EN： The Present Perfect Tense ('has found') is used here to describe a past action (the discovery made by the research project) that has relevance and importance to the present situation.
中文： 现在完成式（has found）在此用于描述一个过去发生的动作（研究项目所做出的发现），且该动作与现在的情况具有关联性与重要性。
Recent research has shown that regular exercise improves sleep quality.
最近的研究表明，规律运动能改善睡眠品质。
EN： The modal verb 'may' expresses possibility. In this sentence, 'may reduce... but increase...' shows two potential, contrasting outcomes of breastfeeding.
中文： 情态助动词「may」表示可能性。在本句中，「may reduce... but increase...」（可能减少……但增加……）展现了母乳喂养两种潜在且相反的结果。
This new policy may solve some economic problems but create others.
这项新政策可能会解决一些经济问题，但也会制造其他问题。
EN： This sentence reflects a common trend in modern medical reporting, where large-scale cohort studies (like the one in Japan involving 88,000 families) are used to challenge or refine long-held medical assumptions, such as the universally positive effects of breastfeeding.
中文： 这句话反映了现代医学报道中的一个常见趋势，即利用大规模世代研究（例如日本这项涉及 88,000 个家庭的研究）来挑战或修正长期存在的医学假设，例如母乳喂养具有百利而无一害的传统观念。
EN： The Passive Voice (be + past participle) is used when the focus is on the action or the receiver of the action, rather than the doer. In this sentence, 'was conducted' is the past simple passive, showing that the study (the receiver) is the main focus.
中文： 被动语态（be 动词 + 过去分词）用于当焦点在于动作本身或动作的接受者，而非执行者时。在本句中，「was conducted」是过去简单式的被动语态，显示出研究（接受者）是主要的焦点。
The experiment was designed by a famous scientist.
该实验是由一位著名的科学家所设计的。
EN： The preposition 'by' is used in passive sentences to introduce the agent (the person or thing that performs the action).
中文： 介词「by」在被动态的句子中，用来引介动作的执行者（即进行该动作的人或物）。
The book was written by an experienced journalist.
这本书是由一位资深的记者所撰写的。
EN： The University of Toyama (富山大學) is a well-known national university in Japan, particularly respected for its research in medicine and pharmacology, which aligns with the medical nature of this health study.
中文： 富山大学（University of Toyama）是日本著名的国立大学，尤其在医学和药学研究领域享有盛誉，这与本健康研究的医学性质相契合。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'from... until...' is used to indicate the starting and ending points of a period of time or a process. 'From' marks the beginning, while 'until' marks the limit or completion of the action.
中文： 介词短语“from... until...”（从……直到……）用于表示某个时间段或过程的起点与终点。“from”标记开始，“until”标记该动作的极限或结束点。
We worked on the project from morning until late at night.
我们从早上一直工作到深夜，进行这个项目。
EN： The phrase 'more than' is a comparative modifier used before a number to indicate a quantity that is greater than that specific number. It functions similarly to 'over'.
中文： 短语“more than”（超过/多于）是一个比较修饰语，用于数字之前，表示数量大于该特定数字。其功能与“over”相似。
More than 500 people attended the international conference.
超过 500 人参加了这场国际会议。
EN： Passive Voice (Simple Past): Used when the action is more important than the agent performing it. Formed with 'was/were' + past participle (V3). Here, 'were published' indicates that the results did not publish themselves, but were published by researchers.
中文： 一般过去时的被动语态：当动作本身比执行动作的主体更重要时使用。结构为「was/were + 过去分词 (V3)」。在此处，「were published」表示研究结果不会自己发表，而是被研究人员发表。
The new book was written by a famous author.
这本新书是由一位著名作家撰写的。
EN： Prepositions of Time and Place ('in'): The preposition 'in' is used before months and years (e.g., 'in April 2026') and also to indicate being inside a publication or print medium (e.g., 'in the journal').
中文： 表示时间与地点的介词「in」：介词「in」用于月份和年份之前（例如「in April 2026」），也用于表示在出版物或印刷媒体之中（例如「in the journal」）。
The article was printed in the newspaper in July.
该文章于七月份刊登在报纸上。
EN： Academic publishing often uses passive voice ('were published') to maintain an objective, formal tone, focusing on the research findings rather than the individuals who did the publishing. 'BMC Pediatrics' is a well-known peer-reviewed medical journal covering all aspects of pediatrics.
中文： 学术出版物经常使用被动语态（如「were published」）以保持客观、正式的语调，将焦点放在研究结果而非执行发表的人身上。《BMC儿科学》（BMC Pediatrics）是一本知名的同行评审医学期刊，涵盖儿科学的所有领域。
EN： The passive structure 'be widely known for' is used to describe what someone or something is famous or recognized for. 'For' is a preposition, so it must be followed by a noun or a gerund (verb-ing).
中文： 被动结构「be widely known for」（因…而广为人知）用于描述某人或某事因何而著名或受到认可。介词「for」后面必须接名词或动名词（V-ing）。
The city is widely known for its beautiful historic architecture.
这座城市以其美丽的历史建筑而广为人知。
EN： The verb 'help' can be followed by an object and then either a bare infinitive (verb without 'to') or a full infinitive (with 'to'). In this sentence, 'helping a baby's immune system develop' uses the bare infinitive 'develop' as the object complement.
中文： 动词「help」（帮助）后面可以接受词，再接原形不定词（不带 to 的动词）或完整不定词（带 to 的动词）。在本句中，「helping a baby's immune system develop」使用了原形不定词「develop」作为受词补语。
Regular exercise helps your body burn calories more efficiently.
规律运动有助于你的身体更有效率地燃烧热量。
EN： In public health, 'the first months of life' is a critical window often emphasized by organizations like the WHO. The phrase 'of life' is a common English idiom used after time periods (like 'years of life' or 'months of life') to refer to the time starting from birth.
中文： 在公共卫生领域，「出生后的前几个月」（the first months of life）是一个关键窗口期，经常受到世界卫生组织等机构的强调。英文中「of life」是一个常见的惯用语，接在时间周期（如「years of life」或「months of life」）之后，用来指代从出生开始算起的时间。
EN： The verb 'recommend' is followed by a 'that' clause expressing a recommendation or demand. In English grammar, this structure triggers the subjunctive mood, which means the verb in the 'that' clause must be in its base form (bare infinitive), regardless of the subject. Although 'mothers' is plural here, if the subject were singular (e.g., 'a mother'), the verb would still be 'breastfeed' (not 'breastfeeds'). Often, 'should' is omitted before the base verb.
中文： 动词「recommend」（建议）后面接表示建议或要求的「that」子句时，须使用虚拟语气（Subjunctive Mood）。这意味着子句中的动词必须使用原形动词，不论主词是单数还是复数。在此句中主词「mothers」为复数，但即使主词换成单数（例如「a mother」），动词依然要用原形「breastfeed」（而非「breastfeeds」）。这类用法中，动词前常省略了助动词「should」。
The doctor recommends that he exercise more regularly.
医生建议他应该更规律地运动。
EN： The adverb 'exclusively' is used to modify the verb 'breastfeed'. It means 'only' or 'solely', indicating that no other food or drink (including water) is given to the baby except breast milk.
中文： 副词「exclusively」（专门地、独占她）在此处用来修饰动词「breastfeed」（母乳喂养）。其意思是「仅仅」或「完全地」，表示除了母乳之外，不给婴儿提供任何其他食物或饮料（包括水）。
This product is designed exclusively for professional athletes.
这款产品是专门为职业运动员设计的。
EN： The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health. Its recommendation of 'exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months' is a global public health standard aimed at reducing infant mortality and promoting long-term health benefits, which is widely referenced in medical and parenting contexts worldwide.
中文： 世界卫生组织（WHO）是联合国负责国际公共卫生的专门机构。其提出「在最初六个月内进行纯母乳喂养」的建议是一项全球公共卫生标准，旨在降低婴儿死亡率并促进长期健康，这在世界各地的医学和育儿领域中被广泛引用。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense ('have shown') is used to describe an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past and has relevance or results in the present. In scientific and academic writing, it is often used to introduce previous research that supports a current statement.
中文： 现在完成式（have shown）用于描述过去某个不确定时间发生、且与现在有密切关系或影响的动作。在学术写作中，常用来引介过去的研究成果，以支持当前的观点。
Recent studies have shown that regular exercise improves sleep quality.
最近的研究已经显示，规律运动能改善睡眠质量。
EN： The passive construction 'be connected to' is used to express a relationship or link between two things. 'To' here is a preposition, so it must be followed by a noun, pronoun, or gerund (V-ing).
中文： 被动结构「be connected to」（与……有关联）用来表示两件事物之间的关联。这里的「to」是介词，后面必须接名词、代词或动名词（V-ing）。
High stress levels are often connected to poor dietary habits.
高压力水平通常与不良的饮食习惯有关。
EN： The present perfect tense ('has not been') is used here with 'until now' to describe a state that started in the past and continued up to the present moment.
中文： 现在完成时（has not been）在此与“until now（直到现在）”连用，用来描述一个从过去开始并一直持续到现在这一刻的状态。
The cause of the disease has not been clear until now.
这种疾病的病因直到现在才变得明朗。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'between A and B' is used to show a relationship, connection, or difference involving two distinct entities.
中文： 介词短语“between A and B（在 A 与 B 之间）”用于表示涉及两个不同实体之间的关系、联系或差异。
The link between diet and health is very strong.
饮食与健康之间的联系非常紧密。
EN： Passive Voice (was led by): Used when the focus is on the action or the person/thing affected by the action, rather than the doer. Formed with 'be' + past participle.
中文： 被动语态（was led by）：当焦点在于动作本身或受动作影响的人事物，而非执行者时使用。结构为「be 动词 + 过去分词」。
The project was completed by a team of young scientists.
该项目是由一个年轻科学家团队完成的。
EN： Apposition and Prepositional Phrases for Titles: 'Professor Emeritus Hidekuni Inadera from the University of Toyama' uses apposition (Professor Emeritus) and a prepositional phrase (from...) to provide detailed background information about a person.
中文： 同位语与介词短语修饰职衔：「Professor Emeritus Hidekuni Inadera from the University of Toyama」利用同位语（荣誉教授）与介词短语（来自……）来提供关于某人的详细背景信息。
Dr. Smith from Oxford University gave an inspiring speech.
来自牛津大学的史密斯博士发表了一场令人振奋的演说。
EN： The title 'Professor Emeritus' is an honorary title bestowed upon retired professors of distinction. In Japanese academic culture, maintaining ties with one's former university (like the University of Toyama) and continuing to lead major research projects is highly common and respected.
中文： “Professor Emeritus”（荣誉教授）是授予杰出退休教授的荣誉头衔。在日本学术文化中，与原大学（如富山大学）保持联系并继续领导重大研究计划是非常常见且受人尊敬的。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'According to' is used to indicate the source of information, meaning 'as stated by' or 'on the authority of'. It is commonly followed by a noun or noun phrase representing a person, document, or organization.
中文： 介词短语“According to”（根据）用于指出信息来源，意思是“正如…所说”或“根据…的权威说法”。其后通常接代表人物、文件或机构的名词或名词短语。
According to the World Health Organization, physical activity is essential for health.
根据世界卫生组织的说法，身体活动对健康至关重要。
EN： The passive construction 'be linked to' is used to describe a connection or association between two things. In scientific contexts, it often expresses correlation rather than direct causation.
中文： 被动结构“be linked to”（与…相关联）用于描述两件事物之间的联系或关联。在科学语境中，它通常表示相关性而非直接的因果关系。
Lack of sleep is linked to a higher risk of heart disease.
缺乏睡眠与较高的心脏病风险相关。
EN： In medical research, terms like 'linked to' or 'associated with' are carefully chosen to avoid implying direct causation. In public health communication, such as reports on breastfeeding, researchers balance presenting new findings (like potential allergy risks) with reinforcing established global health guidelines (like those from the World Health Organization) to prevent confusing the public.
中文： 在医学研究中，“linked to”（与…相关联）或“associated with”等词汇是经过仔细挑选的，以避免暗示直接的因果关系。在公共卫生传播中（例如关于母乳喂养的报告），研究人员会在呈现新发现（如潜在的过敏风险）与强化既有的全球卫生指南（如世界卫生组织的指南）之间取得平衡，以避免引起公众恐慌或误解。
EN： The passive structure 'be associated with' is used to describe a connection or relationship between two things. It indicates that one thing is linked to or occurs together with another, without necessarily implying a direct cause-and-effect relationship.
中文： 被动结构“be associated with”（与……相关）用于描述两件事物之间的关联或关系。它表示一件事物与另一件事物有所连结或同时出现，但不一定隐含直接的因果关系。
Regular exercise is associated with a lower risk of heart disease.
规律运动与较低的心脏病风险相关。
EN： The adverb 'especially' is used to single out one person, thing, or group as being more important, common, or noticeable than others. It is often followed by a prepositional phrase (like 'among...') to narrow down the focus.
中文： 副词“especially”（特别是、尤其是）用于特别指出某个人、事物或群体比其他更重要、更常见或更显著。其后常接介词短语（如“among...”）以缩小关注的范围。
The weather is beautiful here, especially in autumn.
这里的天气很美，特别是在秋天。
EN： The correlative conjunction 'both... and...' is used to join two parallel grammatical elements (nouns, adjectives, verbs, etc.), emphasizing that both elements apply equally.
中文： 关联连词「both... and...」（既……又……）用于连接两个平行的语法元素（如名词、形容词、动词等），用以强调两者同样适用。
The new policy is both effective and popular among the citizens.
这项新政策在市民中既有效又受欢迎。
EN： The verb 'suggest' is followed by a noun clause starting with 'that' (which can be omitted in informal contexts) to express an opinion, finding, or implication rather than a direct command.
中文： 动词「suggest」（表明、暗示）后接由「that」引导的名词子句（在非正式语境中可省略），用以表达观点、研究结果或隐含意义，而非直接的命令。
Recent studies suggest that regular exercise improves mental health.
最近的研究表明，规律运动能改善心理健康。
EN： The structure 'one of the + superlative adjective + plural noun' is used to single out one member from a group that shares a common, extreme characteristic. Note that the noun following this structure must always be plural.
中文： 「one of the + 最高级形容词 + 复数名词」的结构，用于从具有共同极端特征的群体中挑选出其中一个。请注意，此结构后面的名词必须是复数形式。
This is one of the most beautiful cities in the world.
这是世界上最美丽的城市之一。
EN： The subordinating conjunction 'because' is used to introduce a subordinate clause that provides the reason or cause for the action or state in the main clause.
中文： 从属连词「because」（因为）用于引导从属子句，为主句中的动作或状态提供原因或理由。
She stayed at home because it was raining heavily.
她待在家里，因为雨下得很大。
EN： The noun clause introduced by 'that' functions as the direct object of the verb 'believe'. In English, 'that' is a conjunction (連接詞) that can often be omitted in informal contexts, but is kept here to clearly introduce the opinion or belief being expressed.
中文： 由“that”引导的名词从句在此作为动词“believe”（相信/认为）的直接宾语。在英文中，“that”是一个连接词，在非正式语境中常可省略，但在此处保留以清晰地引出所表达的观点或信念。
Scientists believe that climate change requires immediate global action.
科学家认为气候变化需要立即采取全球行动。
EN： The passive voice 'is needed' (be + past participle) is used when the agent performing the action (who needs the research) is obvious, unimportant, or general. It shifts the focus of the sentence to the action's receiver ('more medical research').
中文： 被动语态“is needed”（be 动词 + 过去分词）用于当执行动作的主体（谁需要这项研究）是显而易见、不重要或泛指大众时。它将句子的焦点转移到接受动作的事物（“更多的医学研究”）上。
More funding is needed to complete the construction of the new library.
需要更多资金来完成新图书馆的建设。
EN： The verb 'stop' is followed by a gerund (verb-ing) when it means to cease performing an action. This is different from 'stop to do something', which means to pause one action in order to start another.
中文： 动词「stop」（停止）后面接动名词（V-ing）时，表示停止正在进行的动作。这与「stop to do something」（停下来去做另一件事）不同，后者表示暂停手边的事去开始做另一件事。
She decided to stop drinking coffee after 4 p.m. to improve her sleep.
她决定下午四点后停止喝咖啡，以改善睡眠。
EN： The relative pronoun 'which' is used here to introduce a non-defining relative clause, separated by a comma. It provides extra, non-essential information about 'breastfeeding' and translates closely to 'which itself' or 'and this'.
中文： 关系代词「which」在此用于引导非限定关系从句（前面有逗号隔开），针对「breastfeeding」（母乳喂养）提供额外的补充说明，译为「这」或「而这项行为」。
He bought a new laptop, which is much faster than his old one.
他买了一台新笔记本电脑，这台比他的旧电脑快得多。
重要单词附有 IPA 发音、定义、例句和互动式测验。
在本文中： 母乳喂养，指用母乳哺育婴儿的行为
在本文中： 进行、实施（研究、调查或实验等）
在本文中： 免疫系统，身体防御疾病的系统
在本文中： 专门地、独占她，在此指仅用母乳而不添加其他食物
在本文中： 哮喘，一种呼吸道慢性炎症疾病
在本文中： 与……有联系的、相关联的
在本文中： 婴儿，通常指一岁以下的幼儿
在本文中： 保护性的、具防护作用的
在本文中： 有害的、造成伤害的
在本文中： 好处、益处
片语包含类型标示、双语定义、用法说明和例句。
A dyad consisting of a mother and her baby, often studied together in developmental or medical research.
母婴配对 / 母婴双人组
Having a link, association, or relationship with something else.
与……有联系、与……相关
Connected with something else in mind, or occurring together in a relationship.
与……相关联、伴随……而来
An immune system reaction that occurs soon after eating a certain food.
食物过敏