Shinya Yamanaka: Reprogramming Life山中伸弥：重塑生命
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EN： Prepositional Phrase as an Adverbial: The sentence begins with 'After years of dedicated testing,' which functions as a time-related adverbial phrase. It sets the context for when the main action occurred.
中文： 介词短语作为状语：句子以「After years of dedicated testing」开头，这是一个与时间相关的状语短语，为主要动作发生的时间背景奠定基础。
After months of hard work, the project was finally completed.
经过几个月的努力，这个项目终于完成了。
EN： Collocation 'Make a discovery': In English, we often use the verb 'make' with nouns like 'discovery,' 'decision,' or 'mistake' to describe an action, rather than using a single verb.
中文： 动词搭配「Make a discovery」：在英语中，我们经常将动词「make」与「discovery」（发现）、「decision」（决定）或「mistake」（错误）等名词连用来描述一个动作，而不是仅使用单个动词。
The explorers made a significant discovery in the cave.
探险家们在洞穴中有了重大发现。
EN： Shinya Yamanaka is a Japanese scientist who won the Nobel Prize for discovering iPS cells. In Japanese culture, his story is often cited as an example of 'persistence' (ganbaru), especially since he was once considered a clumsy surgeon before finding his true calling in research.
中文： 山中伸彌（Shinya Yamanaka）是因發現 iPS 細胞而獲得諾貝爾獎的日本科學家。在日本文化中，他的故事常被引用為「堅持不懈」（ganbaru）的典範，特別是因為他在研究領域找到真諦之前，曾被認為是一名笨拙的外科醫生。
EN： The sentence uses a 'Noun Clause' (that-clause) as the direct object of the verb 'found'. This structure allows the speaker to report a fact or discovery by connecting a full sentence to a main verb.
中文： 本句使用「名词从句」（that 引导的从句）作为动词「found」的直接宾语。这种结构允许说话者通过连接一个完整的句子来报告一项事实或发现。
Researchers discovered that the new drug was effective.
研究人员发现这种新药是有效的。
EN： The phrase 'reprogram A into B' uses the preposition 'into' to indicate a transformation or change in state from one thing to another.
中文： 短语「reprogram A into B」使用介词「into」来表示从一种状态转换或改变为另一种状态。
The magician turned the paper into a bird.
魔术师把纸变成了鸟。
EN： Passive Voice (be + past participle): Used when the action is performed on the subject. Here, 'were called' indicates that the cells received the name from scientists.
中文： 被动语态 (be 动词 + 过去分词)：当主语是动作的接受者时使用。这里的「were called」表示这些细胞是被科学家命名的。
The new species was named after the professor who discovered it.
这个新物种是以发现它的教授命名的。
EN： Appositive Phrase: The phrase 'short for...' acts as an appositive, providing additional information or a definition for the noun 'iPS cells' immediately preceding it.
中文： 同位语短语：短语「short for...」作为同位语，用来为紧接在前的名词「iPS cells」提供额外信息或定义。
He lives in Kyoto, a city famous for its beautiful temples.
他住在京都，一座以美丽寺庙闻名的城市。
EN： The term 'iPS cells' was intentionally coined by Shinya Yamanaka with a lowercase 'i' to mimic the popularity of the 'iPod' at the time, hoping the technology would become just as widely recognized.
中文： 「iPS 細胞」這個術語是山中伸彌刻意命名的，他特意使用小寫的「i」來模仿當時流行的「iPod」，希望這項技術能像 iPod 一樣廣為人知。
EN： Passive Voice (be + past participle): Used when the subject receives the action rather than performing it. Here, 'the scientific world' is the receiver of the 'stunning' action.
中文： 被动语态 (be 动词 + 过去分词)：用于主语是动作的接受者而非执行者时。在此句中，「科学界」是「被震惊」的对象。
The audience was deeply moved by the performance.
观众被这场表演深深打动了。
EN： Adverbs of Degree: The word 'completely' is an adverb used to modify the adjective/participle 'stunned,' emphasizing the total extent of the feeling.
中文： 程度副词：'completely' (彻底地) 是一个副词，用来修饰形容词或分词 'stunned'，强调这种感觉的程度之深。
The project was completely finished on time.
该项目已准时彻底完成。
EN： The verb 'mean' can be followed by a noun clause (that-clause) acting as its object. In this sentence, the word 'that' is omitted, which is common in informal and semi-formal English. It connects the subject 'iPS cells' to the consequence or implication.
中文： 动词 'mean' (意味着) 后面可以接一个名词从句（that 从句）作为宾语。在此句子中，引导词 'that' 被省略了，这在非正式或半正式英语中很常见。它将主语「iPS 细胞」与其产生的后果或含义联系起来。
The heavy rain meant the football match had to be cancelled.
这场大雨意味着足球比赛必须取消。
EN： The phrase 'no longer' is an adverbial phrase used to indicate that a situation that existed in the past does not exist now. It is more formal than 'not... anymore' and usually placed before the main verb.
中文： 'no longer' 是一个副词短语，用来表示过去存在的情况现在已不再存在。它比 'not... anymore' 更正式，通常放在主要动词之前。
He no longer works for this company.
他不再为这家公司工作了。
EN： The use of embryonic stem cells has been a major ethical issue in science because it involves the destruction of human embryos. Shinya Yamanaka's discovery of iPS cells was revolutionary because it provided a way to create stem cells without using embryos, thus bypassing these ethical concerns.
中文： 胚胎幹細胞的使用一直是科學界的一個重大倫理問題，因為它涉及人類胚胎的破壞。山中伸彌發現 iPS 細胞具有革命性意義，因為它提供了一種不使用胚胎就能製造幹細胞的方法，從而避開了這些倫理爭議。
EN： The use of the past participle 'surrounding' acts as a present participle phrase (reduced relative clause). It functions as an adjective to modify the preceding noun 'debate'. It is short for 'which surrounded' or 'that was surrounding'.
中文： 现在分词短语「surrounding」在此作为形容词修饰前面的名词「debate」。这是一种简化的关系从句，原句可视为「which surrounded」或「that was surrounding」。
There are many issues surrounding the new policy.
有许多围绕着这项新政策的问题。
EN： The verb 'avoid' is a transitive verb that must be followed by a direct object (in this case, 'a huge ethical debate'). It describes the action of preventing something from happening.
中文： 动词「avoid」是一个及物动词，后面必须接直接宾语（在此句中为「a huge ethical debate」）。它描述了防止某事发生的动作。
We should take the highway to avoid traffic jams.
我们应该走高速公路以避开交通堵塞。
EN： The use of human embryos in scientific research has been a major ethical and political issue globally, particularly in Western countries, due to differing views on when human life begins. Yamanaka's iPS cell discovery was revolutionary because it provided a way to conduct stem cell research without destroying embryos, thus bypassing these moral concerns.
中文： 在科學研究中使用人類胚胎一直是全球（尤其是西方國家）重大的倫理與政治議題，這源於對「生命何時開始」的不同觀點。山中伸彌的 iPS 細胞發現具有革命性，因為它提供了一種無需摧毀胚胎即可進行幹細胞研究的方法，從而避開了這些道德爭議。
EN： The present participle phrase (V-ing) is used here as a result clause, indicating a consequence of the main action. It functions as a reduced adverbial clause.
中文： 现在分词短语（V-ing）在此处用作结果状语，表示主句动作产生的结果。这是一种简化的状语从句用法。
The company implemented new safety rules, reducing workplace accidents by half.
公司实施了新的安全规定，使工作场所的事故减少了一半。
EN： The modal verb 'could' is used here to express possibility or capability in a past context or a hypothetical scenario enabled by a discovery.
中文： 助动词 'could' 在此处用于表达在过去背景下，或由某项发现所赋予的可能性与能力。
With the new telescope, astronomers could see distant galaxies more clearly.
有了这台新望远镜，天文学家可以更清晰地观察遥远的星系。
EN： In medical science, 'rejection' refers to the immune system attacking a transplanted organ or tissue. The use of iPS cells is a major breakthrough because it uses the patient's own genetic material, theoretically eliminating the need for immunosuppressant drugs.
中文： 在醫學領域，「rejection」（排斥反應）是指免疫系統攻擊移植的器官或組織。使用 iPS 細胞是一項重大突破，因為它使用病人自身的遺傳物質，理論上消除了對免疫抑制藥物的需求。
EN： The modal verb 'could' is used here to express possibility or potential in the future. It suggests that while the outcome is likely, it is not yet a guaranteed reality.
中文： 助动词 'could' 在此处用于表达未来的可能性或潜力。它暗示虽然结果很有希望，但尚未成为既定的事实。
New technology could reduce energy consumption significantly.
新技术可能会显著降低能源消耗。
EN： The sentence uses a compound predicate where two verbs ('revolutionize' and 'offer') share the same subject ('This discovery') and modal verb ('could'), connected by the conjunction 'and'.
中文： 本句使用了复合谓语，其中两个动词（revolutionize 和 offer）共享同一个主语（This discovery）和助动词（could），并由连词 'and' 连接。
The program will educate students and provide job opportunities.
该计划将教育学生并提供就业机会。
EN： The term 'personalized medicine' (or treatments) refers to a modern medical model that tailors healthcare to the individual characteristics of each patient, often based on genetic information. This was a major shift from the 'one-size-fits-all' approach.
中文： 「個人化醫療」（或治療）是指一種現代醫學模式，它根據每位患者的個人特徵（通常基於基因資訊）量身定制醫療方案。這是從傳統「一體適用」方法的一大轉變。
EN： The Past Simple tense is used to describe completed actions at a specific time in the past. In this sentence, 'received' is the past form of the regular verb 'receive'.
中文： 过去一般时用于描述在过去特定时间点完成的动作。在此句子中，'received' 是规则动词 'receive' 的过去式。
She graduated from university in 2015.
她在2015年从大学毕业。
EN： Prepositional phrases of time (e.g., 'In 2012') are often placed at the beginning of a sentence to set the context or emphasize when the event occurred.
中文： 时间介词短语（例如 'In 2012'）通常放在句首，用来建立背景信息或强调事件发生的时间。
In the morning, we usually go for a walk.
在早上，我们通常会去散步。
EN： The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is one of the most prestigious awards in the scientific world. Shinya Yamanaka's win was significant for Japan and the field of regenerative medicine, as it recognized the discovery that mature cells can be converted back into stem cells.
中文： 諾貝爾生理學或醫學獎是科學界最高榮譽之一。山中伸彌的獲獎對日本及再生醫學領域具有重大意義，因為它肯定了「成熟細胞可以被重新轉化為幹細胞」這一發現。
EN： The Past Continuous tense (was/were + verb-ing) is used here to describe an ongoing background action ('doing laundry') that was interrupted by a sudden event in the Past Simple ('the phone rang').
中文： 过去进行时 (was/were + V-ing) 在此用于描述一个正在进行的背景动作（洗衣服），而这个动作被另一个发生在过去一般时的突发事件（电话响了）所中断。
I was sleeping when the alarm went off.
当闹钟响起时，我正在睡觉。
EN： The conjunction 'When' introduces a subordinate time clause. When the 'when' clause comes first, a comma is required to separate it from the main clause.
中文： 连词 'When' 引导一个时间状语从句。当 'when' 引导的从句放在句首时，必须使用逗号将其与主句隔开。
When the rain stopped, we went outside.
当雨停时，我们去了户外。
EN： The mention of Shinya Yamanaka doing laundry when he received the Nobel Prize call is a famous anecdote in Japan. It highlights his humility and 'ordinary' lifestyle despite his extraordinary scientific achievements, which resonates with the cultural value of staying grounded (modesty).
中文： 提到山中伸彌在接到諾貝爾獎電話時正在洗衣服，這在日本是一個著名的軼事。這突顯了儘管他取得了非凡的科學成就，卻依然保持謙遜和平凡的生活方式，這與日本文化中強調「保持謙虛（不忘初心）」的價值觀相契合。
EN： The sentence uses 'It' as a preparatory subject (dummy subject) to introduce a 'that-clause' which functions as the real subject. This structure is used to place focus on the adjective 'ironic'.
中文： 本句使用 'It' 作为形式主语（虚主语），用来引导后方由 'that' 开头的名词从句（真正的主语）。这种结构常用于强调说话者对某件事的评论或感受（如本句中的 ironic）。
It is surprising that he finished the marathon in under three hours.
令人惊讶的是，他竟然在三小时内跑完了马拉松。
EN： The Past Perfect tense ('had become') is used to describe an action that was completed before another point in the past (the moment it was recognized as ironic).
中文： 过去完成时（had + 过去分词）用于描述在过去某个时间点或动作之前就已经完成的动作。在本句中，他「成为科学家」发生在作者「觉得讽刺」的时间点之前。
By the time the movie started, we had already bought our popcorn.
电影开始时，我们已经买好爆米花了。
EN： Shinya Yamanaka often humbles himself by mentioning his past struggles as a surgeon, where he was nicknamed 'Jyamanaka' (a play on his name meaning 'obstacle' or 'nuisance') because he was not skilled at surgery. This narrative of turning failure into world-class success is highly respected in both Japanese and global scientific culture.
中文： 山中伸彌經常謙虛地提到他過去作為外科醫生的掙扎。當時他因為手術技術不佳而被戲稱為「Jyamanaka」（取其姓氏諧音，意指「礙手礙腳的人」）。這種將失敗轉化為世界級成功的敘事，在日本及全球科學界都備受推崇。
EN： The sentence uses the 'Subject + Linking Verb + Subject Complement' structure. Here, 'a moment of incredible recognition' acts as the complement, providing more information about the subject 'This'.
中文： 本句使用了「主语 + 连系动词 + 主语补足语」的结构。在这里，「a moment of incredible recognition」作为补足语，用来补充说明主语「This」的内容。
That was a period of great transition for the company.
那是公司一个重大转型的时期。
EN： The preposition 'for' is used here to indicate the reason or the object of the recognition, connecting the achievement to the specific work performed.
中文： 介词「for」在此处用来表示认可的原因或对象，将成就与其所进行的具体工作联系起来。
She received an award for her bravery.
她因为她的勇敢而获得了一个奖项。
EN： The term 'groundbreaking' is frequently used in scientific and academic contexts to describe research that changes the way people think about a subject or opens up new possibilities, much like Shinya Yamanaka's iPS cell discovery.
中文： 「groundbreaking」(開創性的) 一詞常用於科學和學術背景，用來描述改變人們對某一學科看法或開啟新可能性的研究，就像山中伸彌發現 iPS 細胞一樣。
EN： The 'to-infinitive' (to + base verb) is used here as an adverbial of purpose to explain 'why' the action is being performed. It answers the question: For what purpose does he run marathons?
中文： 不定式 (to + 动词原形) 在此处作为状语，用来表示目的，解释「为什么」要执行该动作。它回答了「他为了什么目的跑马拉松？」这个问题。
She studies hard to get into a good university.
她努力读书是为了考上好大学。
EN： The conjunction 'and' connects two noun phrases ('money' and 'awareness') that function as the direct objects of the verb 'raise'. This is known as a compound object.
中文： 连词 'and' 连接了两个名词短语（'money' 和 'awareness'），这两个短语共同作为动词 'raise' 的宾语。这被称为复合宾语。
The charity provides food and shelter for the homeless.
该慈善机构为无家可归者提供食物和住所。
EN： In the scientific community, it is increasingly common for high-profile researchers to engage in public activities like marathons to humanize science and attract private funding, as government grants can be highly competitive or limited.
中文： 在科學界，知名研究人員參與馬拉松等大眾活動已變得越來越普遍。這不僅能讓科學研究更具親和力，還能吸引私人資金，因為政府補助的競爭通常非常激烈或金額有限。
EN： The imperative mood is used to give commands, advice, or encouragement. It is formed by using the base form of the verb without a subject. To make it negative, 'don't' (do not) is added before the verb.
中文： 祈使句用于给予命令、建议或鼓励。其结构是直接使用动词原形，省略主语。若要形成否定句，则在动词前加上 'don't' (do not)。
Don't lose hope during difficult times.
在困难时期不要失去希望。
EN： The conjunction 'even when' is used to emphasize that something remains true or should continue to happen despite a specific condition or circumstance occurring.
中文： 连词 'even when' (即使...的时候) 用于强调尽管在某种特定情况或条件下，某事依然属实或应该继续发生。
She stays calm even when she is under pressure.
即使在压力之下，她依然保持冷静。
EN： Shinya Yamanaka is known for his humility and persistence. He often uses the metaphor of running a marathon to describe scientific research, emphasizing that long-term dedication is more important than short-term speed. This quote reflects the 'Ganbaru' (perseverance) spirit common in Japanese culture.
中文： 山中伸彌以謙遜和毅力聞名。他經常以跑馬拉松來比喻科學研究，強調長期的投入比短期的速度更重要。這句話反映了日本文化中常見的「加油/堅持到底」(Ganbaru) 精神。
EN： The structure 'Subject + is + what...' uses a nominal relative clause (what-clause) as a subject complement to define or emphasize the subject.
中文： 「主语 + is + what...」结构使用名词性关系从句（what 从句）作为主语补足语，用来定义或强调主语的特质或功能。
Hard work is what leads to success.
努力就是通往成功的关键。
EN： The phrasal verb 'drive someone forward' means to motivate or compel someone to progress or continue their efforts.
中文： 短语动词「drive someone forward」意指激励或迫使某人进步或继续努力。
Her ambition drives her forward even in difficult times.
即使在困难时期，她的野心仍推动着她前行。
EN： The sentence reflects the value of 'persistence' (shitsunen or gambaru in Japanese context), which is highly regarded in scientific research and Japanese culture, emphasizing that success comes from not giving up.
中文： 這句話反映了「毅力」的價值（在日本文化背景中稱為「執念」或「加油/堅持」）。在科學研究與日本文化中，這被視為極高的美德，強調成功源於永不放棄的精神。
EN： The verb 'continue' can be followed by a gerund (V-ing) to describe an ongoing action or a state that persists over time without interruption.
中文： 动词「continue」后接动名词 (V-ing)，用来描述一个持续进行且未中断的动作或状态。
She continues practicing the piano every evening.
她每天傍晚持续练习钢琴。
EN： The phrasal verb 'turn A into B' means to transform or change something from one state or form into another.
中文： 短语「turn A into B」意为「将 A 转化为 B」，用于描述将某物从一种状态或形式改变为另一种。
The magician turned the piece of paper into a flower.
魔术师将那张纸变成了一朵花。
EN： The mention of 'iPS cells' refers to a major milestone in Japanese scientific history. Shinya Yamanaka's work is a source of great national pride in Japan, representing the country's leading role in regenerative medicine.
中文： 提到「iPS 細胞」涉及日本科學史上的一個重要里程碑。山中伸彌的研究是日本國家自豪感的來源，代表了日本在再生醫學領域的領先地位。
重要单词附有 IPA 发音、定义、例句和互动式测验。
在本文中： 重新编程或改变细胞的功能与特性
在本文中： 重大进展或突破性发现
在本文中： 胚胎的
在本文中： 伦理的、道德规范的
在本文中： （医学上的）排斥反应
在本文中： 彻底变革、产生革命性影响
在本文中： 讽刺的、出乎意料的
在本文中： 认可、表彰
在本文中： 开创性的、创新的
在本文中： 坚持不懈、毅力
在本文中： 不知疲倦地、勤奋地
片语包含类型标示、双语定义、用法说明和例句。
To stop making an effort; to quit.
放弃
To collect money for a particular purpose, especially for charity.
筹款、募款
To motivate or push someone to make progress or succeed.
驱使某人前进、激励
Related to or connected with the utilization of something.
围绕着...的使用
To change the genetic instructions of a cell so that it functions as a different type of cell.
重新编程（细胞）
Undifferentiated cells capable of giving rise to indefinitely more cells of the same type, or from which certain other kinds of cells arise by differentiation.
干细胞
Artificially caused or stimulated in a laboratory environment rather than occurring naturally.
诱导的
An immune system response where the body attacks a transplanted organ or tissue as if it were a foreign threat.
（免疫）排斥反应