EN： Present Perfect Tense with Reporting Verb: The structure 'has found that...' uses the present perfect to connect a recently completed scientific study or finding with the present moment, reporting relevant new knowledge.
中文： 带报道动词的现在完成式：'has found that...' 结构利用现在完成式（has + 过去分词），将近期完成的研究或调查结果与当下情况连接，用于报道具有现时意义的最新发现。
A recent survey has shown that teenagers spend more time online than ever before.
最近的一项调查显示，青少年上网的时间比以往任何时候都要多。
EN： Noun Clause as Object: The conjunction 'that' introduces a subordinate noun clause ('commercial kitchen staff can breathe...') acting as the direct object of the verb 'found'.
中文： that 引导的名词从句作宾语：连接词 'that' 引导一个名词从句（'commercial kitchen staff can breathe...'），在句中担任主要动词 'found' 的直接宾语，陈述所发现的具体内容。
Scientists discovered that some plants communicate through fungal networks.
科学家发现某些植物能通过真菌网络进行交流。
EN： In the US, commercial kitchens (like restaurants, university dining halls, and hospital cafeterias) frequently rely on gas stoves, raising growing public health concerns regarding indoor air quality and worker safety.
中文： 在美国，商业厨房（包括餐厅、大学食堂和医院厨房等）普遍大量使用燃气灶具，近年来这类室内空气质量与劳工职业健康问题日益受到公共卫生界与政府法规的广泛关注。
EN： The preposition/participle 'including' is frequently used to introduce specific examples or subsets belonging to a broader category mentioned previously (here, '27 kitchens').
中文： 现在分词转化而来的介词“including”（包括……在内），常用于在提及一个大范畴（本句为27间厨房）后，列举出属于该范畴的具体实例。
The package includes several items, including a guide book and a map.
该套装包含多种物品，包括一本指南和一本地图。
EN： Parallel structure in a list: When listing multiple items connected by 'and', keep them grammatically consistent (here, plural noun phrases: 'restaurants', 'school cafeterias', 'universities', and 'homes for older people').
中文： 并列结构：使用「and」连接多个项目时，词性与结构应保持对称一致。此处均采用复数名词短语（restaurants, school cafeterias, universities, homes...）。
We visited museums, art galleries, and historic parks.
我们参观了博物馆、美术馆和历史公园。
EN： 'Homes for older people' is a polite, descriptive phrasing for senior living communities, retirement homes, or nursing homes, avoiding terms that might sound dated or clinical.
中文： 「Homes for older people」是长者照护机构、安养院或养老社区较为温和、客气的委婉说法，比传统或较具医疗感的「nursing homes」更具日常人文色彩。
EN： The coordinating conjunction 'but' connects two independent clauses that contrast with each other. A comma is typically placed before 'but' when linking two complete thoughts.
中文： 对等连接词「but」用来连接两个具有对比意涵的独立子句。当连接两个完整的独立子句时，通常会在「but」前面加上逗号。
The hotel was very expensive, but the service was terrible.
这间饭店非常昂贵，但服务却很糟糕。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'above World Health Organization standards' functions as an adjective modifying 'nitrogen dioxide levels' (postpositive modifier). 'Above' is used to indicate a quantity, level, or standard higher than a reference point.
中文： 介系词片语「above World Health Organization standards」作为后位修饰语，修饰前面的名词词组「nitrogen dioxide levels」。「above」在此用来表示数量、水平或标准高于某个参考基准。
The water temperature was above the recommended limit.
水温高于建议的上限。
EN： This sentence highlights a regulatory gap: a facility can fully comply with national legal workplace requirements while still exceeding stricter international health guidelines set by the World Health Organization (WHO).
中文： 这句话反映了法规标准上的落差：某个场所可能完全合乎美国国内的工作场所法规，但其空气污染程度却仍超出世界卫生组织（WHO）所订立的更严格健康指引。
EN： The phrase 'every one of + plural noun' emphasizes each individual member of a group. It takes a singular verb in formal contexts, though past tense verbs (like 'cooked') do not change form.
中文： 「every one of + 复数名词」用来强调群体中的「每一个个体」。在文法上它被视为单数主语，在现在式中需搭配单数动词（本句为过去式 cooked，形式无变化）。
Every one of these students passed the exam.
这些学生中的每一个均通过了考试。
EN： Compound sentence with the coordinating conjunction 'and'. It links two independent clauses: 'Every one... cooked with gas or propane' and 'this pollution can also affect diners.'
中文： 对等连接词「and」构成的复合句。它连接了两个各自完整的独立子句，表达先后或并列的关联。
The restaurant changed its equipment, and air quality improved immediately.
这家餐厅更换了设备，空气质量随即改善。
EN： In North America, commercial kitchens have traditionally favored natural gas and propane stoves due to fast temperature control and lower operating costs, though recent environmental health studies are driving a shift toward electric and induction cooking.
中文： 在北美地区，商业厨房传统上偏好使用天然气和丙烷炉灶，主要是因其控温迅速且运营成本较低；然而近期的环境健康研究正推动厨房朝向全电化与电磁炉具转型。
EN： The conjunction 'because' introduces an adverbial clause of reason ('Because nitrogen dioxide is also found in diesel exhaust'). When the dependent clause comes before the independent main clause, a comma is required between them.
中文： 连词「because」引导原因状语从句（副词子句）。当从属子句置于主要子句之前时，两者之间通常需用逗号隔开。
Because it was raining heavily, the match was postponed.
因为雨下得很大，比赛延期了。
EN： The passive voice structure 'is found' (be + past participle) is used when the focus is on the existence or presence of something rather than who finds it. The present perfect 'have created' emphasizes a completed action in the past that has current relevance or result.
中文： 「is found」（be 动词 + 过去分词）为被动语态，强调「存在」而非由谁发现；后句的「have created」则是现在完成式，表示过去已完成但对现在仍有影响或成果的动作。
This rare bird is found only in tropical rainforests.
这种罕见的鸟类仅见于热带雨林中。
EN： Low-Emission Zones (LEZs) are areas in European cities (such as London's ULEZ or Paris's Crit'Air system) where the most polluting vehicles are regulated, charged, or banned altogether to improve urban air quality.
中文： 低排放区（Low-Emission Zones，简称 LEZ）在欧洲城市（如伦敦的超低排放区 ULEZ 或巴黎的环境标签制度）非常普遍，目的在于通过限制、收费或禁止高污染车辆进入，来改善市区空气质量。
EN： Passive Voice in the Simple Past (was/were + past participle): Used when the focus is on the action or the receiver of the action rather than the agent performing it. Here, 'were tested' indicates that the kitchens underwent testing by the researchers.
中文： 一般过去时的被动语态（was/were + 过去分词）：当焦点在于承受动作的对象而非动作的执行者时使用。在此句中，'were tested' 表示这些厨房接受了研究人员的测试。
Several new models were evaluated before the final decision.
在做出最终决定之前，有几款新机型接受了评估。
EN： Superlative Adjective with 'the' (the + -est / most): Used to compare three or more items to show which has the highest degree of a quality. 'The lowest' compares the pollution level of these kitchens to all others in the study.
中文： 最高级形容词与定冠词 'the'（the + -est / most）：用于三者或三者以上的比较，表示某种特质达到最高或最低程度。此处 'the lowest' 将这些厨房的污染程度与研究中的所有其他厨房进行比较。
This department recorded the lowest turnover rate this year.
该部门记录了今年最低的员工离职率。
EN： The transition to 'all-electric' kitchens (using induction stoves instead of gas) is part of a growing trend in public health and environmental policy to reduce indoor air pollution, notably nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and cut carbon emissions.
中文： 转向「全电气化」（all-electric）厨房（如使用电磁炉而非瓦斯炉）是当前公共卫生与环保政策中的热门趋势，旨在减少室内空气污染（特别是二氧化氮 NO2）并降低碳排放。
EN： The idiom 'for a living' functions as an adverbial phrase meaning as one's profession or job. The phrase 'for hours on end' is another idiom meaning continuously for many hours without interruption.
中文： 「for a living」为固定副词短语，意思是「以此谋生、作为职业」；而「for hours on end」表示「连续数小时不断」，用来强调时间之长与不间断。
She plays the piano for a living and practices for hours on end every day.
她以弹钢琴为生，每天连续练习好几个小时。
EN： A non-defining relative clause introduced by 'who' ('who led the study') provides extra, non-essential information about a specific proper noun ('Doctor Drew Michanowicz'). It is separated by a comma.
中文： 非限定关系子句由「who」引导（who led the study），用逗号隔开，针对已明确的专有名词（德鲁·米夏诺维奇博士）提供额外的补充说明，删除后不影响主要句意。
My brother, who works at a hospital, loves to cook on weekends.
我的哥哥在医院工作，他周末很喜歡下廚。
EN： In journalistic English, reporting verbs like 'said' frequently precede the subject ('said Doctor Drew Michanowicz') when followed by a heavy descriptive phrase or relative clause, maintaining sentence flow and placing the description close to the person.
中文： 在英文新闻报道体裁中，当说话者带有较长的身份说明或关系从句时，常将引述动词「said」倒装至主语之前（said Doctor Drew Michanowicz, who...），这样能让句型更平稳，并使补充说明紧贴着人名。
重要单词附有 IPA 发音、定义、例句和互动式测验。
在本文中： 商業的；營利的（指營業用的廚房）
在本文中： 測量；檢測
在本文中： （學校或機構的）自助餐廳、食堂
在本文中： 標準；準則
在本文中： 用餐者；食客
在本文中： （引擎排出的）廢氣
在本文中： （氣體等的）排放；排放物
片语包含类型标示、双语定义、用法说明和例句。
A professional kitchen set up for food preparation in restaurants, hotels, or institutions.
商用厨房
A reddish-brown poisonous gas, a major air pollutant produced by combustion engines and burning fuels.
二氧化氮
A defined area where access by certain polluting vehicles is restricted or deterred to improve air quality.
低排放区；低污染排放管制区
As one's profession or means of earning money.
谋生；作为职业
For many hours continuously without stopping.
连续好几个小时；一连数小时