Shinya Yamanaka: Reprogramming LifeShinya Yamanaka: Memprogram Ulang Kehidupan
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EN: Prepositional Phrase as an Adverbial: The sentence begins with 'After years of dedicated testing,' which functions as a time-related adverbial phrase. It sets the context for when the main action occurred.
Bahasa Indonesia: Frasa Preposisional sebagai Keterangan: Kalimat dimulai dengan 'After years of dedicated testing', yang merupakan frasa keterangan terkait waktu, memberikan latar belakang waktu untuk tindakan utama.
After months of hard work, the project was finally completed.
Setelah berbulan-bulan bekerja keras, proyek ini akhirnya selesai.
EN: Collocation 'Make a discovery': In English, we often use the verb 'make' with nouns like 'discovery,' 'decision,' or 'mistake' to describe an action, rather than using a single verb.
Bahasa Indonesia: Kolokasi 'Make a discovery': Dalam bahasa Inggris, kita sering menggunakan kata kerja 'make' dengan kata benda seperti 'discovery' (penemuan), 'decision' (keputusan), atau 'mistake' (kesalahan) untuk menggambarkan suatu tindakan, daripada hanya menggunakan satu kata kerja.
The explorers made a significant discovery in the cave.
Para penjelajah membuat penemuan besar di dalam gua tersebut.
EN: Shinya Yamanaka is a Japanese scientist who won the Nobel Prize for discovering iPS cells. In Japanese culture, his story is often cited as an example of 'persistence' (ganbaru), especially since he was once considered a clumsy surgeon before finding his true calling in research.
EN: The sentence uses a 'Noun Clause' (that-clause) as the direct object of the verb 'found'. This structure allows the speaker to report a fact or discovery by connecting a full sentence to a main verb.
Bahasa Indonesia: Kalimat ini menggunakan 'Klausa Nomina' (klausa yang diawali 'that') sebagai objek langsung dari kata kerja 'found'. Struktur ini memungkinkan pembicara untuk melaporkan fakta atau temuan dengan menghubungkan kalimat lengkap.
Researchers discovered that the new drug was effective.
Para peneliti menemukan bahwa obat baru ini efektif.
EN: The phrase 'reprogram A into B' uses the preposition 'into' to indicate a transformation or change in state from one thing to another.
Bahasa Indonesia: Frasa 'reprogram A into B' menggunakan preposisi 'into' untuk menunjukkan perubahan atau transformasi dari satu keadaan ke keadaan lain.
The magician turned the paper into a bird.
Pesulap mengubah kertas itu menjadi seekor burung.
EN: Passive Voice (be + past participle): Used when the action is performed on the subject. Here, 'were called' indicates that the cells received the name from scientists.
Bahasa Indonesia: Kalimat Pasif (be + past participle): Digunakan ketika tindakan dilakukan pada subjek. Di sini, 'were called' menunjukkan bahwa sel-sel ini dinamai oleh para ilmuwan.
The new species was named after the professor who discovered it.
Spesies baru ini dinamai berdasarkan profesor yang menemukannya.
EN: Appositive Phrase: The phrase 'short for...' acts as an appositive, providing additional information or a definition for the noun 'iPS cells' immediately preceding it.
Bahasa Indonesia: Frasa Apositif: Frasa 'short for...' berfungsi sebagai apositif, memberikan informasi tambahan atau definisi untuk kata benda yang tepat sebelumnya, yaitu 'iPS cells'.
He lives in Kyoto, a city famous for its beautiful temples.
Dia tinggal di Kyoto, sebuah kota yang terkenal dengan kuil-kuilnya yang indah.
EN: The term 'iPS cells' was intentionally coined by Shinya Yamanaka with a lowercase 'i' to mimic the popularity of the 'iPod' at the time, hoping the technology would become just as widely recognized.
EN: Passive Voice (be + past participle): Used when the subject receives the action rather than performing it. Here, 'the scientific world' is the receiver of the 'stunning' action.
Bahasa Indonesia: Kalimat Pasif (be + past participle): Digunakan ketika subjek menerima tindakan, bukan pelakunya. Dalam kalimat ini, 'komunitas ilmiah' adalah pihak yang 'terkejut'.
The audience was deeply moved by the performance.
Penonton sangat terkesan oleh pertunjukan itu.
EN: Adverbs of Degree: The word 'completely' is an adverb used to modify the adjective/participle 'stunned,' emphasizing the total extent of the feeling.
Bahasa Indonesia: Kata Keterangan Tingkat: 'completely' (sepenuhnya) adalah kata keterangan yang digunakan untuk memodifikasi kata sifat atau partisipel 'stunned', menekankan betapa dalamnya perasaan tersebut.
The project was completely finished on time.
Proyek tersebut telah selesai sepenuhnya tepat waktu.
EN: The verb 'mean' can be followed by a noun clause (that-clause) acting as its object. In this sentence, the word 'that' is omitted, which is common in informal and semi-formal English. It connects the subject 'iPS cells' to the consequence or implication.
Bahasa Indonesia: Kata kerja 'mean' (berarti) dapat diikuti oleh klausa nomina (klausa that) sebagai objeknya. Dalam kalimat ini, kata penghubung 'that' dihilangkan, yang umum dalam bahasa Inggris informal atau semi-formal. Ini menghubungkan subjek 'sel iPS' dengan konsekuensi atau implikasinya.
The heavy rain meant the football match had to be cancelled.
Hujan deras ini berarti pertandingan sepak bola harus dibatalkan.
EN: The phrase 'no longer' is an adverbial phrase used to indicate that a situation that existed in the past does not exist now. It is more formal than 'not... anymore' and usually placed before the main verb.
Bahasa Indonesia: 'no longer' adalah frasa keterangan yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan bahwa situasi yang ada di masa lalu sekarang tidak lagi terjadi. Ini lebih formal daripada 'not... anymore' dan biasanya ditempatkan sebelum kata kerja utama.
He no longer works for this company.
Dia tidak lagi bekerja untuk perusahaan itu.
EN: The use of embryonic stem cells has been a major ethical issue in science because it involves the destruction of human embryos. Shinya Yamanaka's discovery of iPS cells was revolutionary because it provided a way to create stem cells without using embryos, thus bypassing these ethical concerns.
EN: The use of the past participle 'surrounding' acts as a present participle phrase (reduced relative clause). It functions as an adjective to modify the preceding noun 'debate'. It is short for 'which surrounded' or 'that was surrounding'.
Bahasa Indonesia: Frasa partisipel present 'surrounding' di sini berfungsi sebagai kata sifat yang memodifikasi kata benda 'debate' sebelumnya. Ini adalah bentuk sederhana dari klausa relatif, yang aslinya dapat dilihat sebagai 'which surrounded' atau 'that was surrounding'.
There are many issues surrounding the new policy.
Ada banyak pertanyaan seputar kebijakan baru ini.
EN: The verb 'avoid' is a transitive verb that must be followed by a direct object (in this case, 'a huge ethical debate'). It describes the action of preventing something from happening.
Bahasa Indonesia: Kata kerja 'avoid' adalah kata kerja transitif yang harus diikuti oleh objek langsung (dalam kalimat ini, 'a huge ethical debate'). Ini menggambarkan tindakan mencegah sesuatu terjadi.
We should take the highway to avoid traffic jams.
Kita sebaiknya mengambil jalan tol untuk menghindari kemacetan.
EN: The use of human embryos in scientific research has been a major ethical and political issue globally, particularly in Western countries, due to differing views on when human life begins. Yamanaka's iPS cell discovery was revolutionary because it provided a way to conduct stem cell research without destroying embryos, thus bypassing these moral concerns.
EN: The present participle phrase (V-ing) is used here as a result clause, indicating a consequence of the main action. It functions as a reduced adverbial clause.
Bahasa Indonesia: Frasa partisipel present (V-ing) digunakan di sini sebagai klausa hasil, menunjukkan konsekuensi dari tindakan di klausa utama. Ini adalah bentuk sederhana dari klausa keterangan.
The company implemented new safety rules, reducing workplace accidents by half.
Perusahaan menerapkan peraturan keselamatan baru, yang mengurangi kecelakaan kerja hingga setengahnya.
EN: The modal verb 'could' is used here to express possibility or capability in a past context or a hypothetical scenario enabled by a discovery.
Bahasa Indonesia: Kata kerja modal 'could' digunakan di sini untuk menyatakan kemungkinan atau kemampuan dalam konteks masa lalu, atau yang diberikan oleh sebuah penemuan.
With the new telescope, astronomers could see distant galaxies more clearly.
Dengan teleskop baru ini, para astronom dapat mengamati galaksi yang jauh dengan lebih jelas.
EN: In medical science, 'rejection' refers to the immune system attacking a transplanted organ or tissue. The use of iPS cells is a major breakthrough because it uses the patient's own genetic material, theoretically eliminating the need for immunosuppressant drugs.
EN: The modal verb 'could' is used here to express possibility or potential in the future. It suggests that while the outcome is likely, it is not yet a guaranteed reality.
Bahasa Indonesia: Kata kerja modal 'could' digunakan di sini untuk menyatakan kemungkinan atau potensi di masa depan. Ini menyiratkan bahwa meskipun hasilnya menjanjikan, hal itu belum menjadi fakta yang pasti.
New technology could reduce energy consumption significantly.
Teknologi baru berpotensi mengurangi konsumsi energi secara signifikan.
EN: The sentence uses a compound predicate where two verbs ('revolutionize' and 'offer') share the same subject ('This discovery') and modal verb ('could'), connected by the conjunction 'and'.
Bahasa Indonesia: Kalimat ini menggunakan predikat majemuk di mana dua kata kerja ('revolutionize' dan 'offer') berbagi subjek yang sama ('This discovery') dan kata kerja bantu ('could'), dan dihubungkan oleh konjungsi 'and'.
The program will educate students and provide job opportunities.
Program ini akan mendidik siswa dan menyediakan kesempatan kerja.
EN: The term 'personalized medicine' (or treatments) refers to a modern medical model that tailors healthcare to the individual characteristics of each patient, often based on genetic information. This was a major shift from the 'one-size-fits-all' approach.
EN: The Past Simple tense is used to describe completed actions at a specific time in the past. In this sentence, 'received' is the past form of the regular verb 'receive'.
Bahasa Indonesia: Past Simple digunakan untuk menggambarkan tindakan yang selesai pada waktu tertentu di masa lalu. Dalam kalimat ini, 'received' adalah bentuk lampau dari kata kerja beraturan 'receive'.
She graduated from university in 2015.
Dia lulus dari universitas pada tahun 2015.
EN: Prepositional phrases of time (e.g., 'In 2012') are often placed at the beginning of a sentence to set the context or emphasize when the event occurred.
Bahasa Indonesia: Frasa preposisional waktu (misalnya, 'In 2012') sering ditempatkan di awal kalimat untuk membangun informasi latar belakang atau menekankan kapan suatu peristiwa terjadi.
In the morning, we usually go for a walk.
Di pagi hari, kami biasanya pergi berjalan-jalan.
EN: The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is one of the most prestigious awards in the scientific world. Shinya Yamanaka's win was significant for Japan and the field of regenerative medicine, as it recognized the discovery that mature cells can be converted back into stem cells.
EN: The Past Continuous tense (was/were + verb-ing) is used here to describe an ongoing background action ('doing laundry') that was interrupted by a sudden event in the Past Simple ('the phone rang').
Bahasa Indonesia: Past Continuous (was/were + V-ing) digunakan di sini untuk menggambarkan tindakan latar belakang yang sedang berlangsung (mencuci pakaian), yang kemudian diinterupsi oleh kejadian mendadak dalam Past Simple (telepon berdering).
I was sleeping when the alarm went off.
Saya sedang tidur ketika alarm berbunyi.
EN: The conjunction 'When' introduces a subordinate time clause. When the 'when' clause comes first, a comma is required to separate it from the main clause.
Bahasa Indonesia: Konjungsi 'When' memperkenalkan klausa waktu bawahan. Ketika klausa 'when' ditempatkan di awal kalimat, koma harus digunakan untuk memisahkannya dari klausa utama.
When the rain stopped, we went outside.
Ketika hujan berhenti, kami pergi ke luar.
EN: The mention of Shinya Yamanaka doing laundry when he received the Nobel Prize call is a famous anecdote in Japan. It highlights his humility and 'ordinary' lifestyle despite his extraordinary scientific achievements, which resonates with the cultural value of staying grounded (modesty).
EN: The sentence uses 'It' as a preparatory subject (dummy subject) to introduce a 'that-clause' which functions as the real subject. This structure is used to place focus on the adjective 'ironic'.
Bahasa Indonesia: Kalimat ini menggunakan 'It' sebagai subjek pengganti (dummy subject) untuk memperkenalkan klausa nomina yang diawali 'that' (subjek sebenarnya). Struktur ini sering digunakan untuk menekankan komentar atau perasaan pembicara tentang sesuatu (seperti 'ironic' dalam kalimat ini).
It is surprising that he finished the marathon in under three hours.
Sungguh mengejutkan bahwa dia berhasil menyelesaikan maraton dalam tiga jam.
EN: The Past Perfect tense ('had become') is used to describe an action that was completed before another point in the past (the moment it was recognized as ironic).
Bahasa Indonesia: Past Perfect (had + past participle) digunakan untuk menggambarkan tindakan yang telah selesai sebelum titik waktu atau tindakan lain di masa lalu. Dalam kalimat ini, dia 'menjadi ilmuwan' terjadi sebelum penulis 'merasa ironis'.
By the time the movie started, we had already bought our popcorn.
Saat film dimulai, kami sudah membeli popcorn.
EN: Shinya Yamanaka often humbles himself by mentioning his past struggles as a surgeon, where he was nicknamed 'Jyamanaka' (a play on his name meaning 'obstacle' or 'nuisance') because he was not skilled at surgery. This narrative of turning failure into world-class success is highly respected in both Japanese and global scientific culture.
EN: The sentence uses the 'Subject + Linking Verb + Subject Complement' structure. Here, 'a moment of incredible recognition' acts as the complement, providing more information about the subject 'This'.
Bahasa Indonesia: Kalimat ini menggunakan struktur 'Subjek + Kata Kerja Penghubung + Pelengkap Subjek'. Di sini, 'a moment of incredible recognition' berfungsi sebagai pelengkap untuk menjelaskan isi dari subjek 'This'.
That was a period of great transition for the company.
Itu adalah masa transformasi besar bagi perusahaan.
EN: The preposition 'for' is used here to indicate the reason or the object of the recognition, connecting the achievement to the specific work performed.
Bahasa Indonesia: Preposisi 'for' digunakan di sini untuk menunjukkan alasan atau objek dari pengakuan, menghubungkan pencapaian dengan pekerjaan spesifik yang dilakukan.
She received an award for her bravery.
Dia menerima penghargaan karena keberaniannya.
EN: The term 'groundbreaking' is frequently used in scientific and academic contexts to describe research that changes the way people think about a subject or opens up new possibilities, much like Shinya Yamanaka's iPS cell discovery.
EN: The 'to-infinitive' (to + base verb) is used here as an adverbial of purpose to explain 'why' the action is being performed. It answers the question: For what purpose does he run marathons?
Bahasa Indonesia: Infinitif (to + kata kerja dasar) digunakan di sini sebagai keterangan tujuan untuk menjelaskan 'mengapa' tindakan dilakukan. Ini menjawab pertanyaan 'Untuk tujuan apa dia berlari maraton?'
She studies hard to get into a good university.
Dia belajar keras agar bisa diterima di universitas yang bagus.
EN: The conjunction 'and' connects two noun phrases ('money' and 'awareness') that function as the direct objects of the verb 'raise'. This is known as a compound object.
Bahasa Indonesia: Konjungsi 'and' menghubungkan dua frasa nomina ('money' dan 'awareness') yang bersama-sama menjadi objek dari kata kerja 'raise'. Ini disebut objek majemuk.
The charity provides food and shelter for the homeless.
Badan amal itu menyediakan makanan dan tempat tinggal bagi para tunawisma.
EN: In the scientific community, it is increasingly common for high-profile researchers to engage in public activities like marathons to humanize science and attract private funding, as government grants can be highly competitive or limited.
EN: The imperative mood is used to give commands, advice, or encouragement. It is formed by using the base form of the verb without a subject. To make it negative, 'don't' (do not) is added before the verb.
Bahasa Indonesia: Mood imperatif digunakan untuk memberikan perintah, saran, atau dorongan. Strukturnya adalah menggunakan kata kerja dasar secara langsung, tanpa subjek. Untuk membentuk kalimat negatif, tambahkan 'don't' (do not) sebelum kata kerja.
Don't lose hope during difficult times.
Jangan kehilangan harapan di masa-masa sulit.
EN: The conjunction 'even when' is used to emphasize that something remains true or should continue to happen despite a specific condition or circumstance occurring.
Bahasa Indonesia: Konjungsi 'even when' (bahkan ketika) digunakan untuk menekankan bahwa sesuatu tetap benar atau harus terus terjadi meskipun dalam situasi atau kondisi tertentu.
She stays calm even when she is under pressure.
Bahkan di bawah tekanan, dia tetap tenang.
EN: Shinya Yamanaka is known for his humility and persistence. He often uses the metaphor of running a marathon to describe scientific research, emphasizing that long-term dedication is more important than short-term speed. This quote reflects the 'Ganbaru' (perseverance) spirit common in Japanese culture.
EN: The structure 'Subject + is + what...' uses a nominal relative clause (what-clause) as a subject complement to define or emphasize the subject.
Bahasa Indonesia: Struktur 'Subjek + is + what...' menggunakan klausa relatif nominal (klausa what) sebagai pelengkap subjek, untuk mendefinisikan atau menekankan kualitas atau fungsi subjek.
Hard work is what leads to success.
Kerja keras adalah kunci menuju kesuksesan.
EN: The phrasal verb 'drive someone forward' means to motivate or compel someone to progress or continue their efforts.
Bahasa Indonesia: Frasa kata kerja 'drive someone forward' berarti memotivasi atau memaksa seseorang untuk maju atau terus berusaha.
Her ambition drives her forward even in difficult times.
Bahkan di masa-masa sulit, ambisinya terus mendorongnya maju.
EN: The sentence reflects the value of 'persistence' (shitsunen or gambaru in Japanese context), which is highly regarded in scientific research and Japanese culture, emphasizing that success comes from not giving up.
EN: The verb 'continue' can be followed by a gerund (V-ing) to describe an ongoing action or a state that persists over time without interruption.
Bahasa Indonesia: Kata kerja 'continue' dapat diikuti oleh gerund (V-ing) untuk menggambarkan tindakan atau keadaan yang sedang berlangsung dan tidak terputus.
She continues practicing the piano every evening.
Dia terus berlatih piano setiap sore.
EN: The phrasal verb 'turn A into B' means to transform or change something from one state or form into another.
Bahasa Indonesia: Frasa 'turn A into B' berarti 'mengubah A menjadi B', digunakan untuk menggambarkan perubahan sesuatu dari satu keadaan atau bentuk ke keadaan lain.
The magician turned the piece of paper into a flower.
Pesulap mengubah kertas itu menjadi bunga.
EN: The mention of 'iPS cells' refers to a major milestone in Japanese scientific history. Shinya Yamanaka's work is a source of great national pride in Japan, representing the country's leading role in regenerative medicine.
Kosakata utama dengan pengucapan IPA, definisi, contoh kalimat, dan kuis interaktif.
Dalam konteks: Memprogram ulang atau mengubah fungsi dan karakteristik sel.
Dalam konteks: Kemajuan besar atau penemuan yang bersifat terobosan.
Dalam konteks: Embrio
Dalam konteks: Berkaitan dengan etika, moral
Dalam konteks: (Dalam medis) reaksi penolakan
Dalam konteks: Mengubah secara total, memberikan dampak revolusioner
Dalam konteks: Ironis, tidak terduga
Dalam konteks: Pengakuan, penghargaan
Dalam konteks: Terobosan, inovatif
Dalam konteks: Ketekunan, kegigihan
Dalam konteks: Tanpa lelah, dengan tekun
Frasa dengan label jenis, definisi dwibahasa, catatan penggunaan, dan contoh kalimat.
To stop making an effort; to quit.
menyerah
To collect money for a particular purpose, especially for charity.
mengumpulkan uang/dana
To motivate or push someone to make progress or succeed.
mendorong seseorang maju, memotivasi
Related to or connected with the utilization of something.
seputar penggunaan...
To change the genetic instructions of a cell so that it functions as a different type of cell.
memprogram ulang (sel)
Undifferentiated cells capable of giving rise to indefinitely more cells of the same type, or from which certain other kinds of cells arise by differentiation.
sel punca
Artificially caused or stimulated in a laboratory environment rather than occurring naturally.
induksi
An immune system response where the body attacks a transplanted organ or tissue as if it were a foreign threat.
penolakan (imun)