EN： The sentence uses a 'That-Clause' as a Relative Clause to modify the noun 'Tiny Particles'. The word 'that' acts as a relative pronoun and the subject of the verb 'harm'.
中文： 本句使用「that 引导的定语从句」来修饰名词「Tiny Particles（微小颗粒）」。在从句中，that 作为关系代词，同时担任动词 harm 的主语。
The factory uses machines that reduce air pollution.
这家工厂使用能减少空气污染的机器。
EN： In news headlines, the Present Simple tense ('Finds', 'Release') is often used to describe recent discoveries or events to make the news feel more immediate and relevant.
中文： 在新闻标题中，常使用「一般现在时」（如 Finds, Release）来描述最近的发现或事件，使新闻读起来更具即时性与临场感。
New Report Shows Global Temperatures Rising.
新报告显示全球气温正在上升。
EN： In many parts of Europe and the UK, 'smokeless fuels' (like anthracite or manufactured briquettes) are marketed as eco-friendly alternatives to traditional coal. This headline challenges the common public perception that 'less visible smoke' equals 'safer air'.
中文： 在歐洲和英國的許多地區，「無煙燃料」（如無煙煤或人造煤球）被推銷為傳統煤炭的環保替代品。這則新聞標題挑戰了公眾普遍認為「肉眼可見煙霧較少」等於「空氣更安全」的認知。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (has revealed) is used to describe an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past and has relevance to the present, often used for reporting news or research findings.
中文： 现在完成时 (has revealed) 用于描述过去某个不确定时间点发生且与现在相关的动作，常用于报道新闻或研究结果。
The scientist has discovered a new species of bird.
这位科学家发现了一种新的鸟类。
EN： The 'as + adjective + as' structure is used to compare two things. When used with 'not', it indicates that the first thing has less of a quality than the second thing.
中文： 「as + 形容词 + as」结构用于比较两者。当与 'not' 连用时，表示第一个事物在某种特质上不如第二个事物。
The exam was not as difficult as I expected.
这场考试不如我预期的那么难。
EN： In many European countries, 'smokeless fuels' are promoted by governments to reduce visible air pollution (smog) in cities. However, this sentence highlights a growing scientific concern that invisible pollutants can be even more dangerous.
中文： 在許多歐洲國家，政府推廣「無煙燃料」以減少城市中可見的空氣污染（煙霧）。然而，這句話強調了科學界日益增長的擔憂：不可見的污染物可能更加危險。
EN： The sentence uses a 'Noun Clause' starting with 'that' as the direct object of the verb 'discovered'. This structure allows you to report a fact or finding.
中文： 本句使用由「that」引导的「名词从句」作为动词「discovered」的直接宾语。这种结构常用于报告事实或研究发现。
Scientists found that the ice is melting quickly.
科学家发现冰层正在快速融化。
EN： The word 'burning' is a 'Gerund' (a verb ending in -ing acting as a noun), which serves as the subject of the noun clause.
中文： 单词「burning」是一个「动名词」（以 -ing 结尾且具有名词功能的动词），在名词从句中担任主语。
Eating vegetables is good for your health.
吃蔬菜对你的健康有益。
EN： In many European countries, 'smokeless fuels' (like anthracite or manufactured briquettes) are promoted by governments to reduce visible air pollution in cities, but this study highlights a hidden environmental cost.
中文： 在許多歐洲國家，政府推廣「無煙燃料」（如無煙煤或人造煤磚）以減少城市中肉眼可見的空氣污染，但這項研究揭示了隱藏的環境代價。
EN： The 'so + adjective + that' structure is used to express cause and effect. 'So' emphasizes the degree of the adjective, while the 'that' clause describes the resulting consequence.
中文： 「so + 形容词 + that」结构用于表达因果关系。「so」强调形容词的程度，而「that」引导的从句则描述产生的结果。
The music was so loud that I couldn't hear him speak.
音乐声太大，以至于我听不见他说话。
EN： The conjunction 'and' is used here to connect two parallel verb phrases ('travel deep' and 'cause problems') that share the same subject ('they').
中文： 连词「and」在此处用于连接两个平行的动词短语（「深入移动」和「导致问题」），这两个动作共享同一个主语（「they」）。
He decided to go home and rest for a while.
他决定回家并休息一会儿。
EN： Passive Voice (be + past participle): This structure is used when the action is more important than who is performing it. Here, 'are sold' indicates that the fuels are the recipients of the selling action.
中文： 被动语态 (be 动词 + 过去分词)：当动作本身比执行者更重要时使用此结构。这里的 'are sold' 表示燃料是「被销售」的对象。
Fresh vegetables are sold at the local market every morning.
每天早上当地市场都会售卖新鲜蔬菜。
EN： Prepositional Phrase 'as... for...': 'As' is used here to function as a preposition meaning 'in the role of', while 'for' indicates the purpose or use of the item.
中文： 介词短语 'as... for...'：这里的 'as' 作为介词，意思是「作为...的身份/功能」，而 'for' 则用来表示该物品的目的或用途。
This room is used as a study for the children.
这个房间被用作孩子们的书房。
EN： In many parts of the UK and Ireland, 'smokeless zones' were established to reduce air pollution. In these areas, only authorized smokeless fuels (like anthracite or certain manufactured briquettes) can be burned in fireplaces, as traditional coal and wood produce too much visible smoke.
中文： 在英國和愛爾蘭的許多地區，政府設立了「無煙區」以減少空氣污染。在這些區域內，壁爐只能燃燒核准的無煙燃料（如無煙煤或特定的人造煤磚），因為傳統的煤炭和木材會產生過多肉眼可見的煙霧。
EN： Present Perfect Tense (have + past participle): Used to describe an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past and has relevance to the present situation.
中文： 现在完成时 (have + 过去分词)：用于描述过去某个不特定时间发生，且与现在情况相关的动作。
She has lived in this city for ten years.
她在这座城市已经住了十年了。
EN： Passive Voice (be + past participle): Used when the focus is on the action or the receiver of the action rather than the doer. In this sentence, 'they' (fuels) are the ones being expected by people.
中文： 被动语态 (be + 过去分词)：当重点在于动作本身或动作的承受者，而非执行者时使用。在本句中，「它们」（燃料）是被大众所期待的对象。
The results are expected to be announced tomorrow.
结果预计将于明天公布。
EN： In many European countries, 'smokeless fuels' are a common term for anthracite or manufactured solid fuels used in 'smoke control areas' to reduce visible pollution, though this study challenges their actual safety.
中文： 在許多歐洲國家，「無煙燃料」(smokeless fuels) 是一個常見術語，指在「煙霧管制區」使用的無煙煤或人造固體燃料，旨在減少肉眼可見的污染，儘管這項研究挑戰了它們的實際安全性。
EN： The use of 'something' followed by an adjective (surprising). In English, indefinite pronouns like something, anything, or nothing are modified by adjectives that come after the pronoun, not before it.
中文： 不定代词（如 something, anything, nothing）的后置修饰。在英文中，形容词必须放在这些代词之后，而非之前。
I want to try something different for dinner tonight.
我今晚晚餐想尝试一些不同的东西。
EN： The Past Simple tense is used here to describe a completed action that occurred at a specific time in the past (during their tests).
中文： 一般过去时。此处用于描述在过去特定时间（测试期间）已经完成的动作。
The team finished the report yesterday.
团队昨天完成了报告。
EN： The University of Galway is a prestigious research university in Ireland. In academic and news writing, specifying the institution adds credibility to the scientific findings being discussed.
中文： 高威大學（University of Galway）是愛爾蘭一所著名的研究型大學。在學術與新聞寫作中，明確指出研究機構能增加所討論科學發現的可信度。
EN： The sentence follows the 'Subject + Linking Verb + Subject Complement' pattern (SVC). The linking verb 'was' connects the subject 'The discovery' to the adjective 'accidental' which describes it.
中文： 此句子遵循「主语 + 系动词 + 主语补足语」(SVC) 的句型。系动词 'was' 将主语 'The discovery' 与描述它的形容词 'accidental' 连接起来。
The meeting was productive.
那次会议很有成效。
EN： The Past Simple tense is used here to describe a completed state or fact in the past. 'Was' is the past form of the verb 'to be' for singular subjects.
中文： 这里使用一般过去时来描述过去一个已完成的状态或事实。'Was' 是动词 'to be' 针对单数主语的过去式形式。
The movie was exciting.
那部电影很刺激。
EN： In scientific contexts, 'accidental discovery' often refers to 'serendipity'—finding something valuable while looking for something else. This is a common theme in the history of science (e.g., the discovery of Penicillin).
中文： 在科學背景下，「偶然的發現」通常指「意外收穫」(serendipity)——即在尋找其他事物時發現了有價值的東西。這是科學史上一個常見的主題（例如青黴素的發現）。
EN： The Past Continuous Tense (was/were + verb-ing) is used to describe an action that was in progress at a specific time in the past or to provide background information for a story.
中文： 过去进行时 (was/were + 现在分词) 用于描述过去某个特定时间点正在进行的动作，或为故事提供背景信息。
The team was analyzing the data when they found the error.
当团队发现错误时，他们正在分析数据。
EN： The correlative conjunction 'both... and...' is used to join two equal parts of a sentence (nouns, adjectives, or phrases), emphasizing that two things are included.
中文： 关联连词「both... and...」(两者都...) 用于连接句子中两个对等的成分（如名词、形容词或短语），强调两者皆包含在内。
The study examined both urban and rural air quality.
这项研究检查了城市和乡村的空气质量。
EN： In many European countries like Ireland and the UK, traditional wood or coal-burning stoves are common for home heating. However, due to air quality concerns, governments are increasingly regulating what types of fuel can be burned, leading to the rise of 'smokeless' alternatives.
中文： 在愛爾蘭和英國等許多歐洲國家，傳統的木柴或燃煤爐灶在家庭取暖中非常普遍。然而，由於對空氣品質的擔憂，政府正加強管制可燃燒的燃料類型，這促使了「無煙」替代燃料的興起。
EN： The phrase 'As expected' is a fixed idiomatic expression used as a sentence adverb to indicate that the information following it confirms a previous prediction or common knowledge.
中文： 短语 'As expected' 是一个固定的惯用语，用作句子副词，表示接下来的信息证实了先前的预测或常识（意为「正如所料」）。
As expected, the team won the championship easily.
正如预期的那样，这支球队轻松赢得了冠军。
EN： Comparative Adjectives: 'Less' is the comparative form of 'little' (used with uncountable nouns like 'smoke') to compare two things. The structure is 'less + [uncountable noun] + than'.
中文： 比较级形容词：'Less' 是 'little' 的比较级形式（用于不可数名词，如 'smoke'），用来比较两者。结构为「less + [不可数名词] + than」。
This new engine uses less fuel than the old one.
这台新引擎比旧引擎消耗更少的燃料。
EN： In many European countries, including Ireland and the UK, 'smokeless fuels' (like anthracite or manufactured briquettes) are legally required in 'Smoke Control Areas' to reduce urban air pollution, though this study challenges their perceived safety.
中文： 在包括愛爾蘭和英國在內的許多歐洲國家，「無煙燃料」（如無煙煤或人造煤磚）在「煙霧管制區」是法律要求的，以減少城市空氣污染。然而，這項研究挑戰了人們對其安全性的認知。
EN： The structure 'X times more + [noun]' is used to express multiples or comparisons. It indicates that the quantity of something is multiplied by a specific factor compared to another reference point.
中文： 结构「X times more + [名词]」用于表达倍数或比较。它表示某物的数量与另一个参考点相比增加了特定的倍数。
This new engine produces four times more power than the old one.
这款新引擎产生的动力是旧款的四倍。
EN： The past participle 'burned' acts as a reduced relative clause (which was burned), functioning as an adjective to modify the noun 'kilogram'.
中文： 过去分词「burned」在此作为简化定语从句（省略了 which was），充当形容词来修饰名词「kilogram」（公斤）。
For every dollar spent, you earn one reward point.
每花费一美元，您就可以获得一个奖励积分。
EN： In many European countries, including Ireland and the UK, 'smokeless fuels' (like anthracite or manufactured briquettes) are legally required in 'smoke control areas' to reduce visible air pollution. However, this study highlights a hidden danger that these regulations might have overlooked.
中文： 在包括愛爾蘭和英國在內的許多歐洲國家，為了減少肉眼可見的空氣污染，「控煙區」法律規定必須使用「無煙燃料」（如無煙煤或人造煤磚）。然而，這項研究揭示了這些法規可能忽視的隱藏危險。
EN： The verb 'means' is followed by a 'that-clause' acting as the direct object. In English, the conjunction 'that' is often omitted in informal or journalistic writing when the meaning remains clear.
中文： 动词「means」(意味着) 后面接了一个「that 从句」作为宾语。在英文中，当语义清晰时，连接词「that」在非正式或新闻写作中经常会被省略。
The dark clouds mean (that) it will rain soon.
乌云意味着很快就要下雨了。
EN： The phrase 'become deposited' uses 'become' as a linking verb followed by a past participle (deposited) to describe a change of state or a process of being placed somewhere.
中文： 短语「become deposited」使用「become」作为系动词，后接过去分词 (deposited)，用来描述状态的改变或被放置于某处的过程。
Sediment can become deposited at the bottom of the river.
沉积物可能会沉积在河底。
EN： Appositive phrases (Non-restrictive): The phrase 'from the University of Galway' acts as an appositive or a parenthetical modifier, providing extra information about the subject (Professor Jurgita Ovadnevaite). It is set off by commas to show it is non-essential to the sentence structure.
中文： 同位语短语（非限定性）：'from the University of Galway' 这个短语作为同位语或插入式的修饰语，提供关于主语（Jurgita Ovadnevaite 教授）的额外信息。它用逗号隔开，表示这在句子结构上并非核心必要成分。
Mr. Smith, a local baker, won the competition.
当地的面包师傅史密斯先生赢得了比赛。
EN： Simple Past Tense: The verb 'explained' is in the simple past tense, used to describe a completed action that occurred at a specific time in the past.
中文： 一般过去时：动词 'explained' 使用一般过去时，用来描述在过去特定时间点已经完成的动作。
The doctor explained the treatment plan to the patient.
医生向病人解释了治疗计划。
EN： The University of Galway is a prestigious research university in Ireland. In academic and news contexts, it is common to introduce experts by their full title and institutional affiliation to establish authority on the subject matter.
中文： 高威大學（University of Galway）是愛爾蘭一所著名的研究型大學。在學術和新聞語境中，通常會介紹專家的完整頭銜和所屬機構，以建立其在該主題上的權威性。
EN： Past Perfect Tense: Used to describe an action that was completed before another point in the past. Here, 'had considered' refers to the period before the study's findings were revealed.
中文： 过去完成时：用于描述在过去某个时间点或动作之前已经完成的动作。在这里，「had considered」指的是在研究结果揭晓之前的这段时间，人们尚未考虑到这一点。
She had finished her homework before her parents arrived home.
在她的父母回到家之前，她已经完成了功课。
EN： Noun Clause with 'that': The word 'that' introduces a subordinate clause that functions as the direct object of the verb 'consider'. It explains exactly what was not considered.
中文： that 引导的名词从句：单词「that」引导一个从句，作为动词「consider」的直接宾语，用来详细说明「没有被考虑到」的具体内容是什么。
He realized that he had left his keys in the car.
他意识到他把钥匙留在车子里了。
EN： In many European countries, 'smokeless fuels' are promoted by governments to reduce visible air pollution (smog). This sentence highlights a scientific irony where a solution to one problem (smoke) inadvertently creates another (invisible particles).
中文： 在許多歐洲國家，政府推廣「無煙燃料」以減少可見的空氣污染（煙霧）。這句話凸顯了一個科學上的諷刺現象：解決一個問題（煙霧）的方案，卻在無意中產生了另一個問題（肉眼看不見的微粒）。
EN： The 'not... until' structure is used to indicate that an action or situation did not happen before a specific time or event. It emphasizes that the event only occurred at that later point.
中文： 「not... until」结构用于表示某个动作或情况在特定时间或事件之前并未发生。它强调该事件直到那个较晚的时间点才发生。
I did not realize my mistake until he pointed it out.
直到他指出我来，我才意识到我的错误。
EN： 'Such a/an + adjective + noun' is used to emphasize the degree or quality of something. It is more emphatic than using 'very'.
中文： 「such a/an + 形容词 + 名词」用于强调某事物的程度或性质。这比单纯使用「very」更具强调语气。
It was such a beautiful day that we went for a walk.
那是如此美好的一天，以至于我们去散步了。
EN： In scientific contexts, 'data' is technically the plural of 'datum', but in modern English, it is commonly used as an uncountable noun with a singular verb. However, researchers often treat it with high precision as it represents the foundation of their evidence.
中文： 在科學背景下，'data' 技術上是 'datum' 的複數形式，但在現代英語中，它通常被當作不可數名詞並搭配單數動詞。然而，研究人員通常會非常精確地對待它，因為它代表了他們證據的基礎。
EN： Non-defining Relative Clause: The phrase 'who also worked on the study' provides extra information about the subject (Doctor Chunshui Lin). It is set off by commas and can be removed without changing the basic meaning of the sentence.
中文： 非限制性定语从句：短语 'who also worked on the study' 为主语（林春水博士）提供额外信息。这种用法通常用逗号隔开，即使删除也不会改变句子的基本结构。
My brother, who lives in London, is a doctor.
我哥哥住在伦敦，他是一名医生。
EN： Spend Time Doing Something: The structure 'spend + time + V-ing' is used to indicate how much time is dedicated to a specific activity.
中文： 花费时间做某事：结构为 'spend + 时间 + 动词-ing'，用于表示投入多少时间在特定的活动上。
She spent three hours reading the report.
她花了三个小时阅读这份报告。
EN： In academic and news contexts, it is common to introduce a person's full name and title followed by a relative clause to establish their credibility or role in the story.
中文： 在學術與新聞脈絡中，通常會先介紹人物的全名與頭銜，隨後接一個關係子句，以建立該人物在報導中的公信力或所扮演的角色。
EN： Prepositional Phrases as Adverbials: The sentence starts with 'After the laboratory findings,' which is a prepositional phrase acting as an adverbial of time. It sets the context for when the main action occurred.
中文： 介词短语作为状语：句子以 'After the laboratory findings' 开头，这是一个介词短语，充当时间状语，为主要动作发生的时间设定背景。
After the long meeting, the team decided to take a break.
在漫长的会议之后，团队决定休息一下。
EN： Phrasal Verb 'Go back': This verb means to return to a place or a previous activity. In this context, it is followed by an infinitive 'to check' to express purpose.
中文： 短语动词 'Go back'：这个动词意指回到某个地方或恢复之前的活动。在此语境中，其后接不定式 'to check' 以表示目的。
He went back to the library to find his lost notebook.
他回到图书馆寻找他遗失的笔记本。
EN： Dublin is the capital of Ireland, while Birr is a smaller heritage town. The study's focus on both an urban center and a smaller town helps researchers understand how air quality issues affect different types of communities across the country.
中文： 都柏林是愛爾蘭的首都，而比爾 (Birr) 則是一個較小的遺產鎮。這項研究同時關注城市中心和小鎮，有助於研究人員了解空氣品質問題如何影響全國不同類型的社區。
EN： Indirect Questions: When a question (e.g., 'How do particles affect air quality?') is embedded within another sentence, it follows statement word order (Subject + Verb) instead of question word order.
中文： 间接疑问句：当一个疑问句（例如：颗粒如何影响空气质量？）嵌入另一个句子中时，它必须使用陈述句的语序（主语 + 动词），而非疑问句语序。
I don't know where he lives.
我不知道他住在哪里。
EN： Infinitive as Object: The verb 'want' is followed by a 'to-infinitive' (to + base verb) to indicate the action that is desired.
中文： 不定式作为宾语：动词 'want'（想要）后面接「to + 动词原形」构成的不定式，用来表示想要进行的动作。
She wants to study environmental science.
她想要学习环境科学。
EN： In many European countries, 'smokeless fuels' (like anthracite or manufactured briquettes) are legally required in 'Smoke Control Areas' to reduce visible soot, but as this study shows, they still pose invisible health risks.
中文： 在許多歐洲國家，為了減少可見煙塵，法律規定在「煙霧管制區」必須使用「無煙燃料」（如無煙煤或人造煤磚）。然而如本研究所示，這些燃料仍存在隱形的健康風險。
EN： The verb 'suggest' is followed by a 'that-clause' which functions as the direct object of the sentence. In this context, 'suggest' means to indicate or show that something is likely to be true.
中文： 动词「suggest」后面接一个「that 从句」，该从句作为句子的直接宾语。在这种语境下，「suggest」的意思是显示或表明某事可能是真实的。
The evidence suggests that the climate is changing rapidly.
证据显示气候正在迅速变化。
EN： The word 'need' is used as a transitive verb followed by a noun phrase ('more attention'). It expresses a necessity or requirement for something.
中文： 「need」在此作为及物动词，后接名词短语（more attention）。它表达了对某事物的必要性或需求。
This old house needs a new coat of paint.
这栋旧房子需要刷一层新漆。
EN： The verb 'believe' is followed by a 'that-clause' which functions as the direct object of the sentence. This structure is used to report opinions, thoughts, or facts.
中文： 动词「believe」(相信/认为) 后面接一个由「that」引导的名词从句，作为整句的直接宾语。这种结构常用于表达观点、想法或事实。
Scientists believe that climate change is a serious threat.
科学家们认为气候变化是一个严重的威胁。
EN： The passive voice 'should be updated' (modal verb + be + past participle) is used here because the focus is on the regulations being changed, rather than who is changing them.
中文： 被动语态「should be updated」(情态动词 + be + 过去分词) 在此处被使用，是因为重点在于「法规被修改」，而非谁去修改它们。
The software should be updated regularly to ensure security.
软件应该定期更新以确保安全。
EN： In many European countries, 'smokeless fuels' (like anthracite or manufactured briquettes) were promoted as eco-friendly alternatives to traditional coal to reduce visible smog in cities. This sentence reflects a shift in scientific understanding where 'invisible' pollution is now seen as a major threat.
中文： 在許多歐洲國家，「無煙燃料」（如無煙煤或人造煤球）曾被推廣為傳統煤炭的環保替代品，以減少城市中肉眼可見的煙霧。這句話反映了科學認知的轉變：現在「不可見」的污染被視為主要的健康威脅。
重要单词附有 IPA 发音、定义、例句和互动式测验。
在本文中： 揭露、显示出原本不为人知的事实
在本文中： 极微小的、超细微的
在本文中： 可供选择的替代方案或事物
在本文中： 偶然的、意外的
在本文中： 沉积、堆积（于某处）
在本文中： 测量结果、数值
在本文中： 有毒的、有害的
在本文中： 规章、条例、监管措施
片语包含类型标示、双语定义、用法说明和例句。
to result in or cause something to happen
导致、引起
the degree to which the air is clean or polluted
空气质量
to return to a place, subject, or activity
回到、重新查看
in the way that was planned or thought likely to happen
正如预料、不出所料
Particles with a diameter of less than 0.1 micrometers, often resulting from combustion.
超细悬浮微粒
To settle or accumulate in a specific place through a natural or physical process.
沉积 / 堆积
A small amount of a substance taken to be tested or analyzed in a laboratory.
燃料样本 / 试样
Data points or readings collected by sensors to determine the concentration of pollutants in the atmosphere.
空气监测数据 / 测量值