Marie Curie: A Light in the Dark玛丽·居里：黑暗中的光芒
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EN： The verb 'choose' is followed by a 'to-infinitive' (to + base verb) when it indicates a decision to perform an action. This is a common pattern for verbs expressing preference or intent.
中文： 动词「choose」(选择) 后接「不定式」(to + 原形动词)，用来表示决定去做某个动作。这是表达偏好或意图的动词常见的用法。
He chose to study architecture instead of medicine.
他选择学习建筑而不是医学。
EN： The past participle phrase 'emitted by uranium' acts as an adjective (reduced relative clause) to modify the noun 'rays'. It is short for 'which were emitted by uranium'.
中文： 过去分词短语「emitted by uranium」(由铀发射出的) 作为形容词使用（简化关系从句），用来修饰名词「rays」(射线)。这原本是「which were emitted by uranium」的缩写。
The heat generated by the sun provides energy for Earth.
太阳产生的热能为地球提供能量。
EN： In the early 20th century, pursuing a PhD was extremely rare for women. Marie Curie's choice to study uranium was a bold move that challenged the gender norms of the academic world at the time.
中文： 在20世紀初，女性攻讀博士學位極其罕見。瑪麗·居禮選擇研究鈾元素是一個大膽的決定，挑戰了當時學術界的性別規範。
EN： Participle Phrases: The sentence starts with 'Working...', which is a present participle phrase acting as an adverbial modifier. It describes the circumstances or background of the main action. The subject of the participle ('she and Pierre') must be the same as the subject of the main clause.
中文： 分词短语：句子以 'Working...' 开头，这是一个现在分词短语，作为副词修饰语。它描述了主要动作发生的环境或背景。分词的主语（她和皮埃尔）必须与主句的主语一致。
Walking down the street, I saw an old friend.
走在街上时，我遇到了一位老朋友。
EN： Relative Clauses: The word 'that' introduces a defining relative clause ('that served as their laboratory') to provide essential information about the noun 'shed'.
中文： 关系从句：单词 'that' 引导一个限定性关系从句（that served as their laboratory），用来提供关于名词 'shed'（棚屋）的必要信息。
The book that I bought yesterday is very interesting.
我昨天买的那本书非常有趣。
EN： The 'shed' mentioned refers to the famous abandoned shed at the ESPCI Paris where the Curies conducted their research. It highlights the humble and difficult conditions under which they made their Nobel-winning discoveries, emphasizing their dedication to science over comfort.
中文： 這裡提到的「棚屋」是指居禮夫婦在巴黎市立工業物理化學學校（ESPCI）進行研究時那間著名的廢棄棚屋。這強調了他們是在極其簡陋且艱苦的條件下取得諾貝爾獎級別的發現，突顯了他們對科學的奉獻精神遠超對物質享受的追求。
EN： The sentence uses a present participle phrase ('pushing...') as a resultative modifier. This structure indicates that the second action is a direct result or a simultaneous extension of the main verb 'discovered'.
中文： 本句使用了现在分词短语（pushing...）作为结果状语。这种结构表示第二个动作是主句动词「discovered」的直接结果或同时发生的延伸动作。
The company released a new product, capturing a large share of the market.
该公司发布了一款新产品，夺取了大部分的市场份额。
EN： Appositives are used here ('polonium and radium') to rename or provide specific details about the preceding noun phrase ('two new elements').
中文： 同位语（polonium and radium）在此用于重新命名或提供关于前述名词短语（two new elements）的具体细节。
He visited Tokyo, the capital of Japan.
他访问了东京，也就是日本的首都。
EN： The naming of 'polonium' was a political statement by Marie Curie; she named it after her native country, Poland, which at the time was not an independent nation. This highlights how scientific discovery can intersect with national identity.
中文： 「釙」(polonium) 的命名是居禮夫人的一種政治聲明；她以她的祖國波蘭 (Poland) 命名，而波蘭在當時並非獨立國家。這凸顯了科學發現如何與民族認同產生交集。
EN： Present Participle Phrase (Reduced Relative Clause): The word 'illuminating' is a present participle used to describe a simultaneous action or a result of the main clause. It functions as an adverbial modifier, replacing 'and it illuminated'.
中文： 现在分词短语（简化关系从句）：'illuminating' 是一个现在分词，用于描述与主句同时发生的动作或主句产生的结果。它作为状语修饰语，取代了 'and it illuminated' 的结构。
The sun rose over the horizon, painting the sky in shades of pink.
太阳从地平线升起，将天空染成了粉红色。
EN： Prepositional Phrase with 'with': The phrase 'with an eerie light' indicates the instrument or means by which the action (illuminating) is performed.
中文： 使用 'with' 的介词短语：短语 'with an eerie light' 表示执行动作（照明）所使用的工具或手段。
He cut the bread with a sharp knife.
他用一把锋利的刀切面包。
EN： The word 'eerie' is often used in literature to describe something that is strange and frightening in a mysterious way. In the context of Marie Curie, it refers to the faint blue-green glow of radium, which was beautiful but unknowingly dangerous due to radiation.
中文： 'eerie' 這個詞在文學中常用來描述某種神祕、怪異且令人不安的事物。在居禮夫人的故事背景下，這指的是鐳所發出的微弱青藍色光芒，這種光芒雖然美麗，但在當時人們尚未意識到其放射性的危險。
EN： Appositive Phrase: A noun or noun phrase that sits next to another noun to rename or describe it. Here, 'a truly unprecedented achievement' describes the entire previous clause or the act of winning the prize.
中文： 同位语短语：紧跟在名词或从句后方的名词短语，用于重新命名或补充说明。在此句中，「a truly unprecedented achievement」用来描述前述赢得诺贝尔奖这项成就。
He bought a new car, a sleek red Ferrari.
他买了一辆新车，是一辆流线型的红色法拉利。
EN： Infinitive as Adjective: The 'to + verb' (to win) structure is used here to modify the noun 'woman', specifying which woman she was.
中文： 不定式作为形容词：使用「to + 动词」（to win）结构来修饰名词「woman」，明确说明她是哪一方面的「第一位女性」。
She was the last person to leave the office.
她是最后一个离开办公室的人。
EN： Marie Curie was the first person ever to win two Nobel Prizes in different scientific fields (Physics and Chemistry). Her 1903 prize was in Physics, shared with Pierre Curie and Henri Becquerel.
中文： 瑪麗·居禮是史上第一位在不同科學領域（物理與化學）獲得兩次諾貝爾獎的人。她1903年的獎項是物理學獎，與皮耶·居禮及亨利·貝克勒共同獲得。
EN： The Present Participle Phrase (V-ing) is used here as a resultative clause, indicating a consequence or result of the main action.
中文： 现在分词短语（V-ing）在此处用作结果从句，表示主句动作所产生的结果或影响。
The heavy rain lasted for hours, causing severe flooding in the city.
大雨持续了数小时，导致城市严重淹水。
EN： The preposition 'for' is used to indicate the reason or cause for which someone receives an award or recognition.
中文： 介词 'for' 在此用于表示某人获得奖项或认可的原因或理由。
He was famous for his contributions to modern art.
他因对现代艺术的贡献而闻名。
EN： Marie Curie was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize and remains the only person to win Nobel Prizes in two different scientific fields (Physics and Chemistry). Her sharing the prize with Pierre highlights the collaborative nature of their work, though she often faced more gender-based scrutiny than he did.
中文： 瑪麗·居禮是第一位獲得諾貝爾獎的女性，至今仍是唯一一位在兩個不同科學領域（物理和化學）獲得諾貝爾獎的人。她與皮耶共同獲獎凸顯了他們工作的合作性質，儘管她當時面臨的性別歧視遠比皮耶嚴重。
EN： Passive Voice (be + past participle): Used when the focus is on the person or thing affected by the action. Here, 'was shocked' emphasizes the community's reaction to the decision.
中文： 被动语态 (be 动词 + 过去分词)：当重点在于受动作影响的人或事物时使用。这里的 'was shocked' 强调了科学界对该决定产生的反应。
The students were surprised by the sudden announcement.
学生们对这项突如其来的公告感到惊讶。
EN： Modal Verb 'Could' for Past Ability: 'Could' is the past tense of 'can', used here to express the perceived ability (or lack thereof) of a woman to achieve something in the past.
中文： 情态动词 'Could' 表示过去的能力：'Could' 是 'can' 的过去式，在此处用于表达过去人们认为女性是否具备完成某事的能力。
He didn't think he could finish the marathon.
他不认为自己能跑完马拉松。
EN： This sentence reflects the historical gender bias in academia during the early 20th century. Marie Curie faced significant skepticism because scientific achievement was then considered a male domain.
中文： 這句話反映了 20 世紀初期學術界存在的性別偏見。瑪麗·居禮當時面臨巨大的質疑，因為在那時，科學成就被認為是男性的領域。
EN： The preposition 'Despite' is used to introduce a contrast, meaning 'even though something happened or exists'. It must be followed by a noun, a noun phrase, or a gerund (-ing form), not a full clause with a subject and verb.
中文： 介词 'Despite' 用于引出对比，意为「尽管、虽然」。它后面必须接名词、名词短语或动名词（-ing 形式），不能直接接包含主语和动词的完整从句。
Despite the heavy rain, the football match continued.
尽管下着大雨，足球赛仍继续进行。
EN： Passive Voice (was + past participle) is used here in 'recognition was finally given'. It focuses on the action being performed on the subject (recognition) rather than who performed the action.
中文： 被动语态（be 动词 + 过去分词）在此句中体现为 'recognition was finally given'。它强调主体（认可）所承受的动作，而非执行动作的人。
The lost keys were finally found under the sofa.
丢失的钥匙终于在沙发下被找到了。
EN： This sentence reflects the historical context of the early 20th century, where female scientists like Marie Curie faced significant gender bias. The term 'prejudice' specifically refers to the skepticism and barriers she encountered in the male-dominated scientific community.
中文： 這句話反映了 20 世紀初的歷史背景，當時像瑪麗·居禮這樣的女性科學家面臨著嚴重的性別偏見。'Prejudice'（偏見）一詞具體指她在男性主導的科學界中所遭遇的懷疑和障礙。
EN： The use of 'when' as a relative adverb to introduce a non-restrictive relative clause, providing additional information about a specific time (1906).
中文： 使用 'when' 作为关系副词来引导非限定性关系从句，为特定的时间点（1906年）提供额外的补充信息。
I remember the day when we first met.
我记得我们第一次见面的那一天。
EN： The present participle phrase (V-ing) 'leaving...' acts as a resultative clause, describing a consequence or a simultaneous state resulting from the main action.
中文： 现在分词短语（V-ing）'leaving...' 作为结果从句，描述主句动作所产生的后果或同时发生的状态。
The storm hit the city, causing widespread power outages.
暴风雨袭击了这座城市，导致大规模停电。
EN： Pierre Curie's death was a significant historical event in the scientific community. He was killed by a horse-drawn carriage in Paris, a common type of 'street accident' before the era of automobiles.
中文： 皮耶·居禮的逝世是科學界的一件大事。他在巴黎被一輛馬車撞倒身亡，這在汽車普及之前的時代是常見的「街頭意外」。
EN： The preposition 'Despite' is used to introduce a contrast. It must be followed by a noun, a noun phrase, or a gerund (V-ing), never a full clause with a subject and verb.
中文： 介词 'Despite' (尽管) 用于引导对比。其后必须接名词、名词短语或动名词 (V-ing)，不可直接接包含主语和动词的完整从句。
Despite the heavy rain, they decided to go hiking.
尽管下着大雨，他们还是决定去徒步。
EN： The verb 'refuse' is followed by a 'to-infinitive' (to + base verb) to indicate what action someone is declining to do.
中文： 动词 'refuse' (拒绝) 后方接 '不定式' (to + 原形动词)，用来表示某人拒绝执行的动作。
He refused to answer any more questions.
他拒绝再回答任何问题。
EN： The phrasal verb 'take over' means to assume control or responsibility for something that someone else was doing previously.
中文： 短语动词「take over」意为「接手」或「接替」，指承担他人先前负责的控制权或职责。
He will take over the family business after his father retires.
在他父亲退休后，他将接管家族事业。
EN： Present Participle Phrase (-ing): Used here as a result or simultaneous action to describe the effect of the main clause ('She took over...').
中文： 现在分词短语（-ing）：此处用作结果或伴随动作，用来描述主句（她接替了职位...）所产生的影响或同时发生的状态。
The storm hit the city, causing widespread power outages.
暴风雨袭击了这座城市，导致了大规模的停电。
EN： The Sorbonne is one of the most prestigious universities in France. In the early 20th century, it was extremely rare for women to hold academic positions, making Marie Curie's appointment a landmark event in gender equality in science.
中文： 索邦大學（Sorbonne）是法國最負盛名的頂尖學府之一。在 20 世紀初期，女性能擔任學術職位極其罕見，這使得瑪麗·居禮的任職成為科學界性別平等的一個里程碑事件。
EN： The Present Participle Phrase (V-ing) is used here as a resultative or descriptive modifier, indicating an action that happens simultaneously with or as a direct result of the main clause.
中文： 现在分词短语（V-ing）在此作为结果或描述性修饰语，表示与主句动作同时发生或作为其直接结果的动作。
The athlete won the gold medal, breaking the world record in the process.
这位运动员赢得了金牌，并在此过程中打破了世界纪录。
EN： The use of 'the first + noun + to-infinitive' is a common structure to describe someone who achieves something before anyone else.
中文： 使用「the first + 名词 + 不定式」是描述某人比其他人更早达成某事的常用结构。
He was the first person to arrive at the party.
他是第一个到达派对的人。
EN： The Sorbonne is one of the oldest and most prestigious universities in the world, located in Paris. For Marie Curie to teach there in the early 20th century was a massive milestone for women's rights in academia.
中文： 索邦大學（Sorbonne）是世界上最古老且最負盛名的大學之一，位於巴黎。瑪麗·居禮在 20 世紀初能在該校任教，是學術界女性權利的一個巨大里程碑。
EN： The use of a colon (:) is employed here to introduce an explanation or elaboration of the 'unprecedented feat' mentioned in the first clause.
中文： 冒号（:）在此处用于引出对前句中「前所未有的壮举」的具体解释或详细说明。
He had one goal: to break the world record.
他有一个目标：打破世界纪录。
EN： Apposition (Noun Phrases in Apposition): 'this time in chemistry' acts as an appositive phrase that provides additional specific information about the 'second Nobel Prize'.
中文： 同位语结构：「this time in chemistry」作为同位语短语，为「第二座诺贝尔奖」提供了额外的具体信息。
She visited Paris, the city of lights.
她访问了巴黎，这座光之城。
EN： Marie Curie remains the only person to have won Nobel Prizes in two different scientific fields (Physics and Chemistry), a fact highlighted by the word 'unprecedented'.
中文： 瑪麗·居禮至今仍是唯一一位在兩個不同科學領域（物理學和化學）獲得諾貝爾獎的人，這正是文中「unprecedented」（前所未有）一詞所強調的事實。
EN： Past Perfect Tense (had + past participle): Used to describe an action that was completed before another point in time or event in the past.
中文： 过去完成时 (had + 过去分词)：用于描述在过去某个时间点或事件之前已经完成的动作。
He had already finished his dinner when I arrived.
当我到达时，他已经吃完晚餐了。
EN： Present Participle Phrase (V-ing): The phrase 'solidifying...' acts as a resultative clause, describing the consequence of the main action mentioned in the first part of the sentence.
中文： 现在分词短语 (V-ing)：'solidifying...' 短语在此作为结果从句，描述句子前半部分所提到的主要动作所产生的结果。
The storm destroyed the bridge, cutting off the village from the city.
暴风雨摧毁了桥梁，导致村庄与城市断绝了联系。
EN： Marie Curie remains the only person to win Nobel Prizes in two different scientific fields (Physics and Chemistry). This emphasizes her unique contribution to science, as most multi-award winners receive them in the same field or for peace.
中文： 瑪麗·居禮至今仍是唯一一位在兩個不同科學領域（物理學和化學）獲得諾貝爾獎的人。這強調了她對科學的獨特貢獻，因為大多數多次獲獎者通常是在同一領域獲獎，或是獲得和平獎。
EN： The phrasal verb 'lead to' (past tense: 'led to') means to result in or cause something to happen. It is often used to describe the outcome of research or actions.
中文： 动词短语「lead to」（过去式为 led to）意指「导致」或「促成」某事发生。常用于描述研究成果或行动所带来的结果。
The new government policy led to a significant decrease in unemployment.
政府的新政策导致失业率显著下降。
EN： Non-restrictive Relative Clause: The word 'which' introduces extra information about the preceding noun phrase ('the development of medical X-rays'). It is separated by a comma and is not essential for identifying the noun.
中文： 非限定性关系从句：单词「which」引导一个从句，用来补充说明前面的名词短语（医疗 X 光的发展）。这种用法通常用逗号隔开，且该信息并非识别该名词所必需的。
He bought a new car, which cost him a fortune.
他买了一辆新车，花了他一大笔钱。
EN： Marie Curie personally drove 'Little Curies' (mobile X-ray units) to the front lines during World War I to help surgeons locate bullets and shrapnel in wounded soldiers, demonstrating the practical application of her scientific discoveries.
中文： 居禮夫人在第一次世界大戰期間親自駕駛「小居禮」（行動 X 光車）前往前線，幫助外科醫生定位傷兵體內的子彈和彈片，展現了她科學發現的實際應用價值。
EN： The phrasal verb 'live on' means to continue to exist or be remembered after a person's death or after a specific time.
中文： 短语动词「live on」意指在某人去世或某个特定时间点之后，其影响力、名声或精神继续存在或被世人铭记。
The artist's memory lives on through his beautiful paintings.
这位艺术家的回忆通过他美丽的画作永存于世。
EN： The structure 'one of the + superlative adjective + plural noun' is used to identify a single member within a group that holds the highest degree of a quality.
中文： 结构「one of the + 最高级形容词 + 复数名词」用于识别在具有最高程度某种特质的群体中的其中一员。
He is one of the most talented musicians in the country.
他是该国最有才华的音乐家之一。
EN： Marie Curie is a global icon of scientific perseverance. The term 'legacy' in English-speaking academic contexts often refers not just to money or property, but to the lasting impact of a person's discoveries and the barriers they broke for others.
中文： 瑪麗·居禮是科學毅力的全球象徵。在英語學術語境中，「legacy」（遺產）一詞通常不僅指金錢或財產，更指一個人的發現所產生的深遠影響，以及他們為後人打破的障礙。
重要单词附有 IPA 发音、定义、例句和互动式测验。
在本文中： 调查、研究
在本文中： 散发、放射
在本文中： 史无前例的、空前的
在本文中： 开创性的、突破性的
在本文中： 偏见、歧视
在本文中： 不可否认的、确凿的
在本文中： 身心交瘁的、极其震惊且悲痛的
在本文中： 放弃、中止
在本文中： 决心、毅力
在本文中： 巩固、使稳固
在本文中： 有影响力的
片语包含类型标示、双语定义、用法说明和例句。
To extend the limits of what is possible or known.
挑战极限、突破界限
To assume control or responsibility for something.
接手、接管
To overcome obstacles or prejudices that prevent progress.
打破障碍、打破隔阂
A sudden and very sad event happened.
悲剧发生、不幸降临
The highest university degree that is conferred after a course of study and research in any field, not just philosophy.
博士学位
Pure substances consisting of atoms that all have the same number of protons; the primary constituents of matter.
化学元素
Streams of particles or electromagnetic waves emitted by a radioactive substance.
射线 / 辐射线
A formal job or rank within an institution, especially in academia.
教职 / 职位