EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle) is used to express an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past and has a direct connection or relevance to the present situation.
中文： 现在完成式（have/has + 过去分词）用于表示过去发生且对现在仍有影响或关联的动作。在此句中强调「结束合作」这件事对目前状态的影响。
The museum has updated its policy on sponsorship.
博物馆已经更新了关于赞助的政策。
EN： Apposition is a grammatical construction in which two elements (normally noun phrases) are placed side by side so one element identifies or describes the other. Here, 'the oil and gas company' describes 'BP'.
中文： 同位语（Apposition）是一种语法结构，将两个名词短语并列放置，其中一个用来说明或补充另一个。在本句中，「the oil and gas company」是用来说明「BP」这间公司的性质。
My friend Sarah works for a tech company.
我的朋友莎拉在一间科技公司工作。
EN： In recent years, cultural institutions in the UK and globally have faced increasing public and activist pressure to cut sponsorship ties with fossil fuel companies due to climate change concerns.
中文： 近年来，由于对气候变化的关注，英国及全球的文化机构面临越来越大的公众与倡议团体压力，要求切断与化石燃料公司的赞助关系。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have + past participle) is used to describe an action that started in the past and continues into the present, often accompanied by duration phrases like 'for several decades'.
中文： 现在完成式（have/has + 过去分词）用于描述从过去开始并持续到现在的动作，常配合表示时间长度的介词短语（如『for several decades』）使用。
They have lived in London for ten years.
他们已经在伦敦住了十年。
EN： In reported speech with a past-tense reporting verb ('announced'), the auxiliary verb 'will' changes to 'would' to match the past perspective (Future in the Past).
中文： 间接引语中，当主句的转述动词为过去式（如『announced』）时，从句中的助动词『will』需改为『would』，以符合过去未来的时态一致性。
She promised that the project would finish on time.
她承诺该专案会按时完成。
EN： Relative Clause (Adjective Clause): A defining relative clause uses relative pronouns like 'who' or 'that' to provide essential information about a noun (here, 'Campaigners').
中文： 关系子句（形容词子句）：限定性关系子句使用关系代名词（如 'who' 或 'that'）来修饰先行词，提供必要的补充资讯（在此句中修饰 'Campaigners'）。
Students who study hard usually achieve good results.
勤奋学习的学生通常能取得好成绩。
EN： Indirect Question / Object Clause introduced by 'how': The word 'how' can introduce a noun clause acting as the object of a preposition (here, 'in'), describing the manner or way something is done.
中文： 由 'how' 引导的间接疑问句／名词子句：'how' 可以引导名词子句，作为介系词（在此句中为 'in'）的受词，用来说明做某事的方式或途径。
We discussed how technology changes our daily lives.
我们讨论了科技如何改变我们的日常生活。
EN： The word 'seismic' originally refers to earthquakes, but in news context, a 'seismic shift' metaphorically describes a massive, landmark change. Public institutions in the UK, like major museums, are under increasing ethical pressure from climate advocacy groups to reject sponsorship from fossil fuel companies.
中文： 『seismic』原本意指『地震的』，但在新闻语境中，『seismic shift』隐喻极为重大且具里程碑意义的转变。近年来英国的文化与科学机构（如博物馆）面临越来越多来自环保团体的伦理压力，要求其停止接受化石燃料企业的赞助。
EN： Apposition occurs when two noun phrases are placed side-by-side to identify or describe the same entity. Here, 'the director of the Science Museum Group' is an appositive phrase explaining who 'Sir Ian Blatchford' is.
中文： 同位语（Apposition）是指将两个名词短语并列放置，用来识别或补充说明同一个对象。在此句中，『the director of the Science Museum Group』作为同位语短语，补充说明『伊恩·布莱奇福特爵士』的身份。
Mr. Davis, the principal of our school, announced the new rules today.
我们学校的校长戴维斯先生今天宣布了新规定。
EN： The past perfect tense ('had' + past participle) is used to show that an action was completed before another past event or a specific time in the past.
中文： 过去完成式（had + 过去分词）用于表示某一动作在过去某个时间点或事件之前已经完成，强调过去的『先后顺序』。
She realized that she had left her keys at home after she reached the office.
她到达办公室后才意识到自己把钥匙忘在家里了。
EN： In the UK, public cultural and educational institutions have faced increasing pressure from environmental activists to reject sponsorship from fossil fuel companies (like BP and Equinor) to combat 'greenwashing'.
中文： 在英国，公共文化与教育机构近年面临环保倡议团体越来越大的压力，要求终止来自化石燃料公司（如 BP 及 Equinor）的赞助，以抵制企业藉由文化赞助改善形象的『漂绿』行为。
EN： Past Perfect Tense (had + past participle) is used to describe an action that happened before another action or point in the past.
中文： 过去完成貌（had + 过去分词）用于描述在过去某个时间点或事件「之前」就已经发生的动作。
She realized that she had left her keys at the office.
她意识到她把钥匙忘在办公室了。
EN： The verb 'help' can be followed by an object and a bare infinitive (verb in base form without 'to'), i.e., 'help somebody do something'.
中文： 动词 help 后面接宾语（受词）时，后续的动词可以使用原型动词（省略 to 的不定词），即「help + 人/物 + 原型动词」。
The teacher helped the students understand the difficult problem.
老师帮助学生理解了这个难题。。
EN： The reported speech structure with a 'that' clause uses the Past Perfect tense ('had brought') to indicate an action that happened before another past event (the verb 'added').
中文： 间接引语中的 that 子句使用了「过去完成式」（had brought），用来表示在过去某个时间点（即动词 added）之前就已经发生的动作或状态。
She stated that the team had completed the project before the deadline.
她表示团队在截止日期前就已经完成了该计划。
EN： The idiom 'bring something to life' means to make something interesting, exciting, or real.
中文： 习惯用语「bring something to life」的意思是「赋予…生机」或「使…变得生动有趣」。
The novel's vivid descriptions bring the historical characters to life.
这本小说生动的描绘让历史人物栩栩如生。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense ('have/has + past participle') is used here to describe an action that started in the past and continues into the present, often accompanied by time expressions like 'for + duration'.
中文： 现在完成式（have/has + 过去分词）在此用于描述从过去开始并持续到现在的动作，常与「for + 时间长度」等时间副词连用。
They have lived in London for ten years.
他们已经在伦敦住了十年。
EN： The preposition 'with' is used after 'partnership' to indicate the person, group, or organization with which a relationship or agreement exists.
中文： 名词「partnership」（合作关系）后面常接介词「with」，用以指示合作的对象或机构。
The university announced a new partnership with a local technology company.
该大学宣布与一家在地科技公司建立新的合作关系。
EN： In the UK, major cultural and educational institutions like the Science Museum have historically relied on sponsorship from energy giants like BP. However, growing public concern over climate change and public image laundering ('greenwashing') has sparked intense criticism from environmental activists, leading many prominent museums to sever ties with fossil fuel companies.
中文： 在英国，像伦敦科学博物馆这样的重大文化与教育机构，历史上常依赖 BP 等能源巨头赞助。然而，随着公众对气候变迁与企业漂绿（greenwashing）关注度提升，环保运动人士提出强烈批评，促使许多知名博物馆纷纷终止与化石燃料企业的合作。
EN： The reported speech pattern 'argued that...' uses a noun clause (that-clause) as the direct object of the verb. When the main verb is in the past tense ('argued'), the verb in the dependent clause often shifts back in time (past perfect 'had' to indicate an action prior to or leading up to the argument).
中文： 名词子句（that 子句）作为动词引导的受词，常用于表达观点或主张。当主要动词为过去式（argued）时，子句动词通常需进行时态回溯（如使用过去完成式 had 或是过去式，以符合时态一致性）。
Critics argued that the new policy had a negative impact on local businesses.
批评者主张这项新政策对当地企业产生了负面影响。
EN： The noun phrase 'influence over' is used to show control or effect on something. It is followed by an embedded question introduced by 'how' ('how science... were taught'), which acts as a prepositional object.
中文： 名词搭配介词 'influence over' 表示「对……的影响/控制力」，其后可接由疑问副词 'how' 引导的间接疑问句（从句名词化），用来描述对特定过程或方式的影响。
Parents often wonder about how media has an influence over how children learn.
父母常想知道媒体如何对儿童的学习方式产生影响。
EN： In the United Kingdom, 'STEM' (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Maths) education is a major political and educational priority. Note that British English uses 'maths' with an 's', whereas American English uses 'math'. Corporate sponsorship of education programs by fossil fuel companies has become highly controversial in the UK in recent years due to climate advocacy.
中文： 在英国，STEM（科学、技术、工程和数学）教育是政府与学校非常重视的领域。值得注意的是，英式英语使用带有 s 的 'maths'，而美式英语则使用 'math'。近年来，化石燃料企业赞助英国教育或博物馆的行为，因气候议题而面临极大的公众争议。
EN： Reported Speech with Backshift: When the reporting verb (e.g., 'said') is in the past tense, the verbs in the subordinate clause usually shift back to a past tense (e.g., 'raise' becomes 'raised', 'are using' becomes 'were using').
中文： 间接叙述与时态时移（Backshift）：当主要从句的转述动词（如 said）为过去式时，从属从句中的动词通常需要改用相应的过去时态（例如：raise 改为 raised，are using 改为 were using）。
The manager said that the company was planning to open a new branch.
经理表示公司正计划开设一家新分店。
EN： Adverbial Clause of Reason with 'because': The conjunction 'because' introduces a clause that explains the cause or reason for the main action or situation.
中文： 由 because 引导的原因副词从句：连词 because用来引导一个说明主要动作或状况发生原因的子句。
She stayed home because it was raining heavily.
因为下着大雨，所以她待在家里。
EN： In recent years, major UK cultural institutions (such as the Science Museum and the British Museum) have faced intense public pressure from climate activists to terminate sponsorship deals with fossil fuel giants like BP and Shell—a trend often linked to anti-'artwashing' campaigns.
中文： 近年来，英国各大文化机构（如科学博物馆和大英博物馆）面临来自气候活动人士的巨大公众压力，要求终止与 BP 或 Shell 等化石燃料巨头的赞助合约，这种现象与抵制“艺术洗白”（artwashing）的运动密切相关。
EN： The pattern 'This is not the first time that...' is used to indicate that an event has occurred before. It is typically followed by a clause in the present perfect tense because it refers to an action completed relative to the present moment.
中文： “This is not the first time that...”（这已经不是第一次……）句型用于表示某件事过去曾经发生过，后方接续的子句通常使用现在完成式（present perfect tense），用来强调相对于现在已经完成的动作。
This is not the first time that she has won a national competition.
这已经不是她第一次赢得全国比赛了。
EN： The idiom 'cut ties with (someone or something)' means to end a relationship, agreement, or association with a person or organization.
中文： 片语“cut ties with”（与……断绝关系/终止合作）的意思是结束与某人、某机构或团体的关系、合约或联系。
The company decided to cut ties with its long-term supplier after the controversy.
在争议发生后，该公司决定与其长期供应商断绝合作关系。
EN： In recent years, cultural institutions in the UK, such as the Science Museum and the British Museum, have faced intense public pressure from climate activists to reject sponsorship from fossil fuel companies. Decisions to terminate these long-standing partnerships reflect a broader shift toward environmental accountability and corporate ethics in public funding.
中文： 近年来，英国的文化机构（如科学博物馆和大英博物馆）面临来自气候活动人士的巨大公众压力，要求他们拒绝化石燃料公司的赞助。终止这些长期合作关系的决定，反映出公共资金在环保责任和企业道德方面更广泛的转变。
EN： The Simple Past Tense (e.g., 'ended') is used to express an action that was completed at a specific time in the past.
中文： 简单过去式（例如 'ended'）用于表示在过去特定时间点已经完成的动作。
In 2020, the company launched its first electric vehicle.
在 2020 年，该公司推出了其第一款电动汽车。
EN： Apposition occurs when two noun phrases are placed side-by-side to identify or describe the same entity, such as 'the oil company Equinor'.
中文： 同位语（Apposition）是指将两个名词短语并置，用来识别或进一步说明同一个对象，例如「the oil company Equinor」（石油公司 Equinor）。
My friend Sarah is a talented painter.
我的朋友莎拉是一位有天赋的画家。
EN： Equinor is a Norwegian state-owned multinational energy company. Many major cultural institutions, like the Science Museum in London, have faced increasing public and activist pressure to cut sponsorship ties with fossil fuel giants due to environmental concerns and climate targets.
中文： Equinor 是挪威一家国营的多国能源公司。近年来，许多大型文化机构（如位于伦敦的科学博物馆）因环境关怀与气候目标，面临越来越多来自公众与环保人士的压力，要求终止与化石燃料巨头的赞助关系。
EN： The past perfect tense ('had' + past participle) is used to describe an action that was completed before another past action or past time. Here, Equinor's failure occurred before the decision was made.
中文： 过去完成式（had + 过去分词）用于表示在过去某个时间点或动作「之前」已经发生的事情。在本句中，Equinor 未能达成目标的事实，发生在「做出决定」这个过去动作之前。
The company had reduced its budget before the project began.
在项目开始之前，该公司就已经缩减了预算。
EN： The structure 'enough + to + infinitive' is used to express sufficiency for a specific purpose. 'Enough' comes after the verb or adverb it modifies ('reduce... enough').
中文： 「enough + to + 动词原形」结构用来表示「足够……以致于能做某事」。当 enough 修饰动词或副词时，通常放在被修饰词的后面（如本句中的 reduce... enough）。
She saved enough money to buy a new car.
她存了足够的钱来买一辆新车。
EN： The Paris climate agreement is a landmark international treaty adopted in 2015 to combat climate change, aiming to limit global warming to well below 2 (preferably 1.5) degrees Celsius. Major cultural and scientific institutions, especially in Europe, face increasing pressure from environmental activists to cut financial sponsorships from fossil fuel companies like Equinor or BP to align with these global climate targets.
中文： 《巴黎气候协定》是 2015 年通过的具里程碑意义之国际公约，旨在应对气候变迁，将全球升温控制在 2°C 以内（最好是 1.5°C）。许多欧洲文化与科学机构近年面临环保团体巨大的舆论压力，要求切割与 Equinor 或 BP 等化石燃料企业的赞助关系，以符合全球减碳目标与社会责任。
EN： The non-defining relative clause starting with 'which' is used to add extra information about the entire preceding clause. In this sentence, 'which' refers to the whole action of limiting global heating to 1.5 degrees Celsius.
中文： 非限定关系子句以「which」引导，用来对前面整个主要子句所描述的情况进行补充说明。在本句中，「which」代表「将全球升温限制在摄氏1.5度」这整件事。
He decided to walk to work every day, which is good for his health.
他决定每天走路去上班，这对他的健康很有好处。
EN： The verb 'aim' is followed by an infinitive ('to + verb') to express a purpose, goal, or intention.
中文： 动词「aim」（旨在／目标是）后面常接不定词（to + 动词原形），用来表达目的、目标或意图。
The new policy aims to reduce plastic waste in cities.
这项新政策旨在减少城市的塑胶垃圾。
EN： The target of limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels is a central goal established by the 2015 Paris Agreement, aimed at significantly reducing the risks and impacts of climate change worldwide.
中文： 将全球升温限制在比工业化前水平高出摄氏1.5度的目标，是2015年《巴黎气候协定》所确立的核心目标，旨在大幅降低全球气候变化带来的风险与影响。
重要单词附有 IPA 发音、定义、例句和互动式测验。
在本文中： 合作夥伴關係
在本文中： 極大的、重大的（原意為地震的）
在本文中： 責任、義務
在本文中： 慷慨的、豐厚的
在本文中： 捐款、貢獻
在本文中： 批評、指責
在本文中： 暗中危害的、潛移默化的
在本文中： 倡導、擁護
在本文中： 道德規範、倫理
在本文中： 排放物、氣體排放
在本文中： 必要的、不可或缺的
片语包含类型标示、双语定义、用法说明和例句。
To come to an end or finish.
接近尾声、渐趋结束
To make something interesting, exciting, or realistic.
使……生动起来、赋予活力
To end a relationship or agreement with someone or an organization.
断绝关系、终止合作
The idea that a business should contribute to society and avoid negative environmental or social impacts.
企业社会责任
A natural fuel such as coal or gas, formed in the geological past from the remains of living organisms.
化石燃料