EN： The verb 'tell' often takes the pattern 'tell someone to do something', which functions as an order, instruction, or request. Here, 'Half of Their Staff' is the object, and 'to Work from Home' is the object complement (infinitive clause).
中文： 动词「tell」常搭配「tell + 宾语 + to 不定式」的句型，表示「吩咐／要求某人去做某事」。在此句中，「Half of Their Staff」是宾语，「to Work from Home」则是不定式短语作宾语补语。
The manager told us to submit the report before Friday.
经理吩咐我们在周五前提交报告。
EN： The conjunction 'as' here indicates a simultaneous change or progression, meaning 'while' or 'at the same time that'. It introduces an adverbial clause of time/manner ('as Smog Gets Worse'). In news headlines, the simple present tense ('Gets') is conventionally used instead of continuous tenses to describe ongoing events.
中文： 从属连词「as」在此表示「随着……」或「正当……之际」，引导时间／状态变化的副词子句（as Smog Gets Worse）。在英文新闻标题中，习惯使用现在简单式（如 Gets）来表达正在发展中的情况，以增加即时性与简洁感。
As temperatures rise, more people stay indoors.
随着气温上升，越来越多人待在室内。
EN： Every winter, the National Capital Region of Delhi faces hazardous air pollution (smog) caused by vehicle emissions, industrial pollution, cool weather that traps smoke, and crop stubble burning in surrounding states. The government frequently enforces emergency protocols like odd-even vehicle schemes, school closures, and 'work from home' directives for government offices to lower vehicle counts.
中文： 每年冬季，德里国家首都辖区都会面临严重的空气污染（雾霾），主因包括汽机车废气、工业排放、冬季逆温滞留烟尘以及邻近邦的焚烧农作秸秆。政府常采取紧急应对措施，例如车辆单双号限行、学校停课以及政府机关「居家办公（work from home）」，以减少路面车流量和排放量。
EN： The structure 'order + object + to-infinitive' is used to express commanding or instructing someone to perform an action.
中文： 「order + 宾语 + 不定式 (to + 原形动词)」结构，表示「命令/要求某人去做某事」。
The manager ordered the team to submit the reports before noon.
经理命令团队在中午之前提交报告。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'because of + noun/noun phrase' is used to show reason or cause. Unlike 'because', which introduces a full clause (subject + verb), 'because of' must be followed by a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase.
中文： 介词短语「because of + 名词/名词短语」用来表示原因。与引导完整从句（主语 + 动词）的「because」不同，「because of」后面必须接名词、代词或名词短语。
The flight was canceled because of bad weather.
航班因恶劣天气而取消。
EN： Delhi frequently experiences hazardous smog and high Air Quality Index (AQI) levels during early winter. To curb vehicular emissions, government authorities often introduce emergency policies such as remote work mandates, odd-even driving schemes, and construction bans.
中文： 德里在初冬季节经常面临严重的雾霾与极高的空气质量指数（AQI）。为减少车辆废气排放，政府部门常启动紧急应对措施，例如公务人员居家办公、车牌单双号限行以及禁止建筑施工等。
EN： The present perfect tense ('has covered') is formed with 'have/has' + past participle. It indicates an action that happened in the past and has direct relevance or visible results in the present.
中文： 现在完成式（has covered）由「have/has + 过去分词」构成，表示过去发生且对现在仍有直接影响或呈现当前结果的动作。
Heavy snow has blocked the main road.
大雪封闭了主要道路。
EN： The conjunction 'that' introduces a noun clause functioning as the direct object of the verb 'hope', expressing what the officials are hoping for.
中文： 由连接词「that」引导的名词子句作为动词「hope」的受词，用来说明官员所期望的具体内容。
Doctors hope that the patient will recover quickly.
医生们希望该名病患能迅速康复。
EN： In many large global capitals like Delhi, severe winter smog often prompts emergency responses such as odd-even vehicle rotation, encouraging telecommuting (work-from-home), or closing schools to reduce vehicular emissions and public exposure.
中文： 在许多全球大型首都（如德里），冬季严重的烟雾（smog）常引发紧急应对措施，例如车牌单双号限行、鼓励居家办公（WFH）或停课，以减少车辆废气排放并保护民众健康。
EN： A non-defining relative clause introduced by ', which' is used here to add extra information about the entire preceding clause or the number mentioned. The pronoun 'which' acts as the subject of the clause, referring back to the fact that the index reached 403.
中文： 此处使用逗号加上「which」引导的非限定关系子句（Non-defining Relative Clause），用来补充说明前面整件事（空气质量指标达到 403）。在子句中，「which」作主词，指代前面的整句事实。
The factory reduced its emissions by 30%, which helped clear the city's air.
该工厂减少了 30% 的排放量，这有助于净化城市的空气。
EN： The structure 'place + object + in + category' means to classify or categorize someone or something into a specific group or level.
中文： 动词片语「place + 受词 + in + 类别/等级」，表示「将……归入／列入……等级或类别」。
His test scores placed him in the top percentile of applicants.
他的测验成绩使他名列前茅，进入顶尖申请者的行列。
EN： The Air Quality Index (AQI) in India is categorized into six bands: Good (0–50), Satisfactory (51–100), Moderate (101–200), Poor (201–300), Very Poor (301–400), and Severe (401–500). Readings above 400 are considered hazardous, affecting healthy people and severely impacting those with existing respiratory conditions.
中文： 印度的空气质量指数（AQI）分为六个等级：优（0–50）、良（51–100）、轻度污染（101–200）、中度污染（201–300）、重度污染（301–400）与严重污染（401–500）。AQI 超过 400 属于“严重污染（Severe）”级别，不仅会加剧呼吸系统疾病患者的病情，还会对健康人群的身体健康造成明显威胁。
EN： The past perfect tense ('had + past participle') is used here with the preposition 'by' to show that an action was completed before a specific point in the past ('by four in the afternoon').
中文： 过去完成时（had + 过去分词）常与介词短语“by + 过去的时间点”搭配使用，表示在过去某个特定时间点之前已经完成或一直持续的动作或状态。
By noon, the rain had stopped completely.
到了中午，雨已经完全停了。
EN： The coordinating conjunction 'but' links two independent clauses with contrasting ideas. Notice the comma preceding 'but' when connecting two complete clauses.
中文： 并列连词“but”用来连接两个具有对比关系的独立分句。在连接两个完整分句时，通常在 but 前面加上逗号。
He studied hard for the test, but he was still nervous.
他为了考试努力复习，但他依然很紧张。
EN： In India's National Air Quality Index (AQI), ratings are classified into specific bands: 'Good' (0-50), 'Satisfactory' (51-100), 'Moderate' (101-200), 'Poor' (201-300), 'Very Poor' (301-400), and 'Severe' (401-500). Thus, quotation marks are used around 'very poor' because it represents an official AQI classification category.
中文： 在印度的国家空气质量指标（AQI）中，空气等级有官方明确分级：良好（0-50）、满意（51-100）、中度（101-200）、差（201-300）、非常差（301-400）与严重（401-500）。因此句中的 'very poor' 带有引号，代表它是官方规范的特定评级名称。
EN： Passive Voice in Past Simple ('were + past participle'): The passive voice is used when the focus is on the action or the result (the directives being issued) rather than who performed it. The agent is introduced using the preposition 'by'.
中文： 过去简单式的被动语态（were + 过去分词）：当表达重点在于动作本身或其结果（指令被发布），而非执行者时，会使用被动语态。执行动作的人或主体则置于介系词「by」之后。
The new guidelines were introduced by the school principal yesterday.
这些新指引是昨天由校长介绍的。
EN： Official Titles as Appositives/Pre-modifiers: Job titles such as 'Environment Minister' and 'Transport Minister' can be placed directly before personal names without a comma or article when used as official designations.
中文： 职称作前置修饰语：像是「Environment Minister」（环境部长）与「Transport Minister」（交通部长）等正式职衔，可以直接放在人名前面作为修饰或称谓，中间不需加逗号或冠词。
Finance Minister Sarah Jenkins announced the tax cut this morning.
财政部长莎拉·詹金斯今早宣布了减税措施。
EN： In Indian news media and political administration, cabinet ministers frequently issue joint directives when dealing with complex crises like Delhi's smog, which intertwines vehicular emissions (Transport) with broader ecological measures (Environment). The surname 'Singh' is extremely common among Sikhs and Northern Indians, often requiring full names and official portfolios to avoid confusion.
中文： 在印度的政治治理与新闻报道中，面对如德里雾霾这类跨部门危机时，相关部门常会联合发布指令；此处结合了主管车辆管制的交通部与负责空气污染防治的环境部。此外，「辛格」（Singh）是北印度及锡克社群极为常见的姓氏，因此报道中必定会完整列出全名及所属部长职衔以便区分。
EN： The structure 'be meant to + base verb' is used to express the intended purpose, goal, or design of an action, rule, or measure.
中文： 「be meant to + 原形动词」表示某事物「旨在……」或「目的是……」，常用于描述政策、措施或工具的设计初衷或预期目的。
These new traffic rules are meant to keep pedestrians safe.
这些新的交通规则旨在维护行人的安全。
EN： The reporting verb 'explain' is followed by a 'that'-noun clause acting as the direct object, reporting information or reasoning.
中文： 转述动词（Reporting Verb）如「explain」后方接由「that」引导的名词子句，作为主要动词的受词，用来说明或转述详细的事实与理由。
The scientist explained that the temperature would rise sharply.
该科学家解释说气温将会急剧上升。
EN： The verb 'apply' followed by the preposition 'to' means 'to concern or affect someone or something'. In this context, 'applies to workers' indicates that only this specific group of people is affected by the rule.
中文： 动词「apply」搭配介词「to」（apply to...），表示「适用于……」或「与……相关」。在此处，「applies to workers」表示该命令仅对特定群体（员工）产生效力。
This special discount only applies to students with valid ID cards.
此项特别折扣仅适用于持有有效学生证的学生。
EN： The conjunction 'that' introduces a noun clause functioning as the direct object of the reporting verb 'said'. It allows the speaker to report the content of what the official stated.
中文： 连接词「that」引导名词子句，作为转述动词「said」的受词，用来说明该官员所陈述的具体内容。
The manager said that the meeting would start at ten o'clock.
经理表示会议将于十点整开始。
EN： The 'Delhi Secretariat' (德里秘書處) is the headquarters of the Government of the National Capital Territory of Delhi, housing the offices of the Chief Minister and cabinet ministers. In news reports about administrative measures in Delhi, distinguishing between secretariat staff and essential workers (like hospital or emergency personnel) is common practice during severe smog crises.
中文： 「德里秘书处」（Delhi Secretariat）是德里国家首都辖区政府的行政总部，设有首席部长及内阁部长的办公室。在德里应对严重雾霾的行政命令报道中，政府常会区分行政机关员工与必要服务人员（如医院医护或紧急救护人员），前者可实施居家办公，而后者则需照常到勤。
EN： Passive Voice (be + past participle): The sentence uses two passive constructions: 'are not included' and 'is considered'. Passive voice shifts the focus from who performs the action to the person or thing receiving the action.
中文： 被动语态（be 动词 + 过去分词）：本句包含两个被动结构「are not included」（不包含在内）与「is considered」（被视为）。被动语态将焦点从「执行动作的人」转移到「接受动作的对象或事物」上。
Public transport drivers are not affected by the new rule.
大众运输司机不受新规定影响。
EN： Adverbial Clause of Reason with 'because': 'Because' introduces a subordinate clause explaining the reason or cause for the action in the main clause.
中文： 由 because 引导的原因状语从句（副词从句）：「because」连接附属从句，用来解释主句中动作或状态发生的原因与理由。
Schools remain open, because education is crucial for children.
学校维持开放，因为教育对孩子来说至关重要。
EN： In government emergencies such as severe pollution or pandemics, 'essential services' refers to critical functions—like healthcare, public transit, and emergency response—that cannot shut down or shift to remote work without risking public health and safety.
中文： 在面临严重空气污染或疫情等政府紧急状况时，「essential services（必要服务/民生关键服务）」指医疗、大众运输与紧急救援等不可中断的核心职能，为确保公众健康与安全，这些人员通常无法远程办公或停工。
EN： "According to" is a common prepositional phrase used to attribute information, opinions, or reports to a specific source (e.g., a person, document, or organization). It is typically followed by a noun phrase.
中文： 「According to」是一个常见的介词短语，意思是「根据；按照」，用来指出信息、观点或报道的来源（例如某人、文件或机构），后面通常接名词短语。
According to the weather forecast, it will rain tomorrow.
根据天气预报，明天会下雨。
EN： The modal verb "must" expresses obligation or necessity, followed by the base form of the verb ("continue"). "Continue" can be followed by an infinitive ("to come") or a gerund ("coming") with little change in meaning.
中文： 情态助动词「must」表示义务或强烈必要性（「必须」），后接原形动词「continue」。「continue」后面可接不定式（to come）或动名词（coming），两者语义相近，皆表示「继续做某事」。
Students must continue to study hard for their exams.
学生必须继续为考试努力学习。
EN： In times of severe public crises or emergencies (such as extreme smog or natural disasters), governments often impose work-from-home orders on non-essential civil servants. However, healthcare workers are uniformly classified as "essential workers" and are expected to report in person regardless of environmental conditions.
中文： 在发生严重公共危机或灾害（如极端雾霾、天灾）期间，政府常对非必要公职人员实施居家办公措施。然而，医护人员一律被列为“核心必要工作人员（essential workers）”，无论环境条件如何恶劣，都必须维持现场值勤。
重要单词附有 IPA 发音、定义、例句和互动式测验。
在本文中： 煙霧、霧霾（由煙霧與廢氣混合而成的濃霧）
在本文中： 極為嚴重的；極度惡劣的
在本文中： 污染；污染物
在本文中： 類別；等級
在本文中： 指示；指令
在本文中： 措施；行動方案
在本文中： 車輛；交通工具
在本文中： 必要的；不可或缺的
在本文中： （機構或單位的）全體人員、職員
片语包含类型标示、双语定义、用法说明和例句。
to do one's job from one's residence rather than going to an office
居家办公、在家工作
a standardized indicator used by government agencies to measure and report daily air quality levels
空气质量指数（AQI）
a service that is vital to the health, safety, or well-being of the public
基本公共服务、必要性服务
in the normal or customary way
照常；像平常一样