EN： The phrasal verb 'scale up' means to increase something in size, amount, or production level, especially in a business or industrial context. It is often used in technical and economic discussions regarding growth.
中文： 動詞片語「scale up」意指增加某事物的規模、數量或生產水準，特別是在商業或工業背景下。常用於討論成長的技術性或經濟性對話中。
The startup needs to scale up its operations to meet the growing demand.
這家新創公司需要擴大營運規模以滿足日益增長的需求。
EN： The use of 'Unprecedented' as an adjective describes something that has never happened or existed in the past. In news reporting, it emphasizes the extreme or historical nature of a situation.
中文： 形容詞「Unprecedented」描述過去從未發生或存在過的事物。在新聞報導中，它強調了某種情況的極端性或歷史性（前所未有的）。
The city is facing an unprecedented water shortage this summer.
今年夏天，這座城市正面臨前所未有的缺水危機。
EN： The structure 'Study Warns' at the end of a headline is a common journalistic convention. It attributes the preceding statement to a source without using 'that' or a formal introductory clause.
中文： 標題末尾的「Study Warns」結構是常見的新聞寫作慣例。它將前面的陳述歸功於某個來源，而不需要使用「that」或正式的引導子句。
Global temperatures are rising faster than expected, experts say.
專家表示，全球氣溫上升的速度比預期快。
EN： The '1.5C Target' refers to the goal established by the Paris Agreement to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. This is a central theme in international climate policy and environmental science.
中文： 「1.5°C 目標」是指《巴黎協定》所確立的目標，旨在將全球升溫限制在比工業化前水準高出 1.5 攝氏度以內。這是國際氣候政策和環境科學的核心議題。
EN： The present perfect tense ('has concluded') is used here to report a recent finding or event that has current relevance, common in news reporting to introduce the main point of a study.
中文： 現在完成式（has concluded）在此用於報導具有現時相關性的近期發現或事件，這在新聞報導中常用於引出研究的主要觀點。
The committee has concluded that further investigation is necessary.
委員會已得出結論，認為有必要進行進一步調查。
EN： The present participle 'exceeding' functions as a reduced relative clause (which exceed), modifying the noun 'rates'. It describes a characteristic or state of the rates mentioned.
中文： 現在分詞「exceeding」在此充當簡略關係子句（which exceed），修飾名詞「rates」。它描述了所提及之速率的特徵或狀態。
The company reported profits exceeding ten million dollars.
該公司報告了超過一千萬美元的利潤。
EN： The use of 'even' as an intensive adverb emphasizes that the expansion must surpass something that is already considered very fast (the rapid deployment of solar energy).
中文： 「even」作為強化副詞的使用，強調了擴張必須超越某種已經被認為非常快速的事物（太陽能技術的快速部署）。
He didn't even say goodbye before leaving.
他離開前甚至沒有說再見。
EN： The term 'landmark report' is frequently used in academic and journalistic contexts to describe a study that significantly changes the understanding of a field or provides a definitive baseline for future research.
中文： 「landmark report」（里程碑意義的報告）一詞常用於學術和新聞語境，描述一項顯著改變該領域理解或為未來研究提供決定性基準的研究。
EN： The sentence uses an inverted conditional structure ('Were the world to have...') instead of 'If the world were to have...'. This is a formal way to express a hypothetical or unlikely situation in the future (Second Conditional variation).
中文： 本句使用了倒裝條件句結構（'Were the world to have...'），取代了 'If the world were to have...'。這是一種正式用法，用來表達對未來假設性或可能性較低的情況（第二類型條件句的變體）。
Were the company to fail in its mission, thousands of jobs would be at risk.
若該公司未能完成其使命，數千個工作崗位將面臨風險。
EN： The phrase 'what researchers have described as' uses a nominal relative clause starting with 'what'. Here, 'what' acts as the object of the verb 'described' and the entire clause functions as the object of the verb 'achieve'.
中文： 短語 'what researchers have described as' 使用了以 'what' 開頭的名詞性關係子句。在這裡，'what' 作為動詞 'described' 的受詞，而整個子句則作為動詞 'achieve' 的受詞。
The team achieved what many thought was impossible.
該團隊實現了許多人認為不可能的事情。
EN： The use of 'would need to' indicates a conditional necessity. It suggests that the requirement (achieving growth) is dependent on the hypothetical condition (having a realistic prospect) mentioned in the first clause.
中文： 使用 'would need to' 表示條件性的必要。這暗示了該要求（實現增長）取決於第一小句中提到的假設性條件（具有現實前景）。
If we moved to a larger office, we would need to hire more staff.
如果我們搬到更大的辦公室，我們將需要雇用更多員工。
EN： The mention of '1.5C' refers to the goal set by the Paris Agreement to limit global temperature rise. This context is central to international climate policy and scientific discourse.
中文： 提到 '1.5°C' 是指《巴黎協定》設定的限制全球氣溫上升的目標。這一背景是國際氣候政策和科學論述的核心。
EN： The phrase 'capable of' functions as an adjective phrase modifying the noun 'machines'. It is a reduced relative clause, equivalent to 'machines which are capable of'.
中文： 短語「capable of」作為形容詞短語修飾名詞「machines」。這是一個簡化的關係子句，等同於「machines which are capable of」。
The company is looking for engineers capable of designing sustainable infrastructure.
這間公司正在尋找能夠設計永續基礎設施的工程師。
EN： The verb 'constitute' is used in formal contexts to mean 'to be the parts that form something'. It is often used when discussing statistics or components of a whole.
中文： 動詞「constitute」用於正式語境，意為「構成、組成」。在討論統計數據或整體組成部分時經常使用。
Small businesses constitute the backbone of the national economy.
小型企業構成了國家經濟的支柱。
EN： The past participle 'removed' acts as a passive adjective modifying 'CO2', implying 'CO2 that is removed'.
中文： 過去分詞「removed」作為被動形容詞修飾「二氧化碳」，暗示「被移除的二氧化碳」。
The amount of waste removed from the ocean has increased significantly.
從海洋中清除的垃圾量已顯著增加。
EN： The phrase 'The overwhelming majority of' is a powerful quantifier used to emphasize that a very large proportion (usually over 90%) of a group is being discussed. It is more formal and emphatic than 'most'.
中文： 短語「The overwhelming majority of」是一個強大的量詞，用於強調某個群體中極大的比例（通常超過 90%）。它比「most」更正式且更具強調語氣。
The overwhelming majority of shareholders voted in favor of the merger.
絕大多數股東投票贊成這項合併案。
EN： The word 'notably' is an adverb used to introduce a specific, important example that illustrates a previous general statement. It functions similarly to 'especially' or 'in particular'.
中文： 「notably」是一個副詞，用於引入一個具體且重要的例子，以說明之前的概括性陳述。其功能類似於「especially」或「in particular」。
The company has faced many challenges, notably the rising cost of raw materials.
該公司面臨許多挑戰，特別是原物料成本的上升。
EN： The non-restrictive relative clause starting with 'which' provides additional information about the preceding noun phrase ('land-based interventions, notably reforestation'). Because it is non-essential to the sentence's core identity, it is set off by a comma.
中文： 以「which」引導的非限定關係子句為前面的名詞短語（陸基干預措施，特別是重新造林）提供額外資訊。由於這對句子的核心身份並非必要，因此用逗號隔開。
He decided to invest in solar panels, which have become much cheaper recently.
他決定投資太陽能板，而太陽能板最近變得便宜許多。
EN： The sentence touches on a key debate in environmental science: the limits of 'nature-based solutions' (like reforestation) versus 'technological solutions' (like carbon capture). The term 'spatial constraints' refers to the fact that there is limited land available on Earth to plant enough trees to offset all human emissions without competing with food production.
中文： 這句話觸及了環境科學中的一個關鍵辯論：「自然解決方案」（如重新造林）與「技術解決方案」（如碳捕捉）的局限性。「空間限制」一詞是指地球上可用於植樹的土地有限，若要種植足夠的樹木來抵消人類排放，可能會與糧食生產產生競爭。
EN： The verb 'prove' is used here as a linking verb (copula), meaning 'to turn out to be' or 'to be found to be'. It is often followed by an adjective (critical) to describe a future state or result.
中文： 動詞「prove」在此作為連綴動詞使用，意為「證明是」或「結果顯示為」。它通常後接形容詞（如本句中的 critical），用以描述未來的狀態或結果。
The new strategy proved effective in increasing market share.
這項新策略證明在增加市場份額方面是有效的。
EN： The phrase 'in determining whether' uses the preposition 'in' followed by a gerund to indicate the specific area or context in which something is 'critical'. 'Whether' introduces an indirect question or a choice between possibilities.
中文： 短語「in determining whether」使用介系詞「in」後接動名詞，用以標示某事在哪個特定領域或背景下是「至關重要的」。「Whether」則引導一個間接問句或在可能性之間做選擇。
Experience is a key factor in determining whether a candidate is suitable.
經驗是決定一位應徵者是否合適的關鍵因素。
EN： The adjective 'nascent' describes something that is just coming into existence and beginning to display signs of future potential. It is a formal term often used in academic or technical contexts.
中文： 形容詞「nascent」描述剛出現並開始展現未來潛力的新興事物。這是一個正式用語，常用於學術或技術背景中。
The nascent space tourism industry faces many regulatory hurdles.
新興的太空旅遊業面臨許多監管障礙。
EN： The sentence reflects the urgent tone of contemporary climate science reporting. The use of 'critical' and 'nascent' underscores the high stakes and the experimental nature of current carbon removal efforts within the framework of international climate agreements like the Paris Agreement.
中文： 這句話反映了當代氣候科學報告的緊迫語氣。使用「critical」（至關重要）和「nascent」（新興/初生）強調了在《巴黎協定》等國際氣候協議框架下，當前二氧化碳移除努力的高風險性和實驗性質。
EN： The 'such + adjective + noun + that' construction is used to express cause and effect, emphasizing the degree of a quality that leads to a specific result.
中文： 「such + 形容詞 + 名詞 + that」結構用於表達因果關係，強調某種特質的程度進而導致了特定的結果。
The company started from such a small market share that any growth was seen as a success.
這家公司的市場份額起點如此之小，以至於任何增長都被視為成功。
EN： The present perfect continuous tense ('have been growing') is used to describe an action that began in the past and has continued up to the present moment, emphasizing the ongoing nature of the process.
中文： 現在完成進行式（have been growing）用於描述一個從過去開始並持續到現在的動作，強調該過程的持續性。
Global temperatures have been rising steadily over the past few decades.
在過去的幾十年裡，全球氣溫一直在穩步上升。
EN： The verb 'prove' can function as a linking verb meaning 'to turn out to be' or 'to be found to be' in the future or after a period of time.
中文： 動詞「prove」可以作為連綴動詞使用，意思是「證明是」或「結果顯示為」，通常用於描述未來的結果或經過一段時間後的發現。
The new policy could prove beneficial for small businesses in the long run.
從長遠來看，這項新政策可能會被證明對小型企業有利。
EN： The sentence reflects the urgent discourse in climate science, where '1.5C' is a critical threshold established by the Paris Agreement. The use of 'catastrophic' underscores the high stakes involved in climate policy and the reliance on technological breakthroughs to avert environmental tipping points.
中文： 這句話反映了氣候科學中緊迫的論述，其中「1.5°C」是《巴黎協定》確立的關鍵門檻。使用「catastrophic」（災難性的）一詞強調了氣候政策所涉及的高風險，以及依賴技術突破來避免環境臨界點的現狀。
EN： The infinitive phrase 'To bridge...' is used at the beginning of the sentence to express purpose or intention. It functions as an adverbial modifier for the entire main clause.
中文： 不定詞短語「To bridge...」置於句首，用來表達目的或意圖。它在句中充當副詞修飾語，修飾整個主句。
To improve her fluency, she practices speaking English every morning.
為了提高流利度，她每天早上練習說英語。
EN： The use of 'would need to' expresses a conditional necessity or a requirement based on a hypothetical or future scenario, often used in formal reports to discuss targets.
中文： 使用「would need to」表達了一種假設或未來情境下的條件必要性或要求，常用於正式報告中討論目標。
The company would need to double its revenue to avoid bankruptcy.
該公司需要將營收翻倍才能避免破產。
EN： The past participle phrase 'historically achieved by...' acts as an adjective (reduced relative clause) modifying 'expansion rates'. It is equivalent to 'which were historically achieved by...'.
中文： 過去分詞短語「historically achieved by...」作為形容詞（簡化的關係子句）修飾「expansion rates」。這相當於「which were historically achieved by...」。
The records broken by the athlete were set decades ago.
這位運動員所打破的紀錄是幾十年前創下的。
EN： The 'Paris climate agreement' refers to the 2015 international treaty on climate change. In professional English, 'bridge the gap' is a common idiom used in policy and business contexts to describe the act of connecting two different states or fulfilling a deficiency.
中文： 「巴黎氣候協定」是指 2015 年簽署的關於氣候變遷的國際條約。在專業英語中，「bridge the gap」是一個常用的成語，用於政策和商業背景，描述連接兩種不同狀態或彌補不足的行為。
EN： The use of 'one-fifth of' followed by a singular or plural noun determines the verb agreement. Here, 'capacity' is an uncountable noun, so the singular verb 'has' is used. This is a common pattern for fractions and percentages.
中文： 使用「one-fifth of」（五分之一）時，動詞的單複數取決於其後接的名詞。在此句中，「capacity」（產能）是不可數名詞，因此使用單數動詞「has」。這是分數和百分比表達中的常見用法。
Only one-third of the budget has been spent so far.
到目前為止，僅有三分之一的預算被花掉。
EN： The present perfect passive voice ('has actually been delivered') is used to describe an action that started in the past and continues to have relevance in the present, emphasizing the result rather than the doer.
中文： 現在完成式的被動語態（has actually been delivered）用於描述從過去開始並對現在仍具意義的動作，強調的是結果而非執行者。
The new equipment has already been installed in the laboratory.
新設備已經安裝在實驗室裡了。
EN： Reporting verbs like 'cautioned' can be placed at the end of a sentence as an attribution tag. This is a formal journalistic style used to provide source information without interrupting the flow of the statement.
中文： 像「cautioned」（警告）這樣的轉述動詞可以放在句尾作為歸屬標籤。這是一種正式的新聞寫作風格，用於提供資訊來源而不中斷陳述的流暢性。
"The situation remains volatile," the diplomat observed.
「局勢依然動盪不安，」該外交官觀察道。
EN： In scientific and environmental reporting, precision is key. The phrase 'actually been delivered' highlights the gap between theoretical 'pledges' or 'plans' and real-world implementation, a common theme in climate change discourse.
中文： 在科學和環境報導中，準確性是關鍵。短語「actually been delivered」（實際交付）強調了理論上的「承諾」或「計劃」與現實世界執行之間的差距，這是氣候變遷論述中的一個常見主題。
EN： The phrase 'fall far short of' is an idiomatic expression used to indicate that something is significantly less than what is needed, expected, or required. 'Far' acts as an intensifier for the verb phrase 'fall short'.
中文： 短語「fall far short of」是一個慣用語，用於表示某事遠低於所需、預期或要求的標準。「far」在此作為加強語氣的副詞，修飾動詞短語「fall short」。
The company's annual revenue fell far short of the investors' expectations.
該公司的年收入遠低於投資者的預期。
EN： Appositives are used to provide additional information about a noun. In this sentence, 'a scientist at the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research and co-author of the report' is an appositive phrase identifying William Lamb.
中文： 同位語用於提供關於名詞的額外資訊。在本句中，「a scientist at the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research and co-author of the report」是一個同位語短語，用來交代威廉·蘭姆的身分。
Dr. Smith, a leading expert in renewable energy, will give a keynote speech.
史密斯博士是一位再生能源領域的領先專家，他將發表主題演講。
EN： The use of 'what' as a nominal relative pronoun (also known as a fused relative) functions as 'the thing(s) that'. In this context, 'what climate science demands' acts as the object of the preposition 'of'.
中文： 「what」作為名詞性關係代名詞（也稱為融合關係代名詞），其功能相當於「the thing(s) that」。在此語境下，「what climate science demands」作為介系詞「of」的受詞。
We must focus on what matters most for the environment.
我們必須專注於對環境最重要的事情。
EN： The Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK) is one of the world's leading research institutions addressing relevant questions in the fields of global change, climate impacts, and sustainable development. Mentioning such a prestigious institution adds significant authority to the argument in a news context.
中文： 波茨坦氣候影響研究所 (PIK) 是全球領先的研究機構之一，致力於解決全球變遷、氣候影響和永續發展領域的相關問題。在新聞背景中提到如此聲譽卓著的機構，為該主張增添了顯著的權威性。
EN： The adverb 'collectively' is used here to indicate that the action (pledging) is performed by all countries as a group or whole, rather than individually. It often appears in formal reports to summarize aggregate data.
中文： 副詞「collectively」在此用於表示該行動（承諾）是由所有國家作為一個整體或群體共同完成的，而非個別行動。這在正式報告中常用於總結聚合數據。
The team members collectively decided to postpone the project deadline.
團隊成員共同決定推遲專案截止日期。
EN： The conjunction 'yet' functions as a contrastive coordinator, similar to 'but' but often carrying a more formal or surprising tone. It connects two independent clauses to highlight the discrepancy between current pledges and actual requirements.
中文： 連詞「yet」作為對比協調連詞，功能類似於「but」，但通常帶有更正式或令人驚訝的語氣。它連接兩個獨立子句，以強調目前承諾與實際需求之間的差異。
The technology is expensive, yet it is essential for our survival.
這項技術很昂貴，然而它對我們的生存至關重要。
EN： The use of 'by' followed by a specific year (e.g., 'by 2035') indicates a deadline or a point in time 'not later than'. It is a standard preposition for setting future targets.
中文： 介系詞「by」後接特定年份（如「by 2035」）表示截止日期或「不遲於」某個時間點。這是設定未來目標時的標準用法。
We aim to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050.
我們的目標是在 2050 年前實現淨零排放。
EN： The sentence reflects the global diplomatic context of climate change policy, specifically referring to 'Nationally Determined Contributions' (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement. The mention of specific years like 2035 and 2050 aligns with international climate targets for peaking emissions and reaching net-zero.
中文： 這句話反映了氣候變遷政策的全球外交背景，特別是指《巴黎協定》下的「國家自主貢獻」（NDCs）。提到 2035 年和 2050 年等特定年份，與國際氣候目標（如排放達峰和實現淨零排放）相一致。
EN： Inverted First Conditional: Using 'Should' at the beginning of a sentence replaces 'If' to express a formal or hypothetical condition. It is common in academic or formal reporting.
中文： 倒裝第一條件句：在句首使用「Should」來代替「If」，用以表達正式或假設性的條件。這在學術或正式報告中非常常見。
Should you require further assistance, please do not hesitate to contact our office.
若您需要進一步的協助，請隨時與本辦公室聯繫。
EN： The use of 'fail to' + verb is a formal way of saying 'do not' or 'cannot', often implying a lack of success in achieving a necessary action.
中文： 「fail to」加上動詞是一種正式的表達方式，意指「未能」或「沒有」做到某事，通常隱含未能成功達成必要行動的意思。
The company failed to meet its annual revenue targets.
該公司未能達到其年度營收目標。
EN： Reporting Verbs with Inversion: The phrase 'the study concluded' placed at the end of the sentence acts as an attribution, common in news reporting to frame the source of the information.
中文： 帶有倒裝結構的報導動詞：將「the study concluded」置於句尾作為歸屬說明，這在新聞報導中很常見，用來標示資訊的來源。
The policy will be implemented next year, the minister announced.
部長宣布，該政策將於明年實施。
EN： The sentence reflects the urgent and formal tone of international climate policy discourse. The mention of the '1.5°C target' refers to the goal set by the Paris Agreement to limit global warming. Using 'Should' for inversion is a hallmark of high-level journalistic and academic writing in English, signaling seriousness.
中文： 這句話反映了國際氣候政策論述中緊迫且正式的基調。提到的「1.5°C 目標」是指《巴黎協定》所設定的限制全球暖化目標。使用「Should」進行倒裝是英語高級新聞和學術寫作的標誌，傳達出一種嚴肅感。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 前所未有的，史無前例的
在本文中： 部署、有效運用或推廣（技術或資源）
在本文中： 發展軌跡、趨勢
在本文中： 構成、佔（比例）
在本文中： 顯著地、特別是
在本文中： 限制、約束
在本文中： 新生的、初期的
在本文中： 微不足道的、可忽略的
在本文中： 災難性的
在本文中： 承諾、保證
在本文中： 超過、勝過
在本文中： 減少、減弱
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
To increase the size, amount, or importance of something, usually an organization or process.
擴大規模
To reduce the differences or separate two things; to connect two different concepts.
彌補差距、消除分歧
To fail to reach a desired standard or amount by a significant margin.
遠低於、遠未達到
The process of creating a charcoal-like substance by heating organic biomass in a low-oxygen environment, used for carbon sequestration.
生物炭生產
Actions or strategies implemented on land to achieve a specific environmental outcome, such as reforestation.
陸地干預措施