EN： The present participle phrase 'amounting to...' is used as an adjective clause reduction (which amounts to...) to modify the noun 'environmental damage'. It expresses a total that reaches a specific figure.
中文： 現在分詞短語「amounting to...」用作形容詞子句的簡化（原為 which amounts to...），用以修飾名詞「environmental damage」（環境破壞）。此結構用於表示總額達到某個特定數字。
The unpaid taxes, amounting to millions of dollars, were never recovered.
高達數百萬美元的未繳稅款從未被追回。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'according to' is used to introduce the source of information or opinion, establishing credibility. It is commonly placed at the beginning or the end of a sentence in journalistic writing.
中文： 介系詞短語「according to」（根據）用於引出信息或觀點的來源，以建立公信力。在新聞寫作中，它通常置於句首或句尾。
According to the latest weather forecast, a typhoon is approaching.
根據最新的天氣預報，颱風正在逼近。
EN： The noun phrase 'ten percent' functions as the head of the subject. When followed by 'of the global population' (a singular collective noun), the verb 'generates' agrees in the singular form.
中文： 名詞短語「ten percent」（百分之十）作為主詞的核心。當後面接「of the global population」（單數集合名詞）時，動詞「generates」需使用單數形式以達成主動詞一致性。
Only ten percent of the energy is converted into light.
只有百分之十的能量被轉化為光。
EN： The term 'landmark study' is frequently used in academic and journalistic contexts to refer to a research paper that significantly alters the understanding of a particular field or provides groundbreaking data. In environmental discourse, quantifying ecological damage in monetary terms (like trillions of dollars) is a modern strategy to make the abstract concept of climate change tangible to policymakers and the general public.
中文： 「landmark study」（里程碑式的研究）常用於學術和新聞語境中，指代顯著改變某一領域認知或提供突破性數據的研究報告。在環境議題的討論中，將生態破壞以貨幣形式（如數兆美元）進行量化，是近年來的一種重要策略，旨在讓決策者和公眾更具體地感受氣候變遷的嚴重性。
EN： The sentence begins with a past participle phrase ('Published by...'), which functions as an adjective modifying the main subject ('the findings'). This is a reduced relative clause, shortened from 'Which were published by...'. It is a common feature of formal and academic writing to pack information efficiently at the beginning of a sentence.
中文： 句子開頭使用過去分詞片語（'Published by...'）作為形容詞修飾主詞（'the findings'）。這是關係子句的簡化，由 'Which were published by...' 縮減而來。在正式與學術寫作中，這種結構常用於在句首高效地補充背景資訊。
Written by a team of environmental scientists, the report details the devastating effects of global warming.
這份由環境科學家團隊撰寫的報告，詳細闡述了全球暖化帶來的毀滅性影響。
EN： The verb 'underscore' is followed by a noun clause starting with the question word 'how' ('how consumption patterns... have reached...'). This noun clause functions as the direct object of the verb, explaining the specific content or mechanism of what is being highlighted.
中文： 動詞 'underscore'（凸顯）後面接了一個由疑問詞 'how' 引導的名詞子句（'how consumption patterns... have reached...'）。此名詞子句作為該動詞的直接受詞，用以解釋被強調的具體內容或機制。
The presentation demonstrated how renewable energy solutions can reduce operational costs.
該簡報展示了再生能源解決方案如何能降低營運成本。
EN： The present perfect tense ('have reached') is used here to describe an action or state that began in the past and has continuing relevance or has reached a cumulative peak in the present, emphasized by the adjective 'unprecedented'.
中文： 此處使用現在完成式（'have reached'）來描述一個始於過去、並持續影響至今，或在目前達到累積高峰的動作或狀態，並透過形容詞 'unprecedented'（前所未有的）加以強調。
Global temperatures have reached record highs over the past decade.
在過去十年間，全球氣溫已達到歷史新高。
EN： The mention of the 'University of Oxford' and the 'University of Leiden' lends high academic credibility to the findings. In Western academic contexts, collaborative research between prestigious institutions across different nations (the UK and the Netherlands) is highly valued and often indicates a study of significant global scale and rigorous peer review.
中文： 提及「牛津大學」與「萊頓大學」為這些研究發現賦予了極高的學術公信力。在西方學術界，跨國（英國與荷蘭）頂尖機構之間的合作研究備受重視，通常意味著該研究具有重大的全球規模並經過了嚴格的同行評審。
EN： The preposition 'except' is used to introduce the only thing or person that a statement does not apply to. It can be followed by nouns, pronouns, or prepositional phrases. In formal contexts, 'except for' is also common, but 'except' is preferred when following words like 'every', 'all', 'no', or 'any'.
中文： 介係詞「except」用於引入陳述中唯一不適用的事物或人。其後可接名詞、代名詞或介係詞片語。在正式語境中，「except for」也很常見，但在緊跟「every」、「all」、「no」或「any」等詞之後時，通常更偏好使用「except」。
The museum is open every day except Monday.
這間博物館除了星期一以外，每天都開放。
EN： The verb 'surpass' is a transitive verb meaning to exceed, be greater than, or go beyond a limit, standard, or amount. It is highly appropriate for formal, academic, or economic registers to describe quantitative or qualitative superiority.
中文： 動詞「surpass」是一個及物動詞，意為超越、多於或超出某個限制、標準或數量。在正式、學術或經濟語境中，非常適合用來描述數量或品質上的超越。
The company's annual revenue is expected to surpass last year's record.
該公司的年收入預計將超越去年的紀錄。
EN： The sentence highlights the massive economic scale of the United States and China, which are currently the world's two largest economies by nominal GDP. By stating that the environmental cost of the top 10% of global consumers surpasses the GDP of all other nations combined except these two, the text underscores the staggering magnitude of human-driven ecological damage in comparison to global economic output.
中文： 此句子凸顯了美國和中國龐大的經濟規模，這兩國目前是全球名義國內生產總值（GDP）最大的兩個經濟體。文中指出，全球前10%富裕消費者的環境成本超越了除這兩國外所有國家的GDP，這強調了與全球經濟產出相比，人類活動所造成的生態破壞規模是多麼令人震驚。
EN： The adverb 'disproportionately' is used to describe a situation where something is out of proportion, either too large or too small, in relation to something else. It is commonly used in academic and journalistic registers to highlight inequality or imbalance.
中文： 副詞「disproportionately」（不成比例地）用於描述某事物與他物相比顯得極不均衡、過多或過少的情況。常用於學術與新聞語體中，以強調不平等或失衡現象。
Low-income families are disproportionately affected by the rising cost of energy.
低收入家庭受到能源價格上漲的不成比例的嚴重影響。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'with + noun + -ing participle' (with more than half... falling into...) functions as an adverbial adjunct of attendant circumstance or result. It provides additional, supporting information that explains or expands on the main clause.
中文： 介係詞結構「with + 名詞 + 現在分詞」（with more than half... falling into...）在此作伴隨狀況或結果的狀語。它提供了補充、支持性的資訊，用以解釋或延伸說明主句的內容。
The company expanded its market share, with profits rising by twenty percent this quarter.
該公司擴大了市場份額，本季利潤隨之增長了百分之二十。
EN： The phrasal verb 'fall into' is used here in a figurative sense meaning 'to be classified as' or 'to belong to' a particular category or group.
中文： 片語動詞「fall into」在此處為比喻用法，意為「被歸類為」或「屬於」某個特定的類別或群體。
Most of the budget expenditures fall into the category of administrative costs.
大部分的預算支出都屬於行政成本這一類別。
EN： The term 'global north' is a socio-economic and political categorization rather than a strictly geographical one. It refers to developed, high-income countries, predominantly located in North America and Europe, which are historically responsible for a larger share of global resource consumption and environmental degradation compared to the 'global south'.
中文： 「global north」（北半球/全球北方）是一個社會經濟與政治概念，而非單純的地理劃分。它指的是已開發、高收入的國家（主要分布在北美和歐洲）。在歷史上，相比於「global south」（全球南方），這些國家消耗了更大份額的全球資源，也造成了更嚴重的環境破壞。
EN： The verb 'qualify as' is used to state that someone or something has the necessary features to be described as a particular thing. It is often followed by a noun phrase representing a category or status.
中文： 動詞片語「qualify as」用於說明某人或某事物具備被描述為特定事物所需的特徵或條件。其後通常接表示類別或身分的名詞片語，意為「符合…的資格/被歸類為…」。
She qualifies as an expert in the field of renewable energy after ten years of research.
經過十年的研究，她符合了成為再生能源領域專家的資格。
EN： When expressing percentages of a collective noun like 'population', the verb agreement depends on the noun that follows 'of'. Since 'population' is a singular collective noun representing a singular entity here, the verb 'qualifies' takes the singular form.
中文： 當表示「population（人口）」等集合名詞的百分比時，動詞的單複數一致性取決於「of」後面的名詞。在此處，「population」被視為一個單數整體，因此動詞「qualifies」使用單數形式。
Approximately thirty percent of the local population has received the first dose of the vaccine.
當地大約有百分之三十的人口已接種第一劑疫苗。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'In the European Union' is placed at the beginning of the sentence as an introductory adverbial of place, which sets the geographical scope of the statement and is followed by a comma.
中文： 介係詞片語「In the European Union（在歐盟）」置於句首，作為引導性的地方副詞片語，用以設定該陳述的地理範圍，其後通常加上逗號與主句隔開。
In the United States, public transportation is less common in suburban areas.
在美國，公共運輸在郊區較不普遍。
EN： The term 'European Union' (EU) refers to a political and economic union of 27 member states located primarily in Europe. In global environmental discussions, the EU is often analyzed as a single bloc due to its unified environmental regulations and high average standards of living, which contribute to significant consumption footprints compared to developing regions.
中文： 「European Union」（歐盟）是指主要位於歐洲的27個成員國組成的政治和經濟聯盟。在全球環境議題的討論中，歐盟因其統一的環境法規和高平均生活水準，常被視為一個單一整體來進行分析，其消費足跡與發展中地區相比顯得相當龐大。
EN： The past participle phrase 'involved in the study' acts as an adjective modifying the noun 'researcher'. This is a reduced relative clause, shortened from 'who was involved in the study'.
中文： 過去分詞短語「involved in the study」作為形容詞修飾名詞「researcher」（研究人員）。這是一個簡化的關係子句，由「who was involved in the study」縮減而來。
The experts involved in the project recommended immediate action.
參與該專案的專家建議立即採取行動。
EN： The structure 'describe A as B' is used to characterize someone or something. 'As' is a preposition followed by a noun phrase or, as in this case, an adjective ('utterly extraordinary') acting as a complement.
中文： 結構「describe A as B」用於描述或定性某人或某事。「as」是介係詞，後接名詞短語，或如本句中接形容詞（utterly extraordinary）作為補語。
The critic described the performance as absolutely flawless.
評論家將這場演出形容為絕對完美無瑕。
EN： The present participle 'emphasizing' introduces a participle clause expressing a simultaneous action or a natural result of the main clause. The subject of 'emphasizing' is the same as the main clause ('One researcher').
中文： 現在分詞「emphasizing」引導分詞短語，表示與主句同時發生的動作或主句的自然結果。「emphasizing」的邏輯主詞與主句主詞（One researcher）相同。
The CEO delivered a speech, highlighting the company's commitment to sustainability.
執行長發表了演講，強調公司對永續發展的承諾。
EN： The verb 'identify' is commonly used in academic and formal contexts with the structure 'identify A as B' to classify or define something as having a specific identity or role.
中文： 動詞「identify」在學術與正式語境中常用於「identify A as B」（將 A 認定/歸類為 B）的結構，用以將某事物分類或定義為具有特定身份或角色。
The committee identified renewable energy as the top priority for the new development plan.
委員會將再生能源認定為新發展計劃的首要任務。
EN： The use of 'the two most + adjective + plural noun' is a superlative structure used to highlight a specific, limited number of items (in this case, two) that possess the highest degree of a quality within a group.
中文： 使用「the two most + 形容詞 + 複數名詞」是一種最高級結構，用於強調在某個群體中，擁有最高程度某種特質的特定且有限數量（此處為兩個）的項目。
They selected the two most promising candidates for the final interview.
他們篩選出兩位最具有潛力的候選人進行最終面試。
EN： The verb 'emerge as' is used to describe how something becomes known, recognized, or develops into a particular position or role over time. It is more formal and dynamic than simply using 'become'.
中文： 動詞片語「emerge as」（顯露、呈現為）用於描述某事物隨著時間推移，逐漸被眾人所知、認可或發展成某種特定角色或地位。這比單純使用「become」更具正式感與動態感。
Renewable energy has emerged as a viable alternative to fossil fuels.
再生能源已成為替代化石燃料的可行選擇。
EN： The noun phrase 'primary driver' is a formal academic and journalistic collocation used to identify the main cause or force behind a trend, event, or phenomenon.
中文： 名詞片語「primary driver」（主要驅動力、主因）是正式學術與新聞英文中的常見搭配詞，用來指出某種趨勢、事件或現象背後最核心的起因或推動力。
Technological innovation is the primary driver of economic growth in the modern era.
科技創新是現代經濟增長的主要驅動力。
EN： The post-modifier 'worldwide' is an adverb used here as an adjective equivalent modifying the noun phrase 'deforestation and biodiversity loss', meaning 'happening or existing in all parts of the world'.
中文： 後置修飾詞「worldwide」（全世界地、全球性地）在此處作形容詞功能，修飾前面的名詞片語「deforestation and biodiversity loss」，表示該現象在世界各地皆有發生。
The campaign received widespread support from environmentalists worldwide.
這項運動獲得了全球環保人士的廣泛支持。
EN： In recent years, the environmental impact of diet, particularly red meat consumption, has become a major topic of discussion in Western countries. This has led to a significant rise in 'flexitarianism' (semi-vegetarianism) and the popularity of plant-based meat alternatives in supermarkets and restaurants across the global north.
中文： 近年來，飲食（特別是紅肉消費）對環境的影響已成為西方國家的熱門討論話題。這導致了「彈性素食主義」（半素食）的顯著興起，以及植物肉替代品在全球北方國家的超市和餐廳中日益普及。
EN： The present participle 'encompassing' is used here to introduce a non-defining participial clause that functions as an adjective, providing extra information about the subject 'Energy expenditure'. It is equivalent to 'which encompasses'.
中文： 現在分詞「encompassing」在此處用於引導非限制性分詞子句，起形容詞作用，為修飾主詞「Energy expenditure」（能源支出）提供額外資訊。這相當於「which encompasses」。
The new policy, affecting all employees, will be implemented next month.
這項影響所有員工的新政策將於下個月實施。
EN： The verb 'constitute' is a formal verb meaning 'to be the parts that together form something' or 'to be equivalent to'. In academic and formal writing, it is often preferred over 'make up' or 'be'.
中文： 動詞「constitute」是一個正式動詞，意思是「構成、組成」或「等同於」。在學術和正式寫作中，它通常比「make up」或「be」更受青睞。
Twelve people constitute a jury in this country.
在該國，十二個人組成一個陪審團。
EN： Parallel structure in lists: When listing multiple items, they should share the same grammatical form. Here, 'aviation' (noun), 'residential heating and cooling' (noun phrase with gerunds), and 'the burning of fossil fuels' (noun phrase with gerund) are all grammatically parallel as noun entities.
中文： 列表中的平行結構：當列出多個項目時，它們應該共享相同的語法形式。在此處，「aviation」（名詞）、「residential heating and cooling」（包含動名詞的名詞片語）以及「the burning of fossil fuels」（包含動名詞的名詞片語）在語法上皆作為名詞實體平行並列。
The course covers academic writing, critical thinking, and presenting research.
該課程涵蓋學術寫作、批判性思維和發表研究。
EN： Inverted conditional structure (subjunctive mood) without 'if'. When 'if' is omitted in conditional clauses containing 'were', 'had', or 'should', the auxiliary verb is placed before the subject.
中文： 省略 'if' 的倒裝條件句（虛擬語氣）。當條件子句中含有 'were'、'had' 或 'should' 時，可將 'if' 省略，並將助動詞移至主詞前面。
Were he to accept the job offer, he would have to relocate to Germany.
倘若他接受這份工作機會，他就必須搬遷到德國。
EN： The use of 'unchecked' as a post-positive modifier or object complement. Here, 'to persist unchecked' means to continue without being stopped or regulated.
中文： 「unchecked」作為後置修飾語或補語的用法。在此處「to persist unchecked」表示持續發生且未受到任何阻止或管制（不加控制地持續）。
The disease was allowed to spread unchecked throughout the region.
該疾病被任由在整個地區不受控制地傳播。
EN： Interrupter clause (parenthetical insertion). 'The researchers cautioned' is inserted into the middle of the main conditional sentence to attribute the statement, which is a common journalistic style.
中文： 插入句（括號式插入）。「the researchers cautioned」（研究人員警告）被插入在主要條件句的中間以說明言論來源，這是新聞報導中常見的寫作風格。
The new policy, the director announced, will take effect next month.
主管宣布，新政策將於下個月生效。
EN： The passive construction 'be derived from' is used to indicate the origin or source of something, often abstract concepts, data, or words. It emphasizes the source rather than the agent performing the derivation.
中文： 被動結構「be derived from」（源自於／根據……得出）用於表示某事物的起源或來源，通常用於抽象概念、數據或詞彙。它強調的是來源，而非執行推導的主體。
The word 'biodiversity' is derived from Greek and Latin roots.
「生物多樣性」這個詞源自於希臘語和拉丁語的字根。
EN： Parallel noun phrases are used to list multiple items of equal grammatical rank. In this sentence, 'climate disruption, biodiversity loss, nutrient pollution, and freshwater depletion' are four parallel noun-noun/adjective-noun compounds acting as the objects of the preposition 'of'.
中文： 平行名詞片語用於列出語法地位相同的多個項目。在本句中，「climate disruption」（氣候破壞）、「biodiversity loss」（生物多樣性流失）、「nutrient pollution」（營養鹽污染）和「freshwater depletion」（淡水枯竭）是四個平行的名詞-名詞/形容詞-名詞複合結構，共同作為介係詞「of」的受詞。
The report highlights the dangers of soil erosion, air pollution, and habitat destruction.
該報告強調了土壤流失、空氣污染和棲地破壞的危險。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'on an individual basis' is used to specify the perspective or unit of measurement being discussed, meaning 'when considered individually' or 'per person'. It is a formal alternative to 'individually' or 'per capita'.
中文： 介系詞片語「on an individual basis」用於說明討論的視角或計量單位，意為「以個人為單位」或「就個人而言」。這是「individually」或「per capita」較為正式的替代說法。
The employees will be evaluated on an individual basis rather than as a team.
員工將接受個人導向的評估，而非以團隊為單位進行評估。
EN： The verb 'range' is used with the prepositional phrase 'from A to B' to express the limits of variation in amount, number, or degree. In this sentence, it indicates the fluctuating or estimated scale of the environmental cost.
中文： 動詞「range」與介系詞片語「from A to B」連用，用以表示數量、數字或程度的變動範圍。在本句中，它指出環境成本的波動或估算區間。
The price of organic vegetables can range from three to eight dollars per kilogram.
有機蔬菜的價格每公斤可能落在三到八美元之間。
EN： The complex noun phrase 'the average annual environmental damage bill for someone in the global top ten percent' functions as the subject. It features multiple pre-modifiers ('average', 'annual', 'environmental damage') and a post-modifying prepositional phrase ('for someone in the global top ten percent') that narrows down the specific group.
中文： 複合名詞片語「the average annual environmental damage bill for someone in the global top ten percent」作為主詞。它包含多個前置修飾詞（average、annual、environmental damage）以及一個後置修飾的介系詞片語（for someone in the global top ten percent），用以限定特定的群體。
The average monthly electricity bill for a household in this city has increased significantly.
這個城市裡一般家庭的平均每月電費已大幅增加。
EN： The sentence discusses environmental damage in terms of monetary value ('damage bill'). This reflects a growing trend in environmental economics to quantify ecological footprints and climate impacts in financial terms, making the abstract concept of environmental degradation more tangible to policymakers and the general public.
中文： 本句將環境破壞以貨幣價值（「環境破壞帳單」）來衡量。這反映了環境經濟學中日益盛行的趨勢，即以貨幣形式量化生態足跡和氣候影響，從而使決策者和一般大眾更能具體感受環境退化這一抽象概念。
EN： The phrase 'those residing in...' uses a present participle ('residing') as an adjective phrase modifying the pronoun 'those'. This is a reduced relative clause, shortened from 'those who reside in...'. It is commonly used in formal and written English to describe a specific group of people.
中文： 「those residing in...」結構中，現在分詞（residing）引導的形容詞片語修飾代名詞「those」。這是關係子句的簡化結構，原為「those who reside in...」。在正式與書面英語中，常用此結構來描述特定人群。
The policy applies only to those residing in the European Union.
該政策僅適用於居住在歐盟的人。
EN： The verb 'soared' is used to describe a rapid and dramatic increase. It is a highly descriptive verb often used in financial, economic, or statistical contexts to emphasize a sharp upward trend, rather than using a simple verb like 'increased'.
中文： 動詞「soared」（飆升）用於描述迅速且劇烈的增長。在財經、經濟或數據統計語境中，這是一個極具描繪力的動詞，用以強調急遽上升的趨勢，比單純使用「increased」更具表現力。
Temperatures soared to record heights during the summer months.
夏季期間，氣溫飆升至歷史新高。
EN： The adverb 'however' is used as a parenthetical insertion (set off by commas) to introduce a contrast. Placing 'however' after the initial prepositional phrase ('For those..., however, ...') creates a smoother, more sophisticated transition in formal writing compared to placing it at the very beginning of the sentence.
中文： 副詞「however」在此作為插入語（用逗號隔開）以引入對比。將「however」置於句首介系詞片語之後（即「For those..., however, ...」），與直接放在句首相比，能使正式寫作中的過渡顯得更流暢、更典雅。
For small businesses, however, the new tax regulation poses a significant challenge.
然而，對於小企業來說，新的稅收規定帶來了重大的挑戰。
EN： The sentence highlights the vast disparity in environmental impact between average global citizens and wealthy individuals in developed nations like the United States. In environmental economics, this reflects the concept of the 'ecological footprint' and 'carbon inequality,' where consumption-driven environmental damage is disproportionately caused by high-income populations in the Global North.
中文： 此句子突顯了全球一般公民與美國等發達國家富裕階層在環境影響上的巨大差異。在環境經濟學中，這反映了「生態足跡」與「碳不平等」的概念，即消費驅動的環境破壞，絕大部分是由全球北方（Global North）的高收入群體所造成的。
EN： When a negative correlative conjunction like 'Not only' begins a sentence, subject-auxiliary inversion is required in the first clause. The auxiliary verb (do/does/did) is placed before the subject.
中文： 當「Not only」（不僅）等否定關聯連接詞置於句首時，第一個子句必須進行主詞與助動詞倒裝。助動詞（do/does/did）需置於主詞之前。
Not only did she complete the project ahead of schedule, but she also stayed within the budget.
她不僅提前完成了專案，而且還把預算控制在範圍之內。
EN： The correlative structure 'Not only... but (also)... as well' is used to connect and emphasize two coordinated clauses. 'As well' can be used at the end of the second clause as an alternative to 'also' after 'but'.
中文： 關聯結構「Not only... but (also)... as well」用於連接並強調兩個對等的子句。句尾的「as well」可作為「but」後面「also」的替代方案，用以表示「也」。
Not only does the new policy reduce carbon emissions, but it stimulates green technology investment as well.
這項新政策不僅減少了碳排放，同時也刺激了綠色技術的投資。
EN： The idiom 'close the gap' means to reduce the difference or disparity between two groups, levels, or standards.
中文： 片語「close the gap」意為「縮小差距」，指減少兩個群體、水平或標準之間的差異。
The government is implementing new educational reforms to close the gap between public and private schools.
政府正在實施新的教育改革，以縮小公立與私立學校之間的差距。
EN： The sentence reflects a central debate in global climate politics: 'Common but Differentiated Responsibilities' (CBDR). Historically, wealthy nations (the Global North) have contributed the most to cumulative greenhouse gas emissions, but rapidly developing emerging economies (like China and India) are now also major contributors to current emissions, leading to complex negotiations on who should pay for climate mitigation.
中文： 這句話反映了全球氣候政治的核心爭議：「共同但有區別的責任」（CBDR）。從歷史上看，富裕國家（全球北方）對累積溫室氣體排放的貢獻最大，但快速發展的新興經濟體（如中國和印度）目前也是當前排放的主要貢獻者，這導致了關於誰應該為緩解氣候變遷買單的複雜談判。
EN： The use of 'that of' is a crucial grammatical device used to avoid repetition of a singular noun (in this case, 'the average environmental cost') when comparing two similar things. If the noun being compared were plural, 'those of' would be used instead.
中文： 使用「that of」是避免重複單數名詞（在此句中指「平均環境成本」）的重要語法手段，常用於比較兩個相似的事物。如果被比較的對象是複數名詞，則會使用「those of」。
The GDP of Japan is currently smaller than that of the United States.
日本的國內生產總值目前小於美國的國內生產總值。
EN： The past participle phrase 'attributed to...' acts as a reduced relative clause (which is/has been attributed to...) modifying the noun phrase 'the average environmental cost'. It functions as an adjective to specify the source or cause of the cost.
中文： 過去分詞短語「attributed to...」（歸因於……）在此作為省略了關係代名詞和動詞的關係子句（which is/has been attributed to...），修飾名詞短語「the average environmental cost」（平均環境成本），起形容詞作用以說明該成本的來源或成因。
The drop in sales attributed to the recent economic downturn has worried investors.
歸因於近期經濟衰退的銷售額下滑已引起投資者的擔憂。
EN： The adverb 'Notably' is used as a sentence modifier (or disjunct) at the very beginning of the sentence. It signals to the reader that the information following is particularly striking, important, or worthy of attention.
中文： 副詞「Notably」（值得注意的是）在句首用作整句修飾語（或稱評註性副詞）。它向讀者發出信號，表明接下來的信息特別引人注目、重要或值得關注。
Notably, none of the board members opposed the new environmental policy.
值得注意的是，沒有一位董事會成員反對這項新的環保政策。
EN： This sentence reflects a major shift in global environmental economics. Historically, Western developed nations (like Germany) were the primary drivers of high-consumption environmental damage. However, the rapid economic rise of emerging economies, particularly China, has created a massive new class of high-consuming individuals whose environmental footprint now rivals or exceeds that of their counterparts in traditional wealthy nations.
中文： 這句話反映了全球環境經濟學的重大轉變。歷史上，西方發達國家（如德國）是高消費環境破壞的主要驅動力。然而，新興經濟體（特別是中國）的快速經濟崛起，創造了一個龐大的高消費新群體，其環境足跡現在已與傳統富裕國家的同行不相上下，甚至有所超越。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 強調、突出（其重要性或真實性）
在本文中： 史無前例的、空前的
在本文中： 不成比例地、不均衡地
在本文中： 使相形見絀、超越、凌駕
在本文中： 生物多樣性
在本文中： 包含、包括（多種事物）
在本文中： 構成、組成
在本文中： 持續、繼續存在（尤指棘手或不好的情況）
在本文中： 累積的、漸增的
在本文中： 不可逆轉的、無法挽回的
在本文中： 消耗、枯竭
在本文中： 急劇上升、猛增
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
A term used to refer to wealthier, highly developed countries, typically located in North America, Europe, and parts of Asia and Oceania.
北方世界、已開發國家群
Natural fuels such as coal or gas, formed in the geological past from the remains of living organisms.
化石燃料
To continue to exist or develop without any control, restraint, or prevention.
任其發展、未受控制地持續下去
Nations' economies that are progressing toward becoming advanced, characterized by rapid growth and industrialization.
新興經濟體