Shinya Yamanaka: The Worst Surgeon山中伸弥：最差劲的外科医生
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EN： The verb 'dream' is often followed by the preposition 'of' or 'about' to indicate the content of the dream. When followed by an action, the gerund form (verb + -ing) must be used.
中文： 动词「dream」(梦想) 常与介词「of」或「about」连用来表示梦想的内容。若后接动作，必须使用动名词 (V-ing) 形式。
She dreams of traveling around the world.
她梦想着环游世界。
EN： The gerund 'healing' functions as the object of the preposition 'of'. Gerunds allow us to treat an action as a noun or a concept.
中文： 动名词「healing」在此作为介词「of」的宾语。动名词让我们能将一个动作视为名词或概念来处理。
Healing takes time after a major surgery.
重大手术后的康复需要时间。
EN： Shinya Yamanaka is a famous Japanese scientist who won the Nobel Prize for his work on iPS cells. This sentence highlights his initial motivation, which is a common theme in biographies of great achievers—starting with a simple, noble goal.
中文： 山中伸彌是著名的日本科學家，因其在 iPS 細胞方面的研究獲得諾貝爾獎。這句話強調了他的最初動力，這是偉大成就者傳記中的常見主題——從一個簡單而高尚的目標開始。
EN： The Present Participle (-ing) as a Reduced Relative Clause: The phrase 'fixing broken bones...' functions as an adjective modifying 'orthopedic surgeon'. It is a shortened version of 'who fixes' or 'whose job is fixing'.
中文： 现在分词 (-ing) 作为简化定语从句：'fixing broken bones...' 这个短语充当形容词，修饰前面的 'orthopedic surgeon'（骨科医生）。它是 'who fixes' 或 'whose job is fixing' 的缩减形式。
She works as a volunteer, helping elderly people in her neighborhood.
她担任志愿者，帮助邻里中的老人。
EN： Infinitive as Direct Object: The verb 'want' is followed by a 'to-infinitive' (to become) to indicate a desire or goal.
中文： 不定式作为直接宾语：动词 'want' 后面接 'to-infinitive'（不定式 to become），用来表示愿望或目标。
They want to travel around the world next year.
他们明年想要环游世界。
EN： In many cultures, including Japan and the West, becoming an orthopedic surgeon is considered a prestigious and highly demanding career path, requiring precision and physical stamina.
中文： 在包括日本和西方在內的許多文化中，成為一名整形外科醫生被視為一項享有盛譽且要求極高的職業路徑，需要極高的精確度和體力。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'With great ambition' functions as an adverbial of manner, describing the state or attitude with which the action was performed. Placing it at the beginning of the sentence adds emphasis to the subject's motivation.
中文： 介词短语 'With great ambition' 作为方式状语，描述执行动作时的状态或态度。将其置于句首可增强对主语动机的强调。
With heavy hearts, they said goodbye to their hometown.
带着沉重的心情，他们告别了故乡。
EN： The verb 'enter' is used here as a transitive verb meaning 'to become a member of an institution'. In this context, it does not require a preposition like 'into'.
中文： 动词 'enter' 在此作为及物动词，意为「加入某个机构或学校」。在这种语境下，它不需要接介词 'into'。
She entered the university at the age of eighteen.
她在十八岁时进入了那所大学。
EN： Kobe is a major Japanese city known for its prestigious medical institutions. In Japanese culture, entering medical school is a highly respected achievement that often carries significant family and social expectations.
中文： 神戶是日本的重要城市，以其著名的醫療機構聞名。在日本文化中，考入醫學院是一項備受尊敬的成就，通常承載著極大的家庭和社會期望。
EN： The preposition 'as' is used here to indicate a role, function, or capacity. It describes the identity or status of the person in the future.
中文： 介词 'as' 在此用于表示身份、功能或职位。它描述了该人物在未来的身份或地位。
She works as a consultant for a large firm.
她在一家大公司担任顾问。
EN： The Past Simple tense ('had') is used to describe a state or situation that existed at a specific time in the past within the narrative.
中文： 一般过去时（'had'）用于描述在叙述中过去某个特定时间点所存在的状态或情况。
They had a beautiful house in the countryside.
他们以前在乡下有一栋漂亮的房子。
EN： The term 'healer' is a broad term that can refer to doctors, but it often carries a more spiritual or holistic connotation than 'physician' or 'surgeon'. In this context, it emphasizes Yamanaka's noble motivation to help people beyond just the technical aspect of surgery.
中文： 'Healer'（療癒者）是一個廣義的詞彙，雖然可以指醫生，但通常比 'physician'（內科醫生）或 'surgeon'（外科醫生）帶有更多精神面或全人關懷的意涵。在此語境下，它強調了山中伸彌想要幫助他人的高尚動機，而不僅僅是手術的技術層面。
EN： Sentence Adverbs: The word 'Unfortunately' is a sentence adverb used to express the speaker's attitude or evaluation of the entire situation described in the sentence.
中文： 句首副词：'Unfortunately' 是一个句首副词，用来表达说话者对句子所描述的整个情况的态度或评价。
Luckily, the rain stopped before the game started.
幸运的是，比赛开始前雨停了。
EN： Subjective Complement: In the structure 'Subject + Linking Verb (was) + Noun Phrase', the noun phrase 'a very clumsy surgeon' serves as a subjective complement, providing more information about the subject 'Shinya'.
中文： 主语补语：在「主语 + 系动词 (was) + 名词短语」的结构中，名词短语 'a very clumsy surgeon' 作为主语补语，用来补充说明主语 'Shinya' 的身份或状态。
She was a talented musician in her youth.
她年轻时是一位才华横溢的音乐家。
EN： In medical contexts, 'clumsy' is a particularly strong word because precision is the most critical skill for a surgeon. This highlights the severity of Shinya Yamanaka's struggle before he found his true calling in research.
中文： 在醫學背景下，'clumsy'（笨拙）是一個語氣很重的詞，因為對於外科醫生來說，精準是最核心的技能。這強調了山中伸彌在找到真正的志向——研究工作之前，所面臨的嚴重困境。
EN： The relative clause 'that should have taken thirty minutes' uses the relative pronoun 'that' to modify the noun 'Operations'. The structure 'should have + past participle' expresses a past expectation or obligation that was not fulfilled.
中文： 定语从句「that should have taken thirty minutes」使用关系代词「that」来修饰名词「Operations」。其中「should have + 过去分词」结构用来表示过去「本应发生但实际上未发生」的预期或义务。
The project that should have finished yesterday is still ongoing.
那个本应在昨天完成的项目目前仍在进行中。
EN： The verb 'take' is used here to indicate the amount of time required for an activity. The structure is 'Activity + take + person + time'.
中文： 动词「take」在此处用于表示某项活动所需的时间。结构为「活动 + take + 某人 + 时间」。
The drive to the airport took us forty minutes.
开车去机场花了我们四十分钟。
EN： In medical contexts, efficiency is highly valued. The contrast between 'thirty minutes' and 'two hours' emphasizes the character's struggle with the manual dexterity required for surgery, which is a key part of his backstory before moving to research.
中文： 在醫學背景下，效率是非常被看重的。文中「三十分鐘」與「兩小時」的對比，強調了主角在外科手術所需的手部靈巧度上的掙扎，這也是他後來轉向研究領域的重要背景。
EN： The present participle 'meaning' is used here as a reduced relative clause (which means) to provide a definition or explanation of the preceding noun. It functions as a post-modifier.
中文： 现在分词「meaning」在此用作简化定语从句（which means），用来对前面的名词进行定义或解释。它在句中担任后置修饰语的角色。
He received a letter meaning he was accepted.
他收到一封信，意思是他被录取了。
EN： This is a pun on the scientist's surname 'Yamanaka'. In Japanese, 'Jama' (邪魔) means obstacle or hindrance. His colleagues combined 'Jama' with the end of his name to mock his clumsiness in surgery.
中文： 這是對科學家姓氏「山中」(Yamanaka) 的雙關語。在日語中，「Jama」(邪魔) 意為障礙或阻礙。他的同事將「Jama」與他姓氏的後半部結合，用來嘲笑他在手術中的笨手笨腳。
EN： Linking Verbs (Sense Verbs): The verb 'feel' acts as a linking verb here, connecting the subject 'He' to the adjectives 'discouraged' and 'like a complete failure' which describe his state of mind.
中文： 系动词（感官动词）：动词 'feel' 在此作为系动词，将主语 'He' 与形容词 'discouraged' 以及介词短语 'like a complete failure' 连接起来，用以描述主语的心境。
She felt confident and like a professional after the presentation.
简报结束后，她感到充满自信，觉得自己像个专业人士。
EN： Parallel Structure: The conjunction 'and' connects two complements of the verb 'feel'. The first is an adjective ('discouraged') and the second is a prepositional phrase ('like a complete failure').
中文： 平行结构：连词 'and' 连接了动词 'feel' 的两个补语。第一个是形容词 'discouraged'，第二个是介词短语 'like a complete failure'。
The athlete was exhausted and in need of a long rest.
这名运动员感到筋疲力尽且需要长时间的休息。
EN： The term 'operating room' (OR) is a high-pressure environment where precision is expected. In Japanese culture, which Shinya Yamanaka belongs to, there is often a strong societal pressure to excel in one's chosen profession, making his feeling of being a 'failure' particularly poignant.
中文： 「手術室」(OR) 是一個講求精準的高壓環境。在山中伸彌所處的日本文化中，社會往往對個人在其專業領域的表現有極高的期望，這使得他當時自覺是個「失敗者」的感受顯得格外沉重。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'Instead of' is followed by a gerund (V-ing) to indicate an action that was replaced by another. It functions as a contrastive modifier.
中文： 介词短语 'Instead of'（而不是）后面接动名词 (V-ing)，用来表示被另一项行动所取代的行为，在句中起对比修饰作用。
Instead of ordering pizza, we cooked dinner at home.
我们没有叫披萨，而是在家煮晚餐。
EN： The verb 'decide' is followed by a 'to-infinitive' (to + base verb) to express a choice or a plan for a future action.
中文： 动词 'decide'（决定）后面接「不定式」(to + 动词原形)，用来表达对未来行动的选择或计划。
She decided to study law after graduation.
她决定毕业后去读法律。
EN： Shinya Yamanaka's story is a famous example of 'pivoting' in one's career. In many cultures, especially in Japan, switching paths after failing in a prestigious field like surgery can be seen as a difficult social challenge, but his success highlights the value of persistence in a different direction.
中文： 山中伸彌的故事是職業生涯「轉型」的著名案例。在許多文化中（尤其是日本），在外科醫生這種聲望極高的領域失敗後轉換跑道，可能面臨巨大的社會壓力，但他的成功強調了在不同方向堅持不懈的價值。
EN： The 'to-infinitive' (to + base verb) is used here as an adverbial of purpose to explain 'why' the action in the main clause was performed.
中文： 不定式 (to + 动词原形) 在此作为目的状语，用来表示目的，解释主句动作「为什么」发生。
She studied hard to pass the exam.
她努力学习是为了通过考试。
EN： Prepositional phrases (in San Francisco) act as modifiers to provide specific details about location or direction.
中文： 介词短语 (in San Francisco) 作为修饰语，提供关于地点或方向的具体细节。
They live in a small apartment in Tokyo.
他们住在东京的一间小公寓里。
EN： The Gladstone Institutes are real, world-renowned independent biomedical research organizations located in San Francisco, closely affiliated with UCSF. This highlights the international nature of high-level scientific research.
中文： 格萊斯頓研究所是位於舊金山的真實且世界聞名的獨立生物醫學研究機構，與加州大學舊金山分校 (UCSF) 有密切聯繫。這突顯了高階科學研究的國際化特質。
EN： Present Participle Phrase (V-ing): The phrase 'causing him to become depressed' is a participle phrase that functions as a result clause. It describes the consequence of the preceding main clause.
中文： 现在分词短语 (V-ing)：'causing him to become depressed' 是一个分词短语，在此作为结果状语使用，用来描述前述主句所产生的结果。
The heavy rain lasted for hours, flooding the streets.
大雨持续了数小时，导致街道淹水。
EN： Idiomatic Expression 'one after another': This phrase is used to describe a series of events happening in quick succession or sequence.
中文： 惯用语 'one after another'：这个短语用来描述一系列事件接连发生或接踵而至。
The guests arrived one after another.
宾客们陆续抵达。
EN： The use of the auxiliary verb 'did not' followed by the base form of the verb ('bring') is the standard way to form the simple past negative. It indicates that an action did not occur in the past.
中文： 使用助动词 'did not' 后接动词原形 ('bring') 是形成一般过去时否定句的标准方式，用来表示过去某个动作并未发生。
The new strategy did not solve the problem.
这项新策略并没有解决问题。
EN： Adverbs of manner or time, like 'immediately', are often placed between the auxiliary verb and the main verb to modify the timing or way the action occurs.
中文： 像 'immediately' (立即地) 这样的方式或时间副词，通常放在助动词与主要动词之间，用来修饰动作发生的时间或方式。
He did not immediately realize his mistake.
他没有立即意识到自己的错误。
EN： The sentence reflects a common theme in biographical narratives: the 'plateau' or 'valley of disappointment' where initial efforts do not yield results. In English-speaking academic and professional cultures, emphasizing that success is not 'immediate' is a way to highlight perseverance.
中文： 這句話反映了傳記敘事中常見的主題：即初期努力不會立即見效的「高原期」或「失望之谷」。在英語學術與職場文化中，強調成功並非「立即的」是用來凸顯堅持不懈的重要性。
EN： Present Participle Phrase (V-ing): This sentence uses a participle phrase ('Returning to Japan') to indicate an action that happens at the same time as, or immediately before, the main action. It functions as an adverbial modifier, and the subject of the participle must be the same as the subject of the main clause (Shinya).
中文： 现在分词修饰语 (V-ing)：此句使用分词短语「Returning to Japan」来表示与主句动作同时发生或紧接在前的动作。它作为状语修饰语，且分词的逻辑主语必须与主句主语（Shinya）一致。
Walking into the room, she saw her friends waiting for her.
走进房间时，她看到朋友们正在等她。
EN： Gerund as Object: The verb 'begin' can be followed by a gerund (V-ing) or an infinitive (to V). Here, 'studying' acts as a gerund, functioning as the direct object of the verb 'began'.
中文： 动名词作为宾语：动词「begin」后面可以接动名词 (V-ing) 或不定式 (to V)。在这里，「studying」作为动名词，担任动词「began」的直接宾语。
He began playing the piano when he was five.
他在五岁时开始弹钢琴。
EN： Shinya Yamanaka is a Japanese Nobel Prize-winning scientist known for discovering iPS cells. His career path from a 'clumsy' surgeon to a world-renowned researcher is a famous example of perseverance in Japanese educational contexts.
中文： 山中伸彌是日本諾貝爾獎得主，以發現誘導性多能幹細胞 (iPS cells) 聞名。他從一名「笨手笨腳」的外科醫生轉型為世界知名研究者的歷程，在日本教育背景中是堅持不懈的著名典範。
EN： Relative Clause (Adjective Clause): The word 'that' introduces a relative clause that modifies the noun 'question'. It functions as the object of the verb 'asked'.
中文： 定语从句（形容词性从句）：单词 'that' 引导一个定语从句，用来修饰名词 'question'。它在句中作为动词 'asked' 的宾语修饰语。
She found a solution that everyone thought was perfect.
她找到了一个大家都认为很完美的解决方案。
EN： Object Complement: The verb 'consider' is followed by an object ('question', represented by the gap in the relative clause) and an adjective ('impossible'), which describes the state or quality of the object.
中文： 宾语补足语：动词 'consider' 后接宾语（在此为关系代词所代表的 question）与形容词 'impossible'，该形容词用来描述宾语的状态或性质。
The jury considered the evidence sufficient.
陪审团认为证据是充分的。
EN： In scientific contexts, 'asking the right question' is often considered more important than finding the answer itself, as it challenges established paradigms.
中文： 在科學語境中，「提出正確的問題」通常被認為比找到答案本身更重要，因為它挑戰了既有的典範。
EN： The phrasal verb 'turn (something) back into (something)' describes a process of transformation or reversion to a previous state. 'Turn' acts as the action of changing, while 'back into' indicates returning to an original form.
中文： 短语动词「turn (something) back into (something)」描述一种转化或恢复到先前状态的过程。「turn」代表改变的动作，而「back into」则表示回到原始的形态。
The magician turned the rabbit back into a hat.
魔术师把兔子变回了帽子。
EN： Interrogative sentence structure with 'Could': This sentence uses the modal verb 'Could' at the beginning to form a question about possibility or feasibility in a hypothetical or polite context.
中文： 使用「Could」的疑问句结构：本句将情态动词「Could」置于句首，用以询问在假设或礼貌语境下的可能性或可行性。
Could you explain this theory again?
你能再解释一次这个理论吗？
EN： This sentence refers to the groundbreaking research on iPS cells (induced pluripotent stem cells). In a scientific context, 'ordinary adult cell' refers to a specialized cell (like a skin cell) that has already finished its development, making the idea of reversing it to a 'stem cell' revolutionary.
中文： 這句話指的是關於 iPS 細胞（誘導性多能幹細胞）的突破性研究。在科學語境中，「普通成年細胞」是指已經發育完成的特化細胞（如皮膚細胞），因此將其逆轉回「幹細胞」的想法在當時是革命性的。
EN： The sentence uses a 'Noun Clause' (that-clause) as the direct object of the verb 'believed'. The word 'that' is omitted here, which is common in informal or concise writing when the meaning remains clear.
中文： 本句使用了「名词性从句」（that 从句）作为动词 believed 的宾语。在这里省略了连接词 'that'，这在非正式或简洁的写作中很常见，只要语义清晰即可。
Many people thought the project was impossible.
许多人认为这个计划是不可能的。
EN： The word 'definitive' is an adjective used to emphasize that something is final and not subject to change or doubt.
中文： 单词 'definitive' 是一个形容词，用来强调某事是最终的、确定的，且不容更改或怀疑。
The judge gave a definitive ruling on the case.
法官对此案做出了最终裁决。
重要单词附有 IPA 发音、定义、例句和互动式测验。
在本文中： 追求成功的强烈志向或抱负
在本文中： 手脚不灵活的、笨拙的
在本文中： 障碍、妨碍物
在本文中： 感到沮丧的、失去信心的
在本文中： 追求、从事（某种路径或目标）
在本文中： 忧郁的、消沉的
在本文中： 干细胞（具有分化能力的原始细胞）
在本文中： 决定性的、明确且不容置疑的
片语包含类型标示、双语定义、用法说明和例句。
To stop trying to do something.
放弃
Happening in succession; many things occurring in a sequence.
接二连三地
A shift in the course of action or career path.
转向、改变方向
A room in a hospital where surgical operations are performed.
手术室
Medical procedures involving surgery to treat a disease or injury.
手术
Special human cells that have the ability to develop into many different cell types.
干细胞
A cell that has already specialized into a specific type (like a skin or blood cell) and is no longer a stem cell.
成体细胞 / 已分化细胞