged beyond recognition in the fire.
Bangunan bersejarah itu telah terbakar sehingga tidak dapat dikenali dalam kebakaran itu.
EN: The present perfect passive voice ('has been virtually unwrapped and deciphered') is used to describe an action that has been completed in the recent past, emphasizing the current state of the scroll. 'Virtually' here means 'by means of virtual reality or computer technology' rather than 'almost'.
Bahasa Melayu: Suara pasif kini sempurna (has been virtually unwrapped and deciphered) digunakan untuk menerangkan tindakan yang telah selesai baru-baru ini, menekankan keadaan semasa skrol tersebut. "Virtually" di sini bermaksud "secara maya (menggunakan teknologi komputer)", bukan "hampir".
The ancient city has been virtually reconstructed by researchers using 3D modeling.
Para penyelidik telah membina semula bandar purba itu secara maya menggunakan teknologi pemodelan 3D.
EN: The scroll mentioned is part of the Herculaneum papyri, a unique library of philosophical texts preserved by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79. For centuries, physically opening these carbonized scrolls destroyed them. The use of 'virtually unwrapped' refers to non-invasive X-ray tomography and machine learning algorithms that detect ink on the warped layers, representing a monumental shift in classical archaeology.
EN: The present participle phrase 'spanning over...' acts as an adjective clause (which spans/spanned...) modifying the noun 'text'. This is a common reduction technique in formal and academic writing to make sentences more concise.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa partisip kini "spanning over..." di sini berfungsi sebagai klausa adjektif (menerangkan kata nama "text" yang sebelumnya), bersamaan dengan "which spanned...". Ini adalah teknik pemendekan klausa yang biasa dalam penulisan formal dan akademik untuk menjadikan ayat lebih padat.
The bridge connecting the two islands is the longest in the country.
Jambatan yang menghubungkan kedua-dua pulau itu adalah jambatan terpanjang di negara tersebut.
EN: The construction 'all without doing something' is used to emphasize that a major achievement was accomplished completely without a specific, expected action or difficulty. 'All' acts as an intensifying pronoun referring back to the entire preceding clause.
Bahasa Melayu: Struktur "all without doing something" digunakan untuk menekankan bahawa sesuatu pencapaian besar dicapai sepenuhnya tanpa melakukan tindakan tertentu yang dijangka atau tanpa menghadapi kesukaran. "All" di sini berfungsi sebagai kata ganti nama yang menekankan, merujuk kepada keseluruhan peristiwa lengkap yang disebut sebelumnya.
She managed to complete the entire marathon, all without showing any signs of exhaustion.
Dia berjaya menamatkan keseluruhan maraton tanpa menunjukkan sebarang tanda keletihan.
EN: The adverb 'physically' modifies the gerund 'unrolling'. In English, gerunds retain their verb-like qualities and are therefore modified by adverbs rather than adjectives, even though the entire gerund phrase functions as a noun after the preposition 'without'.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata keterangan "physically" menerangkan kata kerja "unrolling". Dalam bahasa Inggeris, kata kerja "gerund" mengekalkan ciri-ciri kata kerja, oleh itu ia diterangkan oleh kata keterangan, bukan kata sifat, walaupun frasa gerund tersebut berfungsi sebagai kata nama di belakang kata sendi "without".
You can access the database remotely without physically visiting the library.
Anda boleh mengakses pangkalan data tersebut dari jauh tanpa perlu pergi ke perpustakaan secara fizikal.
EN: The 'papyrus' mentioned here refers to the Herculaneum papyri, which were carbonised during the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79. For centuries, these scrolls were impossible to read because opening them physically would cause them to crumble into dust. The breakthrough of using AI and X-ray tomography to 'virtually unwrap' them represents a monumental intersection of modern computer science and classical archaeology, unlocking texts that were thought to be lost forever.
EN: The noun 'application' is followed by the preposition 'of' to indicate the thing being applied, and the preposition 'to' to indicate the target or field of application. The pattern is 'the application of [something] to [something else]'. Note that 'to' here is a preposition, so it must be followed by a noun, pronoun, or gerund.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata nama 'application' (aplikasi) diikuti oleh kata sendi 'of' untuk menunjukkan perkara yang digunakan, dan kata sendi 'to' untuk menunjukkan objek atau bidang yang digunakan. Polanya ialah 'the application of [benda] to [benda lain]'. Perhatikan bahawa 'to' di sini ialah kata sendi, jadi ia mesti diikuti oleh kata nama, kata ganti nama, atau gerund.
The application of nanotechnology to medicine has opened up new possibilities for cancer treatment.
Aplikasi nanoteknologi dalam bidang perubatan telah membuka kemungkinan baharu untuk rawatan kanser.
EN: The verb 'represent' is used in academic and formal registers to mean 'to be equivalent to' or 'to serve as a sign or symbol of'. It is a more formal alternative to 'is' or 'constitutes' when describing the significance of an achievement or event.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja 'represent' (mewakili) digunakan dalam gaya akademik dan formal untuk bermaksud 'sama dengan' atau 'sebagai tanda atau simbol bagi'. Apabila menerangkan kepentingan sesuatu pencapaian atau peristiwa, ia adalah pengganti yang lebih formal daripada 'is', serupa dengan 'constitutes' (merangkumi).
This agreement represents a major step forward in bilateral relations.
Perjanjian ini mewakili satu langkah penting ke hadapan dalam hubungan dua hala.
EN: The past participle phrase 'designated PHerc 1667' acts as an adjective modifying the noun 'the scroll'. This is a reduced relative clause, shortened from 'which is/was designated PHerc 1667'.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa partisip lampau 'designated PHerc 1667' berfungsi sebagai kata sifat yang menerangkan kata nama 'the scroll' (skrol). Ini adalah klausa relatif yang diringkaskan, yang berasal dari 'which is/was designated PHerc 1667'.
The painting, acquired by the museum in 1920, is now on public display.
Lukisan yang dibeli oleh muzium pada tahun 1920 itu kini dipamerkan kepada umum.
EN: The present participle phrases 'addressing...' and 'dating...' function as active participial modifiers (reduced relative clauses) describing 'a discourse' and 'the scroll/discourse' respectively, providing additional details without starting new sentences.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa partisip kini 'addressing...' dan 'dating...' berfungsi sebagai penerang partisip aktif (klausa relatif yang diringkaskan), masing-masing menerangkan 'a discourse' (wacana) dan 'the scroll/discourse' (skrol/wacana), memberikan maklumat tambahan tanpa membuka ayat baharu.
She wrote a book analyzing modern economic trends, aiming to educate young investors.
Dia menulis sebuah buku yang menganalisis trend ekonomi moden, bertujuan untuk mendidik pelabur muda.
EN: The preposition 'on' is used here to mean 'concerning' or 'about', typically introducing a formal, academic, or serious topic of discussion, lecture, or writing.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata sendi 'on' di sini bermaksud 'mengenai' atau 'tentang', biasanya digunakan untuk memperkenalkan topik perbincangan, ucapan, atau penulisan yang formal, akademik, atau serius.
The professor delivered a lecture on quantum mechanics.
Profesor itu menyampaikan syarahan tentang mekanik kuantum.
EN: The scroll mentioned, PHerc 1667, is part of the Herculaneum papyri, a collection of over 1,800 scrolls found in the Villa of the Papyri. These scrolls were carbonized by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79. For centuries, they were unreadable because unrolling them physically would cause them to crumble. The breakthrough of using non-invasive X-ray tomography and AI (the Vesuvius Challenge) represents a monumental shift in classical archaeology, allowing scholars to read lost texts of Epicurean and Stoic philosophy.
EN: The sentence begins with an inverted conditional clause 'Were it not for...', which is a formal, literary alternative to 'If it were not for...'. This structure is used to express that a current or hypothetical situation depends entirely on a specific factor. In this past-unreal context, it sets up a counterfactual condition.
Bahasa Melayu: Ayat ini dimulakan dengan klausa bersyarat songsang 'Were it not for...', yang merupakan alternatif kepada 'If it were not for...' dalam gaya bertulis atau formal, digunakan untuk menunjukkan bahawa keadaan hipotetikal bergantung sepenuhnya pada faktor tertentu. Dalam suasana subjungtif lampau di sini, ia mewujudkan keadaan hipotetikal yang bertentangan dengan fakta masa lampau.
Were it not for his timely intervention, the project would have failed.
Jika bukan kerana campur tangan tepat pada masanya, projek itu sudah gagal.
EN: The main clause uses the past unreal conditional structure 'would have + past participle' ('would have remained'). This indicates a hypothetical outcome in the past that did not actually happen because the condition in the 'if' clause was met.
Bahasa Melayu: Klausa utama menggunakan struktur bersyarat tidak nyata lampau 'would have + past participle' (di sini 'would have remained'). Ini menunjukkan hasil yang diandaikan akan berlaku pada masa lampau tetapi sebenarnya tidak berlaku, kerana keadaan dalam klausa bersyarat (kewujudan teknologi) telah dipenuhi.
Without your help, we would have lost the game.
Sekiranya tidak kerana bantuan anda, kami sudah kalah dalam perlawanan itu.
EN: The sentence refers to the carbonized papyrus scrolls of Herculaneum, which were preserved by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79. For centuries, physically unrolling them meant destroying them. The 'innovative technology' mentioned is 'virtual unwrapping' using X-ray phase-contrast tomography and AI (machine learning) to detect ink on the carbonized layers without touching them, a massive breakthrough in classical archaeology.
EN: The construction 'among the + superlative adjective + plural noun' is used to indicate that a specific subject belongs to a select group of things or people that share a high degree of a certain quality. In this sentence, 'the oldest [documents]' is implied after 'among the oldest'.
Bahasa Melayu: Struktur "among the + kata sifat superlatif + kata nama jamak" digunakan untuk menunjukkan bahawa subjek tertentu tergolong dalam kumpulan tertentu yang memiliki tahap tertinggi bagi sesuatu sifat. Dalam ayat ini, "among the oldest" diikuti oleh kata nama jamak "documents" yang digugurkan.
This painting is among the most valuable in the museum's permanent collection.
Lukisan ini merupakan antara lukisan yang paling berharga dalam koleksi tetap muzium tersebut.
EN: The past participle 'recovered' functions as a reduced relative clause (short for 'which were recovered'), post-modifying the noun phrase 'a collection of hundreds'. This is a common way to make sentences more concise in formal and written English.
Bahasa Melayu: Partisipel lampau "recovered" di sini berfungsi sebagai klausa relatif yang diringkaskan (ringkasan bagi "which were recovered"), yang menerangkan frasa nama "a collection of hundreds" secara pascapositif. Ini adalah cara yang biasa digunakan dalam bahasa Inggeris formal dan bertulis untuk menjadikan ayat lebih ringkas.
The artifacts recovered from the shipwreck are now on display.
Artefak yang ditemui semula dari kapal karam itu kini sedang dipamerkan.
EN: Herculaneum, like its more famous neighbor Pompeii, was an ancient Roman town destroyed and buried by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79. The 'luxurious Roman villa' mentioned is widely believed to be the 'Villa of the Papyri', named after its unique library of papyrus scrolls. This library is the only ancient library to have survived in its entirety to the modern era, preserved by the volcanic carbonization process.
EN: The passive voice ('was engulfed', 'was buried') is used here to focus on the recipient of the action (the library) rather than the agent (the heat and ash). This is common in historical and academic writing to maintain a formal, objective tone.
Bahasa Melayu: Suara pasif ("was engulfed", "was buried") digunakan di sini untuk menumpukan perhatian kepada penerima tindakan (perpustakaan), bukan pelaku (api dan abu gunung berapi). Ini sangat biasa dalam penulisan sejarah dan akademik untuk mengekalkan nada yang formal dan objektif.
The ancient manuscripts were preserved by the dry climate of the desert.
Manuskrip kuno ini telah terpelihara kerana iklim gurun yang kering.
EN: The adverb 'subsequently' is used to indicate that one event happened after another, establishing a clear chronological order. It is a formal transition word often used in academic and narrative contexts.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata keterangan "subsequently" (kemudian, selepas itu) digunakan untuk menunjukkan bahawa satu peristiwa berlaku selepas peristiwa yang lain, mewujudkan urutan masa yang jelas. Ini adalah kata peralihan formal yang sering digunakan dalam konteks akademik dan naratif.
The building was damaged by the earthquake and subsequently demolished for safety reasons.
Bangunan itu rosak akibat gempa bumi, dan kemudiannya dirobohkan atas sebab keselamatan.
EN: The temporal conjunction 'when' introduces an adverbial clause of time ('when Vesuvius destroyed...'), which establishes the historical timeframe for the main events described in the sentence.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata hubung masa "when" memperkenalkan klausa keterangan masa ("when Vesuvius destroyed..."), yang menetapkan latar belakang masa sejarah untuk peristiwa utama yang diterangkan dalam ayat.
The library was closed when the storm hit the city.
Apabila ribut melanda bandar itu, perpustakaan ditutup.
EN: The sentence refers to the cataclysmic eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79, which destroyed the Roman cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum. The 'villa' mentioned is the famous 'Villa of the Papyri' in Herculaneum, which housed the only library from classical antiquity to survive in its entirety, preserved (though carbonised) by the volcanic material.
EN: The past perfect tense ('had taken') is used to describe an action that was completed before another action or point in the past. In this context, the deterioration and misguided handling occurred prior to the scroll breaking in half and its modern-day discovery.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja bentuk lampau sempurna (had + past participle, seperti 'had taken') digunakan untuk menerangkan tindakan yang telah selesai sebelum titik masa atau tindakan pada masa lampau. Dalam konteks ini, kemerosotan dan pengendalian yang tidak betul selama berabad-abad berlaku sebelum skrol itu patah dua dan ditemui pada zaman moden.
By the time the archaeologists arrived, centuries of erosion had already destroyed the ancient inscriptions.
Sebelum para arkeologi tiba, hakisan selama berabad-abad telah memusnahkan inskripsi purba tersebut.
EN: The idiom 'take a toll on' (or 'take a devastating toll on') means to cause damage, suffering, or serious harm over time. It is commonly used with abstract subjects like time, stress, or neglect.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa 'take a toll on' (atau 'take a devastating toll on') bermaksud menyebabkan kerosakan, penderitaan, atau kemusnahan yang serius dari masa ke masa. Ia sering digunakan dengan subjek abstrak seperti masa, tekanan, atau kecuaian.
EN: The non-defining relative clause introduced by ', which' provides extra, non-essential information about the noun 'the scroll'. It is separated by a comma and cannot be introduced by 'that'.
Bahasa Melayu: Klausa relatif bukan pembatas yang diperkenalkan oleh ', which' memberikan maklumat tambahan yang tidak penting tentang kata nama 'the scroll' (skrol). Penggunaan ini mesti didahului dengan koma dan tidak boleh digantikan dengan 'that'.
EN: The past perfect tense ('had caused') is used to describe an action that occurred and was completed before another past action or a specific point in the past. In this context, it emphasizes that the damage to the scroll happened prior to the recent successful AI unwrapping efforts.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja bentuk lampau sempurna (had caused) digunakan untuk menerangkan tindakan yang telah berlaku dan selesai sebelum tindakan atau titik masa tertentu pada masa lampau. Dalam konteks ini, ia menekankan bahawa kerosakan pada skrol berlaku sebelum kerja pembukaan AI yang berjaya baru-baru ini.
The library had closed by the time we arrived at the university.
Perpustakaan telah ditutup sebelum kami tiba di universiti.
EN: The present participle clause ('leaving a fragment...') acts as an adverbial clause of result. It describes the direct consequence of the main clause's action (the flaking and disintegrating of the outer layers).
Bahasa Melayu: Klausa partisip kini (leaving a fragment...) berfungsi sebagai klausa keterangan akibat, yang menerangkan akibat langsung daripada tindakan dalam klausa utama (lapisan luar mengelupas dan hancur).
The storm damaged the power lines, leaving the entire town in darkness.
Ribut telah merosakkan talian elektrik, menyebabkan seluruh bandar menjadi gelap.
EN: The post-positive adjectives 'tall' and 'wide' are placed immediately after the measurement units ('eight centimetres tall', 'two centimetres wide') to specify dimensions. This is the standard structure for expressing measurements in English.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata sifat pospositif "tall" dan "wide" diletakkan terus selepas unit ukuran (eight centimetres, two centimetres) untuk menunjukkan saiz dengan jelas. Ini adalah struktur standard dalam bahasa Inggeris untuk menyatakan ukuran.
The ancient stone wall was approximately three metres high and fifty centimetres thick.
Dinding batu purba ini kira-kira tiga meter tinggi dan lima puluh sentimeter tebal.
EN: Apposition is a grammatical relation where two nouns or noun phrases are placed side by side, with one element serving to identify or define the other. In this sentence, 'a papyrologist at the University of Naples Federico the Second' is an appositive noun phrase that provides essential background information about 'Doctor Federica Nicolardi'. It is set off by commas because it is non-restrictive (the sentence remains grammatically complete and the subject's identity is already clear without it).
Bahasa Melayu: Aposisi (Apposition) ialah hubungan tatabahasa di mana dua kata nama atau frasa kata nama diletakkan bersebelahan, dan satu elemen digunakan untuk mengenal pasti atau mentakrifkan yang lain. Dalam ayat ini, 'a papyrologist at the University of Naples Federico the Second' (pakar papirus di Universiti Naples Federico II) ialah frasa aposisi yang memberikan maklumat latar belakang tentang 'Doctor Federica Nicolardi' (Dr. Federica Nicolardi). Oleh kerana aposisi ini bukan pembatas (walaupun digugurkan, ayat masih lengkap dan identiti subjek jelas), ia perlu dipisahkan dengan koma di kedua-dua belah.
Professor Marcus Vance, a leading expert in marine biology, delivered the keynote address.
Profesor Marcus Vance, pakar terkemuka dalam bidang biologi marin, menyampaikan ucaptama.
EN: The preposition 'at' is used to denote a person's affiliation with an institution, such as a university, school, or organization. It indicates that the individual works, studies, or conducts research within that specific academic or professional body.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata sendi 'at' digunakan di sini untuk menunjukkan hubungan seseorang dengan institusi tertentu (seperti universiti, sekolah, atau organisasi). Ia menunjukkan bahawa individu tersebut bekerja, belajar, atau menjalankan penyelidikan di institusi akademik atau profesional tertentu.
She is currently a senior researcher at the Max Planck Institute.
Beliau kini merupakan penyelidik kanan di Institut Max Planck.
EN: The noun phrase 'the significance of the accomplishment' utilizes the 'noun + of + noun' structure to express abstract possession or association. 'Significance' is the head noun, and 'of the accomplishment' acts as a post-modifier, specifying what the significance belongs to. This structure is highly characteristic of formal, academic, and journalistic registers.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa kata nama 'the significance of the accomplishment' menggunakan struktur 'kata nama + of + kata nama' untuk menyatakan pemilikan atau hubungan abstrak. 'Significance' (kepentingan) ialah kata nama teras, dan 'of the accomplishment' (pencapaian itu) berfungsi sebagai penerang pospositif, yang menjelaskan kepentingan itu berkaitan dengan apa. Struktur ini sangat biasa dalam gaya formal, akademik, dan kewartawanan.
The scale of the disaster became apparent only after sunrise.
Skala bencana itu hanya menjadi jelas selepas matahari terbit.
EN: The 'University of Naples Federico II' (Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II) is one of the oldest academic institutions in the world, founded in 1224 by the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II. It is particularly renowned for its departments of humanities and classical studies, which are actively involved in researching the carbonised papyri from Herculaneum. Papyrology is a highly specialized field of classical archaeology dedicated to deciphering and interpreting ancient texts written on papyrus.
EN: The noun phrase 'the fact that...' is used to introduce a noun clause (appositive clause) that functions as a fact or reality, often serving as the subject of a sentence to allow a complex idea to be evaluated or commented on.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa kata nama "the fact that..." digunakan untuk memperkenalkan klausa kata nama (aposisi), yang menyatakan fakta atau realiti objektif, dan sering digunakan sebagai subjek ayat untuk membolehkan penilaian atau ulasan terhadap konsep yang kompleks.
The fact that the experiment succeeded against all odds surprised the entire scientific community.
Fakta bahawa eksperimen itu berjaya walaupun menghadapi pelbagai halangan telah mengejutkan seluruh komuniti saintifik.
EN: Concessive clauses introduced by 'although' or 'even though' are used to show contrast. In formal English, unlike in Chinese, 'although' is never paired with 'but' in the same sentence structure.
Bahasa Melayu: Klausa konsesif yang diperkenalkan oleh "although" atau "even though" digunakan untuk menunjukkan kontras. Dalam bahasa Inggeris formal, tidak seperti bahasa Cina, "although" tidak boleh digunakan bersama dengan "but" dalam struktur ayat yang sama.
Although the technology is still in its infancy, its potential applications are vast.
Walaupun teknologi ini masih di peringkat awal, aplikasi potensinya sangat luas.
EN: The noun 'viability' refers to the ability to work successfully or be feasible. It is commonly paired with the preposition 'of' to indicate what system, method, or plan is being evaluated.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata nama "viability" merujuk kepada keupayaan untuk berfungsi dengan jayanya atau boleh dilaksanakan. Ia biasanya digunakan dengan kata sendi "of" untuk menunjukkan sistem, kaedah, atau rancangan yang sedang dinilai.
The committee is currently assessing the financial viability of the proposed project.
Jawatankuasa sedang menilai kebolehlaksanaan kewangan projek yang dicadangkan itu.
EN: The correlative conjunction 'not only... but also...' is used to connect and emphasize two related pieces of information. When 'not only' is placed at the beginning of a sentence for rhetorical emphasis, it triggers subject-auxiliary inversion (the auxiliary verb 'does' comes before the subject 'it').
Bahasa Melayu: Kata hubung korelatif 'not only... but also...' (bukan sahaja... tetapi juga...) digunakan untuk menghubungkan dan menekankan dua maklumat yang berkaitan. Apabila 'not only' diletakkan di awal ayat untuk tujuan penekanan retorik, ia menyebabkan pembalikan kata kerja bantu dan subjek (kata kerja bantu 'does' diletakkan sebelum subjek 'it').
Not only did she complete the project ahead of schedule, but she also stayed within the budget.
Bukan sahaja dia menyiapkan projek itu lebih awal, malah ia juga berada dalam lingkungan bajet.
EN: The idiom 'open the door to' means to create an opportunity for something to happen or to make it possible. It is typically followed by a noun phrase or a gerund (verb-ing).
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa 'open the door to' secara harfiah bermaksud 'membuka pintu', dan secara kiasan bermaksud mencipta peluang untuk sesuatu berlaku atau menjadikannya mungkin. Ia biasanya diikuti oleh frasa kata nama atau kata kerja (V-ing).
This scientific breakthrough opens the door to developing new treatments for the disease.
Kejayaan saintifik ini telah membuka pintu kepada pembangunan rawatan baharu untuk penyakit tersebut.
EN: The phrase 'be set to' is an idiomatic expression meaning 'to be ready to' or 'to be expected to' do something in the near future. It is commonly used in formal news reporting to describe scheduled or highly anticipated events.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa 'be set to' ialah ungkapan idiomatik yang bermaksud 'bersedia untuk' atau 'dijangka akan berlaku dalam masa terdekat'. Ia sering digunakan dalam laporan berita formal untuk menerangkan peristiwa yang telah dijadualkan atau sangat dinanti-nantikan.
The new space telescope is set to launch next month.
Teleskop angkasa baharu dijangka akan dilancarkan pada bulan hadapan.
EN: The sentence features a compound predicate where a single subject ('The findings') is shared by two verbs: 'are' (part of the passive construction 'are set to be... announced') and 'constitute'. This structure allows for a concise and cohesive flow of information.
Bahasa Melayu: Ayat ini menggunakan struktur predikat majmuk di mana satu subjek ('The findings') dikongsi oleh dua kata kerja: 'are' (sebahagian daripada struktur pasif 'are set to be... announced') dan 'constitute'. Struktur ini membolehkan aliran maklumat yang lebih ringkas dan koheren.
The project has received funding and represents a major breakthrough.
Projek itu telah menerima pembiayaan dan mewakili satu kejayaan besar.
EN: The verb 'constitute' is a formal synonym for 'to be' or 'to make up'. It is used to define or classify something as being a particular thing, especially in academic, legal, or journalistic contexts.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja 'constitute' ialah sinonim formal untuk 'is' atau 'make up'. Ia digunakan untuk mentakrifkan atau mengklasifikasikan sesuatu sebagai sesuatu yang tertentu, terutamanya dalam konteks akademik, undang-undang, atau kewartawanan.
These minor infractions do not constitute a serious crime.
Pelanggaran kecil ini tidak merupakan jenayah yang serius.
EN: The 'Vesuvius Challenge' is a high-profile global competition launched in 2023. It offers substantial financial rewards to researchers who can use machine learning and computer vision to read the carbonized scrolls from Herculaneum, which were buried by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79. This initiative represents a modern, crowdsourced approach to solving centuries-old archaeological mysteries.
EN: The sentence begins with a past participle clause ('Launched in 2023...'), which acts as an adverbial modifier describing the subject ('the initiative'). This is a reduced relative clause (shortened from 'Which was launched in 2023...') used to provide background information concisely.
Bahasa Melayu: Ayat ini bermula dengan frasa partisip lampau ('Launched in 2023...'), yang berfungsi sebagai keterangan untuk subjek ('the initiative'). Ini adalah klausa relatif yang diringkaskan (dari 'Which was launched in 2023...') yang digunakan untuk memberikan maklumat latar belakang secara ringkas.
Founded in 1890, the university has produced several Nobel laureates.
Universiti itu, yang ditubuhkan pada tahun 1890, telah melahirkan beberapa pemenang Hadiah Nobel.
EN: The verb 'galvanise' (or 'galvanize') is used in the pattern 'galvanise someone to do something', meaning to shock or excite someone into taking action. It is a highly formal and powerful verb often used in academic and journalistic registers.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja 'galvanise' (atau dieja 'galvanize') sering digunakan dalam pola 'galvanise someone to do something' (memberi inspirasi/merangsang seseorang untuk bertindak). Ini adalah kata kerja yang sangat formal dan berkesan, sering digunakan dalam gaya akademik dan kewartawanan.
The disaster galvanised the community to improve their emergency preparedness.
Bencana itu telah memberi inspirasi kepada penduduk komuniti untuk memperbaiki persediaan kecemasan mereka.
EN: The preposition 'in' followed by a gerund ('in recovering...') is used here to indicate the area, activity, or process in which the action ('to harness machine learning') takes place. It functions similarly to 'when recovering' or 'in the process of recovering'.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata sendi 'in' diikuti oleh gerund ('in recovering...') digunakan di sini untuk menunjukkan bidang, aktiviti, atau proses di mana sesuatu tindakan ('to harness machine learning') berlaku. Ia berfungsi seperti 'when recovering' (semasa pemulihan) atau 'in the process of recovering' (dalam proses pemulihan).
The government assisted local businesses in adapting to the new regulations.
Kerajaan membantu perniagaan tempatan menyesuaikan diri dengan peraturan baharu.
EN: The 'initiative' mentioned refers to the 'Vesuvius Challenge', a high-profile global crowdsourcing competition launched in 2023. It represents a modern intersection of Silicon Valley tech culture (using open-source AI, machine learning, and cash prizes) with traditional classical archaeology, successfully breaking a 2,000-year-old academic deadlock on reading the charred Herculaneum scrolls.
EN: Inverted conditional clause (First/Second Conditional inversion). When 'if' is omitted in a conditional clause, the auxiliary verb 'should' (or 'were'/'had') is inverted with the subject. This structure is highly formal and commonly used in academic, literary, or professional registers to express a hypothetical or tentative condition.
Bahasa Melayu: Klausa bersyarat songsang (pembalikan klausa bersyarat pertama/kedua). Apabila 'if' dalam klausa bersyarat digugurkan, kata kerja bantu 'should' (atau were/had) akan bertukar tempat dengan subjek. Struktur ini sangat formal dan sering digunakan dalam gaya akademik, sastera, atau profesional untuk menyatakan keadaan hipotetikal atau tentatif.
Should you require further assistance, please do not hesitate to contact our department.
Sekiranya anda memerlukan bantuan lanjut, sila hubungi jabatan kami tanpa sebarang keraguan.
EN: The link verb 'prove' used as a copula meaning 'to turn out to be'. In this pattern, 'prove' is followed directly by an adjective (e.g., 'prove effective') rather than an adverb, describing the state or quality that is demonstrated over time.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja penghubung 'prove' digunakan sebagai kata kerja penghubung yang bermaksud 'ternyata'. Dalam pola ini, 'prove' diikuti terus oleh kata sifat (contohnya prove effective) dan bukan kata keterangan, untuk menerangkan keadaan atau ciri yang ditunjukkan dari semasa ke semasa.
The new strategy proved highly beneficial to the company's long-term growth.
Strategi baharu ini terbukti sangat menguntungkan untuk pertumbuhan jangka panjang syarikat.
EN: The noun phrase 'gain unprecedented access to', where 'unprecedented' (never done or known before) modifies 'access'. The noun 'access' is uncountable and typically paired with the preposition 'to' to indicate the right, opportunity, or means to approach or use something.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa kata nama 'gain unprecedented access to', di mana 'unprecedented' (belum pernah berlaku) menerangkan 'access'. Kata nama 'access' ialah kata nama tidak boleh dikira, dan biasanya digunakan dengan kata sendi 'to', menunjukkan hak, peluang, atau cara untuk mendekati, memasuki, atau menggunakan sesuatu.
Through the new archive, researchers gained unprecedented access to historical royal correspondence.
Melalui arkib baharu ini, para penyelidik telah mendapat peluang yang tidak pernah berlaku sebelum ini untuk mengakses surat-surat diraja sejarah.
EN: The sentence refers to the breakthrough of the Vesuvius Challenge, where advanced AI and X-ray technology are used to read carbonized scrolls from Herculaneum without unrolling them. This represents a major intersection of classical archaeology and modern computer science, potentially recovering works of ancient Greek and Roman philosophy (such as Epicureanism and Stoicism) that were previously thought to be lost forever due to the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79.
Kosa kata utama dengan sebutan IPA, definisi, contoh ayat, dan kuiz interaktif.
Dalam konteks: Terbakar; hangus
Dalam konteks: Mentafsir; membaca (tulisan yang sukar atau kod)
Dalam konteks: Rapuh; mudah pecah
Dalam konteks: Discourse; academic lecture
Dalam konteks: Inaccessible; difficult to reach
Dalam konteks: Engulfed; surrounded
Dalam konteks: Deterioration; degradation; damage
Dalam konteks: Disintegrate; break apart; collapse
Dalam konteks: Feasibility
Dalam konteks: Galvanised; to spur or motivate someone to take action
Dalam konteks: Irretrievable; beyond repair
Dalam konteks: tidak pernah berlaku sebelum ini; luar biasa
Frasa dengan label jenis, definisi dwibahasa, nota penggunaan, dan contoh ayat.
To such a degree that it is impossible to identify or recognize.
Tidak dapat dikenali lagi; berubah sama sekali
To cause severe damage, destruction, or suffering over time.
Membawa kesan yang membinasakan; membawa kesan negatif yang teruk
To come off in small, thin pieces.
Mengelupas; luruh dalam kepingan kecil
Papyrus paper that has been converted into carbon, typically due to exposure to high heat without oxygen.
Papirus terkarbon