Marie Curie: The Girl Who Loved Science玛丽·居里：热爱科学的女孩
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EN： The sentence uses the Passive Voice (was born / was occupied) to focus on the person or thing receiving the action. 'Was born' is the standard way to describe birth in the past, while 'occupied by' indicates the agent (Russia) performing the action.
中文： 本句使用了被动语态 (was born / was occupied)，将焦点放在承受动作的人或事物上。「Was born」是描述过去出生的标准用法，而「occupied by」则标示出执行动作的主体（俄罗斯）。
The ancient temple was built by the Romans thousands of years ago.
这座古庙是数千年前由罗马人建造的。
EN： Appositive Phrase: 'a city then occupied by Russia' is an appositive that provides extra information about 'Warsaw, Poland'. It functions like a shortened relative clause ('which was then occupied...').
中文： 同位语短语：「a city then occupied by Russia」是一个同位语，用来提供关于「波兰华沙」的额外信息。它的功能类似于省略了关系代词的分句（即 which was then occupied...）。
Tokyo, the capital of Japan, is a bustling metropolis.
东京，日本的首都，是一个繁华的大都市。
EN： During the 19th century, Poland was partitioned among Russia, Prussia, and Austria. Warsaw was under the control of the Russian Empire, which heavily restricted Polish culture and education, explaining why Maria later had to study in secret.
中文： 在 19 世紀，波蘭被俄羅斯、普魯士和奧地利瓜分。華沙當時受俄羅斯帝國控制，俄國嚴格限制波蘭的文化與教育，這也解釋了為什麼瑪麗亞後來必須秘密學習。
EN： Apposition (Appositive Phrases): The phrase 'especially women' is an appositive that provides additional information or clarification about the preceding noun 'Polish people'. It is set off by commas to indicate it is non-essential to the basic sentence structure but adds specific detail.
中文： 同位语（Appositive Phrases）：短语 'especially women' 是一个同位语，用来对前面的名词 'Polish people'（波兰人）提供额外的信息或说明。它由逗号隔开，表示这对句子的基本结构并非必要，但增加了具体的细节。
The local residents, particularly the elderly, were affected by the new policy.
当地居民，特别是老年人，受到了新政策的影响。
EN： Passive Voice: The structure 'was + past participle' (was forbidden) is used to show that the subject (Education) receives the action. This is common in historical contexts where the focus is on the state of affairs rather than the specific person who enforced the rule.
中文： 被动语态：结构「was + 过去分词」(was forbidden) 用于表示主语（Education，教育）是动作的承受者。这在历史背景描述中很常见，重点在于当时的事态，而非具体执行禁令的人。
Public gatherings were often restricted during the war.
战争期间，公共集会经常受到限制。
EN： During the 19th century, Poland was partitioned among Russia, Prussia, and Austria. In the Russian-occupied zone, there was a policy of 'Russification,' which suppressed Polish culture and language. This led to the creation of the 'Floating University' (Uniwersytet Latający), an underground educational enterprise that secretly taught Polish history, language, and culture, especially to women who were barred from official universities.
中文： 在 19 世紀，波蘭被俄羅斯、普魯士和奧地利瓜分。在俄羅斯佔領區，實行「俄羅斯化」政策，壓制波蘭文化和語言。這導致了「流動大學」（Uniwersytet Latający）的誕生，這是一個秘密的地下教育組織，專門教授波蘭歷史、語言和文化，特別是針對那些被正式大學拒之門外的女性。
EN： The coordinating conjunction 'so' is used to introduce a clause that shows the result or consequence of the previous clause. It connects two independent clauses in a compound sentence.
中文： 并列连词 'so' 用于引导表示结果或后果的从句。它在并列句中连接两个独立分句，表示「所以」。
The library was closed, so he went home to read.
图书馆关门了，所以他回家读书。
EN： The phrase 'burning desire' uses a present participle ('burning') as an adjective to emphasize an intense, passionate, or urgent feeling that is difficult to ignore.
中文： 短语 'burning desire' 使用现在分词 ('burning') 作为形容词，用来强调一种强烈、热切且难以忽视的情感，意为「强烈的欲望」。
She has a burning desire to travel the world.
她有着环游世界的强烈渴望。
EN： In the 19th century, Poland was under the control of the Russian Empire, which suppressed Polish culture and education. The 'Floating University' mentioned in the context was a real underground educational enterprise in Warsaw that allowed women and others to study subjects forbidden by the authorities.
中文： 在 19 世紀，波蘭受俄羅斯帝國統治，波蘭文化和教育受到打壓。背景中提到的「流動大學」(Floating University) 是當時華沙真實存在的地下教育機構，讓女性及其他人能學習被當局禁止的學科。
EN： The phrase 'fueled by determination' is a past participle phrase acting as an adjective. It modifies the noun 'university' to describe the cause or motivation behind it.
中文： 「fueled by determination」是一个过去分词短语，充当形容词使用。它修饰名词「university」，用来描述其背后的成因或动力。
The project, led by a team of experts, was a huge success.
这个由专家团队领导的项目取得了巨大的成功。
EN： The phrasal verb 'take place' is used to say that an event happens, especially after being planned. It is an intransitive verb and cannot be used in the passive voice.
中文： 短语动词「take place」用于表示某事发生，特别是经过计划的活动。它是不及物动词，不能用于被动语态。
The Olympic Games take place every four years.
奥林匹克运动会每四年举行一次。
EN： The 'Floating University' (Uniwersytet Latający) was a real underground educational enterprise in Warsaw during the late 19th century. It was a secret system of higher education that moved locations frequently to avoid detection by the Russian imperial authorities, who restricted Polish culture and education.
中文： 「流動大學」（Uniwersytet Latający）是 19 世紀末華沙真實存在的地下教育機構。這是一個秘密的高等教育系統，為了躲避俄羅斯帝國當局（當時限制波蘭文化與教育）的查緝，授課地點經常變動。
EN： The phrase 'make a pact' is a common collocation meaning to make a formal agreement or promise between two or more people.
中文： 短语「make a pact」是一个常见的词语搭配，意指两个人或多个人之间达成正式的协议或承诺。
The two friends made a pact to stay in touch after graduation.
这两个朋友约定好毕业后要保持联系。
EN： The 'to-infinitive' (to support) is used here as an adjective phrase to modify the noun 'pact', explaining the purpose or content of the agreement.
中文： 这里的不定式（to support）作为形容词短语使用，用来修饰名词「pact」，解释该协议的目的或内容。
She has a strong desire to travel the world.
她有着环游世界的强烈欲望。
EN： The 'pact' between Marie and Bronya reflects the historical reality of 19th-century Poland under Russian rule, where higher education was restricted for Poles and forbidden for women. Their mutual support was a common strategy for survival and intellectual advancement among the Polish intelligentsia.
中文： 瑪麗和布隆尼亞之間的「協議」反映了 19 世紀俄羅斯統治下波蘭的歷史現實。當時波蘭人的高等教育受到限制，女性更是被禁止接受教育。這種互相扶持是當時波蘭知識分子為了生存和追求學術進步的常見策略。
EN： The modal verb 'would' is used here to express a 'future in the past.' It describes an action that was planned or intended at a past point in time.
中文： 助动词 'would' 在此用于表达「过去将来时」。它描述了在过去某个时间点所计划或打算进行的动作。
He said he would call me the next day.
他说他第二天会打电话给我。
EN： The 'to-infinitive' (to + verb) is used to express purpose or intention, answering the question 'why' the action is performed.
中文： 「不定式」(to + 动词) 用于表达目的或意图，回答为什么执行该动作。
She studied hard to pass the exam.
她努力学习是为了通过考试。
EN： In the 19th century, a 'governess' was a common employment for educated but middle-class women who needed to earn money, as they were often excluded from other professions.
中文： 在 19 世紀，「家庭教師」(governess) 是受過教育但需要賺錢的中產階級女性常見的職業，因為當時她們通常被排除在其他專業領域之外。
EN： The use of 'would' here represents the 'future in the past.' It describes an action that was planned or expected to happen from a viewpoint in the past.
中文： 这里使用 'would' 表示「过去将来时」。它描述了从过去的某个时间点来看，当时计划或预期会发生的动作。
He promised he would call me as soon as he arrived.
他承诺他一到达就会打电话给我。
EN： The conjunction 'after' introduces a subordinate time clause. When the main clause is in a past perspective, the action in the 'after' clause typically precedes the main action.
中文： 连词 'after' 引导一个时间状语从句。当主句处于过去视角时，'after' 从句中的动作通常发生在主句动作之前。
After the rain stopped, we went for a walk.
雨停之后，我们去散步了。
EN： This sentence reflects the historical 'Flying University' era in Poland, where families and communities made mutual sacrifices to bypass educational restrictions imposed by the Russian Empire.
中文： 這句話反映了波蘭歷史上的「流動大學」時期。當時為了避開俄羅斯帝國強加的教育限制，家庭成員和社群之間常會做出相互犧牲的約定，以確保彼此都能獲得教育。
EN： Participle Phrases: The sentence uses present participles ('sacrificing' and 'saving') to describe simultaneous actions or the manner in which the main action ('worked') was performed. This structure helps combine multiple ideas into one fluid sentence.
中文： 分词短语：句子使用现在分词（sacrificing 和 saving）来描述与主句动作（worked）同时发生的行为或其进行的方式。这种结构有助于将多个想法合并成一个流畅的句子。
He walked along the beach, listening to the waves and feeling the breeze.
他沿着海滩漫步，听着海浪声并感受着微风。
EN： Adverbs of Manner: Adverbs like 'tirelessly' and 'carefully' modify the verbs to describe how an action is done. They are often formed by adding '-ly' to an adjective.
中文： 方式副词：像 tirelessly 和 carefully 这样的副词用来修饰动词，描述动作是如何进行的。它们通常是在形容词词尾加上 -ly 构成的。
She studied diligently to pass the exam.
她勤奋地学习以通过考试。
EN： The term 'saving every coin' emphasizes the extreme financial hardship Marie Curie faced. In the late 19th century, education for Polish women was not supported by the state, requiring immense personal sacrifice and secret efforts like the 'Floating University'.
中文： 「saving every coin」（省下每一分錢）強調了瑪麗·居禮當時面臨的極度經濟困難。在 19 世紀末，波蘭女性受教育並不受到國家支持，這需要巨大的個人犧牲以及像「流動大學」這樣的秘密努力。
EN： The phrase 'ready to begin her studies' is an adjective phrase acting as a post-modifier or a supplementary adjunct. It describes Marie's state or condition upon her arrival, functioning similarly to a reduced relative clause ('who was ready...').
中文： 形容词短语 'ready to begin her studies' 作为后置定语或补充状语。它描述了玛丽抵达时的状态或情况，功能类似于简化的定语从句（即 'who was ready...'）。
He walked out of the room, happy with the results.
他走出房间，对结果感到满意。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'At the age of [number]' is a standard formulaic expression used to indicate the specific time in someone's life when an event occurred.
中文： 介词短语 'At the age of [数字]' 是一个标准的惯用表达，用于表示某人生命中发生某事的特定年龄或时间点。
At the age of five, she started playing the piano.
在五岁时，她开始弹钢琴。
EN： In the late 19th century, Paris was the intellectual center of Europe. For a Polish woman like Marie Curie, moving to Paris was not just for education, but for academic freedom, as higher education for women was restricted in her Russian-occupied homeland.
中文： 在 19 世紀末，巴黎是歐洲的知識中心。對於像瑪麗·居禮這樣的波蘭女性來說，移居巴黎不僅是為了接受教育，更是為了學術自由，因為在當時被俄羅斯佔領的家鄉，女性接受高等教育是受到限制的。
EN： The use of the present participle (-ing) as a 'Participle Phrase' to describe an action happening simultaneously with the main verb. It functions as a modifier for the subject 'She'.
中文： 使用现在分词 (-ing) 作为「分词短语」，用来描述与主句动词同时发生的动作。在此句中，它作为主语「She」的修饰语。
He sat by the window, reading a book.
他坐在窗边，读着一本书。
EN： The 'to-infinitive' (to study) is used here as an 'Infinitive of Purpose' to explain why the main action (enrolled) was performed.
中文： 「不定式」(to study) 在此处作为「目的不定式」，用来解释执行主句动作（注册）的原因。
I went to the store to buy some milk.
我去商店买了牛奶。
EN： The Sorbonne is the historic University of Paris. In the late 19th century, it was one of the few places in Europe where women could pursue higher education in science, though it was still rare and challenging.
中文： 索邦大學（Sorbonne）是巴黎大學的前身，歷史悠久。在 19 世紀末，它是歐洲少數允許女性追求科學高等教育的地方之一，儘管當時這對女性來說依然非常罕見且充滿挑戰。
EN： The structure 'too + adjective + to + verb' is used to indicate that something is excessive, leading to a negative result or an inability to perform an action.
中文： 「too + 形容词 + to + 动词」结构用于表示程度过于极端，导致负面的结果或无法执行某个动作（太...以至于不能...）。
The coffee was too hot to drink.
这咖啡太烫了，喝不下去。
EN： Compound sentences use coordinating conjunctions like 'and' to join two independent clauses that are equally important.
中文： 并列连词（如 'and'）用于连接两个独立分句，这两个分句在语法地位上是平等的，共同构成一个并列句。
The wind blew hard, and the rain began to fall.
风刮得很猛，雨也开始下起来了。
EN： In 19th-century Paris, many poor students lived in 'chambres de bonne' (servant's rooms) located on the top floors of buildings. These attic rooms were notorious for being extremely hot in summer and freezing in winter, as they lacked proper insulation and heating.
中文： 在 19 世紀的巴黎，許多貧困學生住在位於建築頂層的「傭人房」（chambres de bonne）。這些閣樓房間以冬冷夏熱而聞名，因為它們缺乏適當的隔熱設備和暖氣系統。
EN： The preposition 'Despite' is used to show contrast. It must be followed by a noun, a noun phrase, or a gerund (V-ing), never a full clause with a subject and verb.
中文： 介词 'Despite'（尽管）用于表示对比。其后必须接名词、名词短语或动名词，不能直接接包含主语和动词的完整从句。
Despite the heavy rain, they decided to go for a hike.
尽管下着大雨，他们还是决定去徒步。
EN： The structure 'be free to + verb' indicates having the permission, opportunity, or lack of restriction to perform an action.
中文： 句型 'be free to + 动词' 表示拥有许可、机会或在没有限制的情况下执行某个动作。
After finishing his exams, he was finally free to travel.
考试结束后，他终于可以自由地去旅行了。
EN： In the late 19th century, Poland was partitioned among Russia, Prussia, and Austria. In the Russian-occupied zone, higher education for women was banned, leading to the creation of the 'Flying University'—an underground educational enterprise. Marie Curie's struggle reflects the historical value placed on education as a form of national and personal resistance.
中文： 19 世紀末，波蘭被俄羅斯、普魯士和奧地利瓜分。在俄佔區，女性被禁止接受高等教育，這促成了「流動大學」（Flying University）——一個地下教育組織的誕生。居禮夫人的奮鬥反映了當時將教育視為民族與個人反抗手段的歷史價值觀。
EN： Appositive Phrase: A noun or noun phrase that sits next to another noun to rename or describe it. Here, 'a brilliant but quiet French physicist' provides more information about Pierre Curie.
中文： 同位语短语：紧跟在另一个名词后面，用来重新命名或补充说明该名词的词组。在此句中，「一位才华横溢但安静的法国物理学家」是用来补充说明皮埃尔·居里。
My brother, a talented chef, lives in Italy.
我的哥哥是一位才华横溢的厨师，他住在意大利。
EN： Adjective Order and Contrast: When using multiple adjectives, we often use 'but' to connect two contrasting qualities (brilliant vs. quiet) before the noun they modify.
中文： 形容词顺序与对比：当使用多个形容词时，我们常用 'but' 来连接两个具有对比性质的特质（才华横溢与安静），并置于修饰的名词之前。
It was a small but comfortable room.
那是一间虽小但舒适的房间。
EN： The Sorbonne (University of Paris) was one of the few places in Europe at the time where women could pursue higher education in science, though it was still very rare. Pierre and Marie Curie became one of the most famous scientific partnerships in history.
中文： 索邦大學（巴黎大學）是當時歐洲少數女性可以追求科學高等教育的地方之一，儘管這在當時仍非常罕見。皮耶與瑪麗·居禮後來成為歷史上最著名的科學伴侶之一。
EN： The phrasal verb 'bond over something' means to develop a close relationship or connection based on a shared interest, experience, or activity.
中文： 动词短语 'bond over something' 意指因为共同的兴趣、经验或活动而建立起亲密的关系或联系。
The two colleagues bonded over their love for classic jazz music.
这两位同事因为对古典爵士乐的热爱而建立了友谊。
EN： The word 'shared' is a past participle used as an adjective to describe something that is possessed or experienced by two or more people together.
中文： 单词 'shared' 是过去分词作形容词使用，用来描述由两人或多人共同拥有或经历的事物。
They have a shared vision for the future of the company.
他们对公司的未来有着共同的愿景。
EN： In academic and scientific contexts, 'bonding over' a subject highlights the intellectual and emotional connection that often forms between researchers, which was a cornerstone of the Curies' legendary partnership.
中文： 在學術與科學背景下，「因某事建立連結」(bonding over) 強調了研究人員之間經常形成的理智與情感連結，這也是居禮夫婦傳奇合作關係的基石。
EN： Present Participle Phrase (-ing): Used here as an adverbial phrase to provide additional information or reason for the main action. 'Recognizing' explains the motivation behind Pierre's proposal.
中文： 现在分词短语 (-ing)：此处用作状语短语，为主要动作提供额外信息或原因。「Recognizing」解释了皮埃尔求婚背后的动机。
She smiled at the audience, feeling a sense of pride.
她对着观众微笑，心中感到一丝自豪。
EN： The idiom 'a kindred spirit': Refers to a person whose interests, beliefs, or attitudes are similar to one's own.
中文： 成语「a kindred spirit」：指志趣相投、信仰或态度与自己相似的人，即「志同道合的人」或「知音」。
I knew immediately that we would be friends; he is a kindred spirit.
我立刻就知道我们会成为朋友；他是个志同道合的人。
EN： The term 'kindred spirit' is a classic literary expression often used to describe deep intellectual and emotional connections, famously popularized in English literature by L.M. Montgomery in 'Anne of Green Gables'.
中文： 「Kindred spirit」是一個經典的文學表達方式，常用於描述深層的精神與情感連結。在英語文學中，這詞因露西·莫德·蒙哥馬利的《清秀佳人》（Anne of Green Gables）而廣為人知。
EN： Relative Clause with 'that': A relative clause is used to provide more information about a noun (the antecedent). Here, 'that she could also wear in the laboratory' describes the 'dress'.
中文： 使用 'that' 的定语从句：定语从句用于提供关于名词（先行词）的更多信息。在此句中，'that she could also wear in the laboratory' 用来修饰前面的名词 'dress'（连衣裙）。
He bought a laptop that was on sale.
他买了一台正在打折的笔记本电脑。
EN： Compound Sentence with 'and': A compound sentence joins two independent clauses (complete thoughts) using a coordinating conjunction like 'and'.
中文： 使用 'and' 的并列句：并列句使用并列连词（如 and）将两个独立分句（完整的想法）连接在一起。
The sun came out, and the birds started singing.
太阳出来了，鸟儿开始歌唱。
EN： Marie Curie's choice of a dark blue wedding dress was highly unconventional for the time but reflected her pragmatic nature. Instead of a dress she would only wear once, she chose something functional for her scientific work, symbolizing her lifelong dedication to research over social norms.
中文： 瑪麗·居禮選擇深藍色婚紗在當時是非常不尋常的，但這反映了她務實的性格。她沒有選擇只能穿一次的禮服，而是選擇了對科學工作有用的衣服，這象徵著她一生對研究的奉獻高於社會規範。
重要单词附有 IPA 发音、定义、例句和互动式测验。
在本文中： 被禁止的，不准许的
在本文中： 秘密的，暗中的（通常指非法或不被社会允许的事）
在本文中： 决心，毅力
在本文中： （住在雇主家中的）女家庭教师
在本文中： 不知疲倦地，勤奋地
在本文中： 牺牲，放弃（重要的事物）
在本文中： 抱负，志向，野心
在本文中： 注册，入学
在本文中： 贫穷，贫困
在本文中： 志趣相投的人，知音
片语包含类型标示、双语定义、用法说明和例句。
A very strong wish to do or have something.
强烈的渴望
To make a formal agreement between two or more people.
达成协议，立下约定
To happen or occur, especially after being planned.
发生，举行
To develop a close connection with someone through a shared interest or experience.
因...而建立情感联系
An underground educational enterprise in Warsaw that moved locations frequently to avoid detection by authorities.
流动大学（波兰历史上的秘密地下教育机构）
A person whose interests, beliefs, or attitudes are similar to one's own.
志趣相投的人；知音