Nelson Mandela: Freedom and Forgiveness纳尔逊·曼德拉：自由与宽恕
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EN： The phrase 'While in prison' is a reduced adverbial clause. The subject and the verb 'to be' (While he was in prison) are omitted because the subject is the same as the main clause.
中文： 「While in prison」是一个简化的状语从句。当从句的主语与主句相同，且动词为 be 动词时（While he was in prison），主语与 be 动词可以省略。
While in London, she visited many museums.
在伦敦期间，她参观了许多博物馆。
EN： The verb 'continue' can be followed by an infinitive (to study) or a gerund (studying) with little to no change in meaning, indicating an action that persists.
中文： 动词「continue」后面可以接不定式（to study）或动名词（studying），两者意义几乎相同，用来表示持续进行某个动作。
They continued to work despite the heavy rain.
尽管下着大雨，他们仍继续工作。
EN： 'Study by correspondence' refers to distance learning via mail, which was the primary way for prisoners to receive higher education before the internet era. Mandela's pursuit of a law degree while imprisoned was a significant act of intellectual resistance.
中文： 「Study by correspondence」（函授學習）是指透過郵件進行的遠距教學，這在網路時代之前是囚犯接受高等教育的主要方式。曼德拉在獄中堅持攻讀法律學位，被視為一種強大的智力抗爭行為。
EN： The verb 'refuse' is followed by a 'to-infinitive' (to + base verb) to indicate what action the subject declines to do.
中文： 动词 'refuse' (拒绝) 后面接「不定式」(to + 动词原形)，用来表示主语拒绝执行的动作。
She refused to accept the bribe.
她拒绝接受贿赂。
EN： The conjunction 'even though' introduces a concession clause, used to express a fact that makes the main statement surprising or unexpected.
中文： 连接词 'even though' (尽管/虽然) 引导让步状语从句，用来表达一个事实，使得主句的陈述显得令人惊讶或出乎意料。
Even though it was raining, they went for a hike.
尽管下着雨，他们还是去远足了。
EN： This sentence highlights Nelson Mandela's philosophy of non-violence and forgiveness. In the context of South Africa's Apartheid, 'the system' refers to the institutionalized racial segregation and discrimination enforced by the government from 1948 to 1994.
中文： 這句話強調了納爾遜·曼德拉非暴力與寬容的哲學。在南非種族隔離制度 (Apartheid) 的背景下，「體制」(the system) 指的是 1948 年至 1994 年間政府強制執行的制度化種族隔離與歧視。
EN： The verb 'grow' followed by an infinitive (to + verb) means to gradually begin to do something or to develop a feeling over time.
中文： 动词「grow」后接不定式（to + 动词）表示「逐渐开始做某事」或随着时间的推移而产生某种感觉。
I grew to like the quiet life in the countryside.
我逐渐喜欢上了乡村宁静的生活。
EN： The preposition 'for' is used here to indicate the reason or cause for the respect being given.
中文： 介词「for」在此处用于表示给予尊重的原因。
The teacher is admired for her patience.
这位老师因其耐心而受到钦佩。
EN： This sentence reflects Nelson Mandela's extraordinary character. In the context of South African Apartheid, the relationship between white guards and black prisoners was typically one of extreme hostility. Mandela's ability to win the respect of his oppressors through moral consistency is a central theme of his legacy.
中文： 這句話反映了納爾遜·曼德拉非凡的人格魅力。在南非種族隔離制度的背景下，白人警衛與黑人囚犯之間的關係通常極度敵對。曼德拉能透過道德的一致性贏得壓迫者的尊重，是他留給世人的核心精神遺產。
EN： The sentence uses a Noun Clause starting with 'that' as the direct object of the verb 'realized'. This clause functions as a noun to express the content of his realization.
中文： 本句使用由 'that' 引导的名词从句作为动词 'realized' 的宾语。此从句的功能如同名词，用来表达他所意识到的具体内容。
She realized that hard work was the key to success.
她意识到努力工作才是成功的关键。
EN： The modal verb 'would' is used here to express a future-in-the-past perspective, showing what Mandela predicted or understood about the consequences of bitterness from his viewpoint at that time.
中文： 情态动词 'would' 在此用于表达「过去未来的观点」，显示曼德拉从当时的角度对怨恨后果的预测或理解。
He knew that the rain would stop eventually.
他知道雨最终会停的。
EN： In this context, 'cause' refers to a principle or movement that someone is prepared to support or fight for, specifically the anti-apartheid movement in South Africa. Mandela's realization highlights the philosophy of Ubuntu and reconciliation that defined his leadership.
中文： 在此語境中，'cause' 指的是某人願意支持或為之奮鬥的理想或運動，特別是指南非的反種族隔離運動。曼德拉的這一體悟凸顯了定義他領導風格的「烏班圖」(Ubuntu) 哲學與和解精神。
EN： Passive Voice (be + past participle): Used when the subject receives the action rather than performing it. In this case, Mandela did not release himself; he was released by the authorities.
中文： 被动语态 (be 动词 + 过去分词)：用于主语是动作的接受者而非执行者时。在此句中，曼德拉并非自己释放自己，而是被当局释放。
The new library was opened by the mayor last week.
新图书馆上周由市长主持开幕。
EN： Prepositions of Time and Place: 'On' is used for specific dates (February 11), while 'from' indicates the point of origin or separation.
中文： 时间与地点介词：「On」用于特定的日期（2月11日），而「from」则表示来源或分离的起点。
The flight from London arrived on July 4th.
从伦敦起飞的航班于7月4日抵达。
EN： The release of Nelson Mandela after 27 years in prison marked a pivotal moment in the end of apartheid in South Africa. February 11, 1990, is remembered globally as a symbol of the triumph of the human spirit and the beginning of a new democratic era.
中文： 納爾遜·曼德拉在入獄 27 年後獲釋，標誌著南非種族隔離制度（Apartheid）走向終結的關鍵時刻。1990 年 2 月 11 日被全球視為人類精神勝利及新民主時代開啟的象徵。
EN： The conjunction 'as' is used here to indicate that two actions are happening simultaneously. It functions similarly to 'while' or 'at the same time that'.
中文： 连接词「as」在此处用于表示两个动作同时发生。其功能类似于「while」或「at the same time that」（当……的时候）。
She waved to her parents as the train pulled out of the station.
当火车驶离车站时，她向父母挥手。
EN： The phrase 'millions of' is used to describe a large, indefinite number. Note that 'million' is pluralized (millions) when followed by 'of' and a noun.
中文： 短语「millions of」用于描述大量且不确定的数字。请注意，当后面接「of」和名词时，「million」必须使用复数形式（millions）。
Millions of stars were visible in the clear night sky.
在晴朗的夜空中可以看到数百万颗星星。
EN： Nelson Mandela's release from Victor Verster Prison in 1990 was a pivotal global event, symbolizing the beginning of the end of Apartheid in South Africa. The phrase 'walked to freedom' refers to his famous autobiography title, 'Long Walk to Freedom'.
中文： 納爾遜·曼德拉於 1990 年從維克多·韋斯特監獄獲釋是一個關鍵的全球性事件，象徵著南非種族隔離制度終結的開始。「走向自由」（walked to freedom）一詞呼應了他著名的自傳書名《漫漫自由路》（Long Walk to Freedom）。
EN： The coordinating conjunction 'but' is used to connect two independent clauses, showing a contrast between the subject's physical age and his mental strength.
中文： 并列连词 'but' 用于连接两个独立分句，用以展现主体生理年龄与心理韧性之间的对比。
The task was difficult, but she completed it on time.
这项任务很困难，但她准时完成了。
EN： The linking verb 'remain' is followed by adjectives (strong and unbroken) to describe the state or quality of the subject (his spirit) that continues to exist.
中文： 系动词 'remain' 后接形容词（strong 和 unbroken），用来描述主语（他的精神）持续存在的状态或特质。
Despite the noise, the baby remained asleep.
尽管有噪音，宝宝依然处于睡眠状态。
EN： Nelson Mandela's resilience after 27 years in prison is a cornerstone of modern South African history. The term 'unbroken' specifically refers to his refusal to compromise his ideals despite decades of confinement.
中文： 納爾遜·曼德拉在獄中度過 27 年後的韌性是現代南非歷史的基石。「unbroken」（不屈）一詞特別指他在數十年的監禁中，仍拒絕在理想上妥協的精神。
EN： The phrase 'instead of' is a prepositional phrase meaning 'in place of' or 'rather than'. When followed by a verb, the verb must be in the gerund form (-ing) because it follows a preposition.
中文： 短语 'instead of' 是一个介词短语，意思是「代替」或「而不是」。当后面接动词时，该动词必须使用动名词形式 (-ing)，因为它位于介词之后。
Instead of staying home, we went to the park.
我们没有待在家里，而是去了公园。
EN： The phrasal verb 'call for' means to publicly ask for or demand something that is needed or wanted, often used in political or social contexts.
中文： 短语动词 'call for' 意为公开要求或呼吁某件必要或想要的事情，常用于政治或社会背景中。
The protesters are calling for a change in the law.
抗议者们正呼吁修改法律。
EN： This sentence refers to Nelson Mandela's pivotal role in ending Apartheid in South Africa. Instead of seeking retribution against the white minority government that imprisoned him for 27 years, he promoted the 'Truth and Reconciliation Commission' to heal the nation's wounds through forgiveness.
中文： 這句話指的是納爾遜·曼德拉在結束南非種族隔離制度中的關鍵作用。他沒有對監禁他 27 年的少數白人政府尋求報復，而是推動了「真相與和解委員會」，旨在透過寬恕來治癒國家的創傷。
EN： The relative adverb 'where' is used to introduce a relative clause that provides more information about a place or a specific situation (in this case, the 'election'). It functions as 'in which'.
中文： 关系副词 'where' 用于引导关系从句，提供关于地点或特定情况（在此句中指「选举」）的更多信息。其功能相当于 'in which'。
This is the school where I studied ten years ago.
这就是我十年前就读的那所学校。
EN： The Past Simple tense ('held') is used to describe a completed action that took place at a specific time in the past ('In 1994').
中文： 一般过去时（'held'）用于描述在过去特定时间（'In 1994'）发生的已完成动作。
The company held a meeting yesterday to discuss the new project.
公司昨天举行了一场会议来讨论新计划。
EN： The 1994 election was a landmark event in world history, marking the end of apartheid in South Africa. It was the first time the black majority could exercise their right to vote, leading to Nelson Mandela becoming the country's first black president.
中文： 1994年的選舉是世界歷史上的里程碑，標誌著南非種族隔離制度（apartheid）的終結。這是黑人多數族群第一次能夠行使投票權，並促成納爾遜·曼德拉成為該國第一位黑人總統。
EN： The sentence uses the 'Compound Predicate' structure, where a single subject (Nelson Mandela) performs two actions connected by the conjunction 'and'. Both verbs ('won' and 'became') must be in the same tense (Past Simple) to maintain parallel structure.
中文： 本句使用了「复合谓语」结构，即单一主语（Nelson Mandela）执行了由连接词「and」连接的两个动作。为了保持平行结构，两个动词（won 和 became）都必须使用相同的时态（一般过去时）。
She finished her homework and went to the park.
她完成了作业并去了公园。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'by a landslide' functions as an adverbial of manner, describing how the victory was achieved. In political contexts, it specifically refers to winning by a very large margin.
中文： 介词短语「by a landslide」作为方式状语，描述了胜利是如何取得的。在政治语境中，它特指以极大的优势胜出（压倒性胜利）。
The mayor was re-elected by a landslide.
市长以压倒性优势获得连任。
EN： The 1994 election was a landmark event in world history as it marked the end of apartheid in South Africa. A 'landslide' victory for Mandela's party (the ANC) was significant because it demonstrated the overwhelming support for a new, inclusive government after decades of racial segregation.
中文： 1994年的選舉是世界歷史上的里程碑，標誌著南非種族隔離制度（apartheid）的終結。曼德拉所屬政黨（非國大）的「壓倒性」勝利意義重大，因為它展現了在數十年的種族隔離後，民眾對建立一個包容性新政府的壓倒性支持。
EN： The verb 'invite' follows the pattern 'invite someone to do something' (Infinitive Phrase). This structure indicates the action the object is being asked to perform.
中文： 动词 'invite' 遵循 'invite someone to do something'（不定式短语）的句型。此结构用来表示邀请对象去执行的动作。
She invited her neighbors to join the party.
她邀请她的邻居们参加聚会。
EN： The use of 'on' as a preposition of time for specific days or dates (e.g., 'on inauguration day').
中文： 介词 'on' 的用法，用于指代特定的日子或日期（例如：'在就职典礼当天'）。
We usually exchange gifts on Christmas Day.
我们通常在圣诞节当天交换礼物。
EN： The 'front row' at an inauguration is typically reserved for high-ranking officials, foreign dignitaries, and family members. By inviting his former jailers to sit there, Mandela made a powerful global statement about reconciliation and the end of the Apartheid era's animosity.
中文： 就職典禮的「前排」通常是保留給高官、外國元首和家屬的。曼德拉邀請他以前的獄卒坐在那裡，向全球發出了一個關於和解以及結束種族隔離時代仇恨的強大訊號。
EN： The noun 'commitment' is frequently followed by the preposition 'to' to indicate the target or goal of the dedication. Note that 'to' here is a preposition, so it is followed by a noun or a gerund (V-ing).
中文： 名词「commitment」(承诺/奉献) 经常后接介词「to」来表示致力于某个目标或对象。请注意，这里的「to」是介词，因此后面必须接名词或动名词 (V-ing)。
The company has a strong commitment to environmental protection.
这家公司对环境保护有着坚定的承诺。
EN： The Past Simple tense is used here ('symbolized') to describe a completed action or state in the past within a historical narrative.
中文： 这里使用一般过去时 (symbolized) 来描述历史叙事中，过去已经完成的动作或当时存在的状态。
The white dove symbolized peace after the long war.
在漫长的战争后，白鸽象征了和平。
EN： This sentence refers to Nelson Mandela's efforts to heal South Africa after the end of Apartheid. Instead of seeking retribution against those who imprisoned him, he focused on 'reconciliation,' a key concept in South African history that led to the formation of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission.
中文： 這句話指的是納爾遜·曼德拉在種族隔離制度結束後為治癒南非所做的努力。他沒有尋求報復那些囚禁他的人，而是專注於「和解」(reconciliation)，這是南非歷史中的核心概念，並促成了「真相與和解委員會」的成立。
EN： Present Participle Phrase (V-ing): Used here as a reduced relative clause or a supplementary action, describing the manner or result of the main action. 'Choosing' explains how Mandela acted while creating the commission.
中文： 现在分词短语 (V-ing)：此处用作简化从句或补充说明，描述主句动作的方式或结果。「Choosing」解释了曼德拉在创立委员会时所采取的态度或方式。
She walked out of the room, slamming the door behind her.
她走出房间，砰的一声关上了门。
EN： Prepositional Phrase 'A over B': This structure is used to indicate a preference or choice of one thing (A) instead of another (B).
中文： 介词短语「A over B」：此结构用于表示偏好或选择某物（A）而非另一物（B）。
Many people prefer tea over coffee in the morning.
许多人早晨喜欢喝茶胜过咖啡。
EN： The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) was a court-like restorative justice body assembled in South Africa after the end of apartheid. It was a crucial part of the transition to democracy, focusing on uncovering the truth about human rights violations rather than seeking simple retribution.
中文： 真相與和解委員會 (TRC) 是南非種族隔離制度結束後成立的一個法庭式修復性司法機構。它是南非轉型正義的關鍵部分，重點在於揭露人權侵犯的真相，而非僅僅尋求報復。
EN： The Present Participle Phrase (V-ing) is used here as a resultative clause, indicating an action that happens as a direct consequence of the main verb.
中文： 现在分词短语 (V-ing) 在此用作结果状语，表示主句动作所产生的直接结果或影响。
The storm destroyed the bridge, making it impossible to cross the river.
暴风雨摧毁了桥梁，使得过河变得不可能。
EN： The phrasal verb 'step down' means to resign or leave an important position, often used in political or corporate contexts.
中文： 短语动词 'step down' 意为辞职或卸任重要职位，常用于政治或企业背景。
The CEO decided to step down after ten years of service.
首席执行官在任职十年后决定卸任。
EN： In many developing democracies, leaders often try to extend their power beyond constitutional limits. Mandela's decision to serve only one term (1994-1999) was a powerful symbolic act that prioritized democratic stability over personal power, setting a rare precedent in African politics.
中文： 在許多發展中民主國家，領導人常試圖延長任期以把持權力。曼德拉決定僅擔任一任總統（1994-1999）是一個強大的象徵性舉措，將民主穩定置於個人權力之上，在非洲政治中樹立了罕見的先例。
EN： The sentence uses a 'Noun Clause' as the direct object of the verb 'showed'. The word 'that' introduces a complete sentence (27 years... spirit) which functions as a single noun to tell us what was shown.
中文： 本句使用了「名词从句」作为动词 showed 的直接宾语。连接词 that 引导一个完整的句子（27 years... spirit），该从句在功能上等同于一个名词，用来交代展示的内容。
The teacher showed the students that hard work pays off.
老师向学生们展示了努力终有回报。
EN： The modal verb 'cannot' (can + not) is used to express impossibility or a lack of ability. In this context, it emphasizes the resilience of the human spirit against external force.
中文： 情态动词「cannot」(can + not) 用于表达不可能或缺乏能力。在此语境中，它强调了人类精神在面对外力时的韧性。
Fear cannot stop us from pursuing our dreams.
恐惧无法阻止我们追求梦想。
EN： Nelson Mandela's 27-year imprisonment is a central symbol of the struggle against Apartheid in South Africa. His ability to emerge without bitterness and lead the nation toward reconciliation is considered one of the greatest moral achievements of the 20th century.
中文： 納爾遜·曼德拉長達27年的監禁是南非反種族隔離鬥爭的核心象徵。他出獄後不僅沒有懷恨在心，反而領導國家走向和解，這被認為是20世紀最偉大的道德成就之一。
EN： The sentence uses a Noun Clause starting with 'that' as the direct object of the verb 'proved'. This clause functions as a noun to state a fact or belief.
中文： 本句使用由 'that' 引导的名词从句作为动词 'proved' 的宾语。此从句的功能如同名词，用来陈述一个事实或信念。
She proved that hard work leads to success.
她证明了努力会带来成功。
EN： A Relative Clause (Adjective Clause) starting with 'who' is used to modify the noun 'person', providing more specific information about which person is being discussed.
中文： 关系从句（形容词从句）由 'who' 引导，用来修饰名词 'person'，提供关于该人物更具体的信息。
I admire people who never give up.
我钦佩那些永不放弃的人。
EN： This sentence encapsulates Nelson Mandela's legacy. Despite 27 years in prison, his refusal to succumb to despair became a global symbol of resilience and the power of the human spirit against systemic oppression.
中文： 這句話概括了納爾遜·曼德拉留給世人的精神遺產。儘管身陷囹圄 27 年，他拒絕屈服於絕望，成為了韌性以及人類精神對抗體制性壓迫的全球象徵。
重要单词附有 IPA 发音、定义、例句和互动式测验。
在本文中： 广泛地；程度很大地
在本文中： （尤指通过信件的）通讯、通信
在本文中： 压迫；打压
在本文中： 坚定不移的；不动摇的
在本文中： 和解；调和
在本文中： 民主的
在本文中： （选举中）压倒性的胜利
在本文中： 就职典礼
在本文中： 象征；代表
在本文中： 承诺；奉献
在本文中： 委员会
片语包含类型标示、双语定义、用法说明和例句。
To resign from a high position or office.
辞职；下台；退位
To publicly ask for something to happen.
呼吁；要求
By a very large majority of votes.
以压倒性优势（获胜）
To stop believing that something good will happen.
放弃希望
A method of distance learning where educational materials and assignments are sent between the student and the institution by mail.
通过函授学习法律
A principle, social movement, or political goal that someone supports and fights for.
损害他的事业/理想
An election victory in which one candidate or party receives a very large majority of the votes.
以压倒性优势赢得选举
A specialized official body (commission) tasked with discovering and revealing past wrongdoing by a government.
真相与和解委员会
A fixed period of time during which a person holds a particular office or position.
仅担任一任任期