EN： In news headlines, the Present Simple tense is often used to describe recent events that have just happened. This makes the news feel more immediate and urgent, even though the discovery occurred in the past.
中文： 在新闻标题中，经常使用「现在简单时」来描述刚发生的近期事件。这会让新闻更具即时性和紧迫感，尽管该发现实际上发生在过去。
NASA Finds Water on Mars.
美国宇航局在火星上发现水。
EN： The use of the possessive 's (Cambodia's) indicates ownership or a relationship between a place and a feature within it. It functions as an adjective modifying the noun 'Limestone Caves'.
中文： 所有格 's (Cambodia's) 的用法表示所有权或地方与其内部特征之间的关系。它在此处充当形容词，修饰名词「石灰岩洞穴」。
Japan's highest mountain is Mount Fuji.
日本最高的山是富士山。
EN： Cambodia is known for its rich biodiversity and unique karst (limestone) landscapes, which often harbor species found nowhere else on Earth. In scientific naming, discovering a new species is a significant contribution to global conservation efforts.
中文： 柬埔寨以其豐富的生物多樣性和獨特的喀斯特（石灰岩）地形而聞名，這些地形通常孕育著地球上其他地方找不到的物種。在科學命名中，發現新物種是對全球保育工作的重要貢獻。
EN： Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle): Used to describe an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past and has relevance to the present, often used for announcing news or discoveries.
中文： 现在完成时 (have/has + 过去分词)：用于描述过去某个不确定时间点发生且与现在相关的动作，常用于宣布新闻或新发现。
Scientists have found a new planet in a distant galaxy.
科学家在遥远的星系中发现了一颗新行星。
EN： Collective Nouns as Subjects: Words like 'team', 'group', or 'family' refer to a collection of individuals but are often treated as a single singular unit, thus taking a singular verb (has).
中文： 集合名词作为主语：像 'team' (团队)、'group' (小组) 或 'family' (家庭) 这样的词指的是一群人，但通常被视为一个单一的整体，因此使用单数动词 (has)。
The team has decided to change its strategy.
该团队已决定改变其策略。
EN： Passive Voice (be + past participle): Used when the action itself or the receiver of the action is more important than the doer. Here, 'was made' focuses on the discovery rather than the researchers.
中文： 被动语态 (be 动词 + 过去分词)：当动作本身或动作的接受者比执行者更重要时使用。这里的 'was made' 将重点放在「发现」这件事，而非研究人员。
The decision was made by the committee yesterday.
这项决定是委员会昨天做出的。
EN： Compound Adjectives with Hyphens: When multiple words function together as a single adjective before a noun (e.g., 'seven-year'), they are connected by hyphens. Note that the noun within the adjective ('year') remains singular.
中文： 带连字符的复合形容词：当多个单词在名词前共同充当单一形容词时（例如 'seven-year'），会用连字符连接。请注意，形容词中的名词（year）需保持单数形式。
We went on a two-week vacation to Japan.
我们去日本进行了为期两周的度假。
EN： Fauna & Flora International (FFI) is a well-known international conservation organization. In scientific English, it is common to use appositives (like 'a nature conservation charity') to explain the identity of a specific organization or person mentioned.
中文： Fauna & Flora International (FFI) 是著名的國際保育組織。在科學英文中，常用同位語（如 'a nature conservation charity'）來解釋文中提到的特定機構或人物的身分。
EN： Relative Clauses with 'that': A relative clause provides more information about a noun (the antecedent). Here, 'that has never been fully explored before' describes the 'unique ecosystem'.
中文： 关系从句 (Relative Clauses)：使用 'that' 引导的关系从句用来提供关于名词（先行词）的更多信息。在此句中，'that has never been fully explored before' 用来修饰前面的 'unique ecosystem'（独特的生态系统）。
I found a book that explains how stars are formed.
我找到了一本解释恒星是如何形成的书。
EN： Present Perfect Passive Voice: Formed by 'has/have + been + past participle', this structure indicates that an action has happened to the subject at an unspecified time in the past.
中文： 现在完成时的被动语态：由 'has/have + been + 过去分词' 构成，此结构表示在过去不特定时间点，某个动作发生在主语身上（主语是被动者）。
The old building has been renovated recently.
这栋老旧建筑最近已经被翻新了。
EN： Gerund as Subject: The word 'Entering' is a gerund (verb + -ing) acting as a noun. In English, we use gerunds to talk about activities or actions as a general concept when they function as the subject of a sentence.
中文： 动名词当主语：单词 'Entering' 是一个动名词（动词 + -ing），其功能如同名词。在英文中，当我们将来个动作或活动作为句子的主语来讨论其一般概念时，会使用动名词。
Learning a new language opens many doors.
学习一门新语言会开启许多机会之门。
EN： Subordinating Conjunction 'Because': This word introduces a dependent clause that provides a reason for the main statement. It connects the effect (frightening experience) with the cause (completely dark).
中文： 从属连接词 'Because'：这个字引导一个从句，用来解释主要叙述的原因。它将结果（可怕的经历）与原因（完全黑暗）连接起来。
I stayed home because it was raining heavily.
因为雨下得很大，所以我待在家里。
EN： Relative Clause (Adjective Clause): The phrase '(that) visitors notice' is a relative clause modifying the noun 'thing'. In English, the relative pronoun 'that' or 'which' can be omitted when it serves as the object of the clause.
中文： 关系从句（形容词从句）：'(that) visitors notice' 是一个关系从句，用来修饰名词 'thing'。在英文中，当关系代词作为从句的宾语时，通常可以省略 'that' 或 'which'。
The movie we watched last night was very exciting.
我们昨晚看的那部电影非常刺激。
EN： Non-restrictive Relative Clause: The phrase ', which is bat waste' provides extra information about 'guano'. It is separated by a comma and uses 'which' to add a definition or detail that is not essential to identifying the noun.
中文： 非限定性关系从句：', which is bat waste' 对 'guano' 提供了额外的补充信息。这种用法通常在逗号之后，使用 'which' 来添加定义或细节，而这些信息并非识别该名词所必需的。
He lives in Paris, which is the capital of France.
他住在巴黎，那是法国的首都。
EN： The term 'guano' specifically refers to the accumulated excrement of seabirds and bats. In ecological and historical contexts, guano is highly valued as an effective fertilizer due to its high levels of phosphorus and nitrogen.
中文： 'Guano'（鳥糞/蝙蝠糞）一詞專指海鳥和蝙蝠累積的排泄物。在生態和歷史背景下，由於其含有高含量的磷和氮，鳥糞被視為一種極具價值的天然肥料。
EN： The phrase 'be home to' is an idiomatic expression used to describe a place where a particular group of people or animals live, or where something is commonly found.
中文： 短语「be home to」是一个惯用语，用来描述某个地方是特定人群或动物居住的地方，或是某物常见的所在地。
This tropical island is home to many rare bird species.
这座热带岛屿是许多稀有鸟类的家园。
EN： Relative Clauses with 'that': The word 'that' introduces a defining relative clause that provides essential information about the noun 'bats'. It functions as the subject of the verb 'hang'.
中文： 使用「that」的关系从句：单词「that」引导一个限定性关系从句，为名词「bats」（蝙蝠）提供必要信息。它在从句中担任动词「hang」（悬挂）的主语。
I like movies that have a happy ending.
我喜欢有快乐结局的电影。
EN： In many Western cultures, bats are often associated with darkness, mystery, or even fear (like in Dracula stories). However, in ecological terms, they are vital for pest control and pollination. The sentence highlights their massive numbers in specific ecosystems like limestone caves.
中文： 在許多西方文化中，蝙蝠常與黑暗、神秘甚至恐懼聯繫在一起（例如德古拉的故事）。然而，在生態學上，它們對於害蟲防治和授粉至關重要。這句話強調了它們在石灰岩洞穴等特定生態系統中的龐大數量。
EN： The passive structure 'be covered in/with' is used to describe a surface that has a large amount of something on it. While 'with' is more common for physical layers, 'in' is often used when the covering is liquid or numerous small objects.
中文： 被动结构「be covered in/with」用于描述表面被大量某物覆盖。虽然「with」较常用于物理覆盖层，但当覆盖物是液体或大量小型生物/物体时，常使用「in」。
The ground was covered in fallen leaves after the storm.
暴风雨过后，地面布满了落叶。
EN： The phrase 'such as' is a prepositional expression used to introduce specific examples of a general category (in this case, 'unusual creatures'). It is usually preceded by a comma when it provides non-essential information.
中文： 短语「such as」是用来引出特定类别（本句中为「不寻常的生物」）具体例子的介词表达。当它提供非必要信息时，通常前面会加上逗号。
I enjoy outdoor activities such as hiking and swimming.
我喜欢户外活动，例如徒步和游泳。
EN： The phrasal verb 'feed off' means to gain strength, energy, or support from something. In a biological context, it refers to an organism's source of nutrition.
中文： 短语动词「feed off」意指从某物中获得力量、能量或支持。在生物学语境中，它指的是生物的营养来源（以...为食）。
Some plants feed off insects to survive in poor soil.
有些植物以昆虫为食，以便在贫瘠的土壤中生存。
EN： The use of 'other' followed by a plural noun ('other dead animals') is used to refer to additional things of the same type that have not been mentioned yet.
中文： 「other」后接复数名词（如 other dead animals）的用法，用来指代尚未提到的同类型其他事物。
The museum has paintings, sculptures, and other works of art.
这间博物馆有绘画、雕塑和其他艺术作品。
EN： In ecological studies, 'guano' specifically refers to the excrement of seabirds and bats. It is highly valued as a fertilizer due to its high nitrogen and phosphorus content, and it forms the basis of many cave food webs where sunlight is absent.
中文： 在生態研究中，「guano」特指海鳥和蝙蝠的糞便。由於含有高濃度的氮和磷，它被視為極具價值的肥料。在缺乏陽光的洞穴環境中，它是許多食物網的能量基礎。
EN： The coordinating conjunction 'so' is used to connect two independent clauses to show a cause-and-effect relationship. The first clause describes the cause, and the second clause (starting with 'so') describes the result.
中文： 对等连接词「so」用于连接两个独立子句，以表示因果关系。第一个子句描述原因，第二个子句（以 so 开头）则描述结果。
It was raining, so we stayed at home.
当时正在下雨，所以我们待在家里。
EN： Adverbs of manner (like 'slowly') are often used to describe how an action is performed. They typically end in '-ly' and are placed before the main verb or after the object.
中文： 情状副词（如 slowly）常用于描述动作进行的方式。它们通常以 -ly 结尾，并放在主要动词之前或宾语之后。
She carefully opened the old box.
她小心翼翼地打开了那个旧盒子。
EN： The 'too + adjective + for + person + to-infinitive' structure indicates that something is excessive to the point that a certain action cannot be performed by a specific person.
中文： 「too + 形容词 + for + 对象 + 不定式」结构表示某种特质过于极端，以至于特定的人无法执行该动作（太...以至于不能...）。
The coffee is too hot for me to drink.
这咖啡太烫了，我没办法喝。
EN： Coordinating conjunction 'and' is used to connect two independent clauses (complete sentences) to form a compound sentence.
中文： 对等连接词「and」用于连接两个独立子句（完整的句子），以形成一个复合句。
The sun came out, and the birds started singing.
太阳出来了，鸟儿们开始歌唱。
EN： In speleology (the study of caves), the term 'gallery' refers to a wide or high section of a cave system, often resembling a hallway or a large room, which contrasts with 'passages' that can be very restrictive.
中文： 在洞穴學中，「gallery」（洞廳）指的是洞穴系統中寬闊或高大的部分，通常像走廊或大房間，這與可能非常狹窄的「passages」（通道）形成對比。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle) is used here to describe an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past and has relevance to the present.
中文： 现在完成时（have/has + 过去分词）在此用于描述过去某个不确定时间点发生的动作，且该动作与现在仍有相关性。
Scientists have found many rare plants in this forest.
科学家们已经在这片森林中发现了许多稀有植物。
EN： The phrase 'describe A as B' is a common structure used to define or characterize someone or something as having specific qualities.
中文： 短语「describe A as B」是一个常用结构，用于定义或特征化某人或某物具有特定的品质（将 A 描述为 B）。
The witness described the suspect as a tall man in a blue coat.
证人将嫌疑人描述为一名穿着蓝色外套的高个子男子。
EN： In scientific contexts, the word 'alien' often refers to something extremely different, strange, or unfamiliar, rather than specifically referring to extraterrestrial life from outer space.
中文： 在科學語境中，「alien」一詞通常指極其不同、陌生或不尋常的事物，而不一定是指來自外太空的外星生命。
EN： The phrasal verb 'grow up' is used to describe the process of becoming an adult. In this sentence, it is in the past tense 'grew up' to indicate a completed action in the past.
中文： 短语动词「grow up」用于描述成年、成长的过程。在本句中，使用过去式「grew up」来表示过去已经完成的动作。
She grew up in a small village near the ocean.
她在海边的一个小村庄长大。
EN： The adjective phrase 'be interested in' is used to show someone's curiosity or concern about something. It is followed by a noun or a gerund (V-ing).
中文： 形容词短语「be interested in」用于表示某人对某事感到好奇或关注。其后接名词或动名词（V-ing）。
Are you interested in learning how to play the guitar?
你对学习如何弹吉他感兴趣吗？
EN： The structure 'spend + time + V-ing' is used to indicate how much time someone dedicates to a specific activity. The verb following the time expression must be in the present participle (gerund) form.
中文： 「spend + 时间 + V-ing」结构用于表示某人花费多少时间在特定的活动上。接在时间表达语后的动词必须使用现在分词（动名词）形式。
She spent two hours reading a novel last night.
她昨晚花了两个小时读小说。
EN： The past simple tense is used here to describe habitual actions or states that occurred in the past but are no longer happening. 'Every day' emphasizes the frequency of this past habit.
中文： 这里使用过去简单式来描述过去发生但现在已不再持续的习惯性动作或状态。「Every day」强调了这个过去习惯的频率。
They played soccer every weekend when they were in high school.
他们读高中时每个周末都踢足球。
EN： The conjunction 'before' is used to introduce a subordinate clause that indicates an event occurring after the main action. In this sentence, it establishes a chronological sequence between his lack of knowledge and his relocation.
中文： 连接词「before」用来引导从句，表示在主句动作之后发生的事件。在此句子中，它建立了「不了解知识」与「搬家」之间的先后时间顺序。
She finished her homework before she went to bed.
她在上床睡觉前完成了作业。
EN： The phrase 'did not know much about' uses the auxiliary verb 'did' for the past simple negative. 'Much' is used as a quantifier with the uncountable concept of knowledge/information to indicate a small degree of familiarity.
中文： 短语「did not know much about」使用助动词「did」来构成过去简单式的否定句。「much」作为数量词，与不可数的知识/信息概念连用，表示熟悉程度不高。
I don't know much about classical music.
我对古典音乐不太了解。
EN： The term 'karst' originates from the German name for the Kras region in Slovenia/Italy, which is famous for its limestone topography. In Southeast Asia, karst landscapes (like those in Cambodia, Vietnam, and Thailand) are biodiversity hotspots but are often threatened by quarrying.
中文： 「Karst」（喀斯特）一詞源於斯洛維尼亞與義大利交界處 Kras 地區的德語名稱，該地以石灰岩地形聞名。在東南亞，喀斯特地形（如柬埔寨、越南和泰國的地貌）是生物多樣性的熱點，但常面臨採石業的威脅。
EN： Relative Clauses with 'where': The word 'where' is used as a relative adverb to introduce a clause that provides more information about a place or location (in this case, 'a type of landscape').
中文： 关系副词 'where' 的用法：'where' 用作关系副词，引导一个关系从句，用来补充说明前方表示地点或空间的概念（在此句中为 'a type of landscape' 地貌类型）。
This is the library where I spent most of my time studying.
这就是我花大部分时间读书的那间图书馆。
EN： Present Perfect Passive Voice: The structure 'has been + past participle' (has been shaped) is used to show that an action started in the past and continues to have an effect, focusing on the object receiving the action.
中文： 现在完成时的被动语态：结构为 'has been + 过去分词' (has been shaped)，用于表示一个动作从过去开始并持续产生影响，且强调动作的承受者。
The old building has been restored by the local government.
这栋老建筑已经由当地政府修复完成。
EN： The term 'Karst' originates from the Kras region in Slovenia and Italy, where the first scientific research on such landscapes was conducted. It is a globally recognized geological term.
中文： 「喀斯特」(Karst) 一詞源自斯洛維尼亞與義大利交界的克拉斯地區，那是最早對此類地貌進行科學研究的地方。這是一個全球通用的地質學術語。
EN： The conjunction 'Because' is used to introduce a subordinate clause that provides a reason. In English, when a sentence starts with 'Because', a comma is required after the dependent clause before the main clause begins. Note that unlike Chinese, English does not use 'so' in the main clause if 'because' is already used.
中文： 连接词 'Because' 用于引导提供原因的从句。在英文中，当句子以 'Because' 开头时，在从句结束、主句开始前必须加上逗号。请注意，与中文不同，英文若使用了 'because'，主句中就不会再使用 'so'。
Because the weather was bad, the flight was canceled.
因为天气恶劣，航班被取消了。
EN： The word 'each' and 'every' are distributive determiners. They are followed by a singular countable noun and a singular verb. 'Each' focuses on individual members of a group, while 'every' focuses on all members collectively, but both require singular forms.
中文： 单词 'each' 和 'every' 是分配限定词。它们后面必须接单数可数名词和单数动词。'Each' 强调群体中的个别成员，而 'every' 则强调整体中的每一个成员，但两者都要求使用单数形式。
Every student has a unique talent.
每个学生都有独特的才能。
EN： The phrase 'island of evolution' is a metaphor referring to 'Island Biogeography.' In biology, when a population is isolated (like on an actual island or in a cave), it evolves independently from other groups, often leading to the creation of unique species found nowhere else.
中文： 「演化島嶼」(island of evolution) 是一個隱喻，源自「島嶼生物地理學」。在生物學中，當一個族群被隔絕時（例如在真正的島嶼上或在洞穴中），它會獨立於其他族群進行演化，這通常會導致產生世界其他地方都找不到的獨特物種。
EN： The phrase 'This is why' is used to introduce a clause that explains the result or consequence of a previously mentioned fact. It functions as a conjunctive structure linking a cause to an effect.
中文： 「This is why」这个短语用来引导一个从句，解释前文所述事实所导致的结果或影响。它在结构上起到了连接「原因」与「结果」的作用。
He studied hard every day; this is why he passed the exam.
他每天努力学习；这就是为什么他通过了考试。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense ('have adapted') is used here to describe an action that started in the past and has a result or relevance in the present. 'Adapt to' is a phrasal verb meaning to adjust to new conditions.
中文： 现在完成时（have adapted）在此用于描述从过去开始并对现在产生结果或关联的动作。「Adapt to」是一个短语动词，意为「适应」新环境或条件。
The plants have adapted to the dry climate of the desert.
这些植物已经适应了沙漠的干燥气候。
EN： In scientific contexts, 'island of evolution' refers to the theory of island biogeography, where isolated environments (like caves or actual islands) lead to unique evolutionary paths. This explains why species in one cave might be completely different from those in a neighboring cave.
中文： 在科學語境中，「演化之島」指的是島嶼生物地理學理論，即孤立的環境（如洞穴或真實的島嶼）會導致獨特的演化路徑。這解釋了為什麼一個洞穴中的物種可能與相鄰洞穴中的物種完全不同。
EN： The use of 'like' as a preposition to create a simile. A simile compares two different things to highlight a specific quality, in this case, comparing a cave to a laboratory.
中文： 使用 'like' 作为介词来构成明喻（Simile）。明喻将两个不同的事物进行比较以突出特定特质，在此句中是将「洞穴」比作「实验室」。
The internet is like a vast ocean of information.
互联网就像是一片广大无边的信息海洋。
EN： The present continuous tense ('are beginning') combined with 'only' emphasizes an action that has recently started and is currently in progress, often suggesting that much more work remains.
中文： 现在进行时（are beginning）结合 'only' 用来强调一个最近才开始且正在进行中的动作，通常暗示还有很多工作尚待完成。
We are only beginning to see the effects of climate change.
我们才刚刚开始看到气候变化所带来的影响。
EN： The metaphor of an 'island of evolution' or 'laboratory of evolution' is common in biology. It refers to isolated environments (like caves or remote islands) where species evolve independently from the rest of the world, often leading to unique characteristics.
中文： 「演化之島」或「演化實驗室」是生物學中常見的比喻。它指的是像洞穴或偏遠島嶼這樣與世隔絕的環境，物種在其中獨立演化，通常會產生獨特的特徵。
EN： Noun Clause with 'that': The word 'that' introduces a noun clause acting as the direct object of the verb 'noted'. It connects a main clause to a complete thought (subject + verb) that functions as a single noun.
中文： that 引导的名词从句：单词 'that' 在此引导一个名词从句，作为动词 'noted' (指出) 的宾语。它将主句与一个完整的想法（主语+动词）连接起来，使其功能如同一个名词。
She mentioned that the project would be finished by Friday.
她提到该项目将在周五前完成。
EN： Gerund as Object of Preposition: The word 'protecting' is a gerund (verb + -ing acting as a noun). It follows the preposition 'of' to describe the specific type of 'importance'.
中文： 动名词作为介词宾语：单词 'protecting' 是一个动名词（动词+ing，功能如同名词）。它接在介词 'of' 之后，用来描述「重要性」的具体内容。
The team discussed the difficulty of climbing the mountain.
团队讨论了爬这座山的困难之处。
EN： In scientific reporting, verbs like 'noted', 'observed', or 'highlighted' are frequently used to convey findings objectively while giving credit to the researchers.
中文： 在科學報導中，常使用 'noted' (指出)、'observed' (觀察到) 或 'highlighted' (強調) 等動詞，以客觀地傳達研究結果，同時歸功於研究人員。
EN： The sentence uses a 'Noun Clause' starting with 'that' as the direct object of the verb 'believe'. The word 'that' functions as a subordinator to introduce a complete statement of fact or opinion.
中文： 本句使用了由 'that' 引导的「名词从句」作为动词 'believe' 的宾语。'that' 在此作为连接词，用来引导一个完整的陈述事实或观点。
Researchers hope that the new law will protect the environment.
研究人员希望新法律将能保护环境。
EN： The phrase 'waiting to be found' uses the 'Passive Infinitive' (to be + past participle). This structure is used when the subject (species) receives the action (finding) rather than performing it.
中文： 短语 'waiting to be found' 使用了「被动不定式」(to be + 过去分词)。当主语（物种）是动作的接受者（被发现）而非执行者时，会使用此结构。
There are many problems waiting to be solved.
有许多问题正等待着被解决。
EN： Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle): This tense is used to describe actions that happened at an unspecified time in the past and have a connection to the present, or actions that have just been completed.
中文： 现在完成时 (have/has + 过去分词)：此时态用于描述过去某个不确定时间发生且与现在有联系的动作，或刚刚完成的动作。
The author has finished her new book.
作者已经完成了她的新书。
EN： Passive Voice (be + past participle): In the phrase 'has been published', the passive voice is used because the research is the receiver of the action, not the doer.
中文： 被动语态 (be + 过去分词)：在 'has been published' 中使用被动语态，是因为「研究」是动作的接受者，而非执行者。
The results were shared with the public.
结果已与公众分享。
EN： In academic and scientific contexts, 'publishing' refers to the formal process of sharing research in peer-reviewed journals, which is a crucial step for validation in the global community.
中文： 在學術和科學背景下，「發表」(publishing) 指的是在同行評審期刊上分享研究的正式過程，這是全球科學界認可研究價值的關鍵步驟。
重要单词附有 IPA 发音、定义、例句和互动式测验。
在本文中： 物种，动植物分类的基本单位
在本文中： （对自然环境的）保护、保育
在本文中： 生态系统
在本文中： 不寻常的、独特的
在本文中： 孤立的、隔绝的
在本文中： 演化、进化
在本文中： 适应（环境）
在本文中： （动植物的）栖息地
在本文中： 生物多样性
在本文中： 强调、凸显
片语包含类型标示、双语定义、用法说明和例句。
To use something as a source of energy or food.
以…为食；靠…维生
To be the place where a particular group of people or animals live.
是…的所在地/栖息地
To be available but not yet discovered or noticed.
等待被发现
The total body of scientists, its relationships and interactions.
科学界
Large, room-like chambers or open spaces within a cave system.
洞厅
A metaphor for a geographically isolated habitat where species evolve independently from others.
演化岛屿
A non-profit organization (NGO) dedicated to protecting the environment and wildlife.
自然保育慈善机构