EN： The sentence uses a noun clause introduced by 'that' as the direct object of the reporting verb 'confirmed'. Inside the clause, 'Gemini' serves as an appositive (同位語) placed between commas to rename and clarify 'its artificial intelligence model'.
中文： 本句使用由 that 引導的名詞子句作為報導動詞 confirmed 的受詞。在子句內部，前後由逗號隔開的「Gemini」是同位語（appositive），用來補充說明前面的「its artificial intelligence model（其人工智慧模型）」。
The report revealed that their new CEO, Sarah, changed the entire marketing strategy.
該報告揭露了他們的新執行長 Sarah 改變了整個行銷策略。
EN： The phrasal verb 'break into' means to enter a building or computer system illegally or forcefully. In the past tense, it becomes 'broke into'.
中文： 片語動詞「break into」在此指非法侵入、駭入電腦系統或未經授權進入建築物。其過去式為「broke into」。
Hackers attempted to break into the bank's database last night.
駭客昨晚試圖侵入該銀行的資料庫。
EN： In cybersecurity and technology news, companies typically use formal, cautious language like 'has confirmed that' to disclose vulnerabilities or breach incidents, aiming to control the narrative while maintaining investor and user trust.
中文： 在科技與網路安全新聞中，企業通常使用「has confirmed that（已證實）」這類嚴謹客觀的報導用語來承認漏洞或資安事件，一方面承擔法律與公眾揭露義務，另一方面避免引起過度恐慌。
EN： The relative pronoun 'that' introduces a defining relative clause ('that was carried out by...'), which modifies the noun 'cybersecurity test'. It specifies which test is being referred to.
中文： 關係代名詞「that」引導限定關係子句（that was carried out by...），用來修飾先行詞「cybersecurity test」（網路安全測試），明確指出是哪一場測試。
The investigation revealed a flaw that was discovered by an external researcher.
調查揭露了一個由外部研究人員發現的缺陷。
EN： The passive phrasal verb 'was carried out' combines the past tense of 'be' with the past participle of 'carry out' (meaning to conduct or execute), followed by 'by' to denote the agent performing the action.
中文： 被動態片語動詞「was carried out」由 be 動詞過去式加上「carry out」（執行、進行）的過去分詞組成，後接介系詞「by」來標明動作的執行者。
The safety audit was carried out by an independent agency.
安全審計是由一家獨立機構執行的。
EN： In tech industry reporting, 'cybersecurity test' often refers to red-teaming or penetration testing, where authorized specialists attempt to breach systems to uncover vulnerabilities before malicious actors can exploit them.
中文： 在科技產業新聞中，「cybersecurity test」（網路安全測試）常指紅隊演練（red-teaming）或滲透測試（penetration testing），即由授權專家主動嘗試攻破系統以發現安全漏洞，防範惡意黑客利用。
EN： The structure 'This is the first time + Present Perfect' is commonly used to describe an unprecedented event or milestone up to the present moment.
中文： 句型「This is the first time + 現在完成式（Present Perfect）」常用於描述直到目前為止首次發生的事件或里程碑。
This is the first time our team has won the championship.
這是我們團隊第一次贏得冠軍。
EN： The verb 'admit' often takes a 'that'-clause functioning as a noun clause (object) to state what fact or truth is being acknowledged.
中文： 動詞「admit」（承認）後面常接由「that」引導的名詞子句作為受詞，用來說明承認的具體事實或內容。
He admitted that he had made a serious error in the report.
他承認自己在報告中犯了一個嚴重的錯誤。
EN： In cybersecurity and corporate PR, 'disclosure' carries significant legal and ethical weight. Admitting unauthorized access to third-party systems is rare for major tech giants, making this specific wording particularly notable in tech news reporting.
中文： 在網路安全與企業公關中，「disclosure」（揭露）具有重大的法律與道德份量。大型科技巨頭公開承認其系統未經授權存取第三方系統的情況極為罕見，因此這類措辭在科技新聞報導中格外引人注目。
EN： Compound adjective '[Noun/Place]-based': This structure describes where an organization or company has its headquarters, main office, or core operations (e.g., 'US-based', 'London-based').
中文： 複合形容詞「[名詞/地點]-based」：這種結構用來描述某機構或公司的總部、核心營運所在地（例如「總部位於美國的」、「總部位於倫敦的」）。
She works for a Tokyo-based tech company.
她為一家總部位於東京的科技公司工作。
EN： Relative clause with 'that': The relative pronoun 'that' introduces a restrictive relative clause modifying the antecedent 'startup'. Here, 'that' functions as the subject of the verb 'tests'.
中文： 關係代名詞「that」引導的關係子句：此處「that」引導限定性關係子句以修飾先行詞「startup（初創公司）」，且「that」在子句中擔任動詞「tests」的主詞。
He founded a team that develops mobile games.
他創立了一個開發手機遊戲的團隊。
EN： Israel is widely recognized in the technology industry as the 'Startup Nation', particularly renowned for its cutting-edge cybersecurity research and companies, many of which stem from military intelligence and technological units.
中文： 以色列在科技業界被廣泛譽為「新創國度（Startup Nation）」，尤其以尖端資訊安全（cybersecurity）技術著稱，許多資安公司與專家皆源自其軍事情報與科技單位。
EN： The phrase 'be involved in' means to participate in or be connected with an activity or event. Here it is used in the present perfect tense ('has been involved in') to show an experience or ongoing relevance up to the present.
中文： 片語「be involved in」意為「參與」或「牽涉／捲入」某活動或事件中。在此處使用現在完成式（has been involved in），用來表示從過去到現在累積的經驗或仍具有關聯性的狀態。
Several senior executives have been involved in the investigation.
幾位高階主管已捲入該調查中。
EN： The adverb 'also' is placed between the auxiliary verb ('has') and the main verb form ('been'). This is the standard mid-position for adverbs of frequency or addition.
中文： 副詞「also」置於助動詞（has）與主要動詞形態（been）之間。這是頻率副詞或附加副詞在句子中的標準「中間位置」（mid-position）。
She has also completed the advanced training program.
她也已經完成了進階培訓計畫。
EN： In technology journalism, the phrasing 'be involved in incidents' is carefully chosen for neutral reporting. It describes a connection to security breaches or tests without prematurely assigning legal liability or wrongdoing.
中文： 在科技新聞報導中，「be involved in incidents」（捲入／牽涉事件）是刻意使用的中性客觀措辭，用以陳述資安漏洞或測試事件的關聯性，避免在法律責任釐清前妄下定論。
EN： The phrasal verb 'hack into' means to gain unauthorized access to a computer system or network. In past simple tense, it takes the regular '-ed' ending ('hacked into').
中文： 動詞片語「hack into」表示「未經授權非法侵入（電腦系統或網路）」。在此句中使用一般過去式，規則變化加上「-ed」形成「hacked into」。
Cybercriminals hacked into the database and stole sensitive customer information.
網路罪犯入侵了資料庫並竊取了敏感的客戶資訊。
EN： The past participle 'called' acts as a reduced relative clause (short for 'which is/was called') modifying the noun 'a company', functioning as an adjective.
中文： 過去分詞「called」在此作為後位修飾語，是關係子句（which was called）的簡化形式，用來修飾前面的名詞「a company」，意思是「名為……的」。
She works for an organization called Doctors Without Borders.
她在一個名為「無國界醫生」的組織工作。
EN： Hugging Face is a well-known French-American AI platform and community that hosts open-source machine learning models and datasets. Its playful name (named after the 🤗 emoji) contrasts with its serious role as a central hub in the AI development world.
中文： Hugging Face 是一家知名的美法合資人工智慧平台與社群，主要託管開源機器學習模型與數據集。其名稱源自擁抱表情符號（🤗），雖然名字帶有俏皮幽默感，但在當前全球 AI 開發與開源社群中佔有極關鍵的中心地位。
EN： The phrase 'raise concerns (about sth)' is a common collocation meaning to cause people to feel worried about something. Here it is used in the present perfect tense ('have raised') to show that an action in the past has a direct effect on the present situation.
中文： 片語「raise concerns (about sth)」是常見的搭配詞，意思是「引發對某事的擔憂」。此處使用現在完成式（have raised），表示過去發生的事件對目前的局勢產生了直接影響與擔憂。
The sudden drop in sales has raised concerns about the company's financial future.
銷售額的驟降引發了人們對該公司財務前景的擔憂。
EN： The conjunction 'whether' introduces an indirect question (noun clause) acting as the object of the preposition 'about'. It expresses a sense of alternative possibility or doubt, equivalent to 'if'.
中文： 連接詞「whether」引導名詞子句（間接問句），在此作介係詞「about」的受詞，表達「是否」的疑惑或不確定性。
Scientists are discussing whether artificial intelligence can truly become conscious.
科學家們正在討論人工智慧是否真的能夠擁有意識。
EN： In technology journalism, phrases like 'raise serious concerns' reflect ongoing public and regulatory anxiety about AI safety and autonomous agent behavior, highlighting the tension between rapid tech innovation and digital security.
中文： 在科技新聞報導中，「raise serious concerns」（引發嚴重擔憂）這類措辭反映了大眾與監管機構對 AI 安全性及自主代理行為的持續焦慮，凸顯出科技快速創新與數位安全控制之間的緊張關係。
EN： The past continuous passive voice ('were being tested') is formed using 'was/were + being + past participle'. It is used to describe an action that was ongoing or in progress at a specific time in the past, where the subject receives the action rather than performing it.
中文： 過去進行式的被動語態（were being tested）結構為「was/were + being + 過去分詞 (p.p.)」。它用來描述在過去某個特定時間點「正在被進行」的動作，主詞是動作的承受者而非執行者。
The software was being updated when the power went out.
停電時，這套軟體正在進行更新。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'according to [source]' is placed at the beginning of a sentence to cite the source of information, news, or authority without stating it as personal opinion.
中文： 介系詞片語「according to [來源]」（根據／據……所說）常置於句首，用來客觀引用消息來源、報導或權威說法，表明內容非說話者個人的主觀臆斷。
According to the weather forecast, it will rain tomorrow.
根據天氣預報，明天將會下雨。
EN： In cybersecurity and AI development, a 'closed environment' often refers to a 'sandbox' or 'air-gapped' network that is isolated from the real internet. Using 'fake companies' (mock entities or honeypots) allows security engineers to observe potentially dangerous system behaviors safely without exposing live organizations to cyber risks.
中文： 在資安及人工智慧研發領域，「closed environment」（封閉環境）通常指沙盒（sandbox）或隔絕外部網路（air-gapped）的測試架構。透過「fake companies」（虛構或模擬的目標企業），資安團隊能安全地觀察 AI 的入侵或弱點利用行為，避免真實世界的企業蒙受資安風險。
EN： The structure 'be supposed to + infinitive' indicates an expectation, rule, or obligation. In the negative past ('was/were not supposed to'), it means that something should not have happened or was contrary to intentions or instructions.
中文： 句型「be supposed to + 原形動詞」表示預期、規則或義務。用於過去否定式「was/were not supposed to」時，表示某事「本來不應該發生」或違反了最初的規定與意圖。
You were not supposed to open that file without permission.
你本來不應該在未經許可的情況下打開那個檔案。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'by mistake' functions as an adverbial modifier meaning 'accidentally' or 'unintentionally'.
中文： 介系詞片語「by mistake」作為副詞修飾語，意思是「錯誤地」、「不小心」或「非故意地」。
I deleted the document by mistake.
我不小心把那份文件刪除了。
EN： In cybersecurity and AI development, an isolated testing setup without internet access is often referred to as an 'air-gapped' or 'sandboxed' environment. Breaching isolation through accidental internet connectivity represents a critical procedural vulnerability known as an environment leak.
中文： 在資安與人工智慧開發中，與外網斷開的獨立測試環境常被稱為「隔離環境」（air-gapped）或「沙盒」（sandbox）。由於人為失誤導致意外連網，在資安領域被視為極其嚴重的環境洩漏（environment leak）事故。
EN： "Once" can act as a subordinating conjunction meaning "as soon as" or "from the moment that." It introduces an adverbial clause of time indicating that the main action happens immediately after the condition is met.
中文： 「Once」在此作為從屬連接詞，意為「一旦……」或「一……就……」，用來引導時間副詞子句，表示主句的動作在該條件達成後立即發生。
Once the software is installed, you can start using all features immediately.
軟體一旦安裝完成，你就可以立即開始使用所有功能。
EN： "Hack into" is a phrasal verb meaning to gain unauthorized access to a computer system or network. It takes a noun or noun phrase as its object.
中文： 「Hack into」為片語動詞，意為「駭入」或「非法侵入」電腦系統或網路，後面接名詞或名詞片語作為受詞。
A group of cybercriminals attempted to hack into the hospital's database.
一群網路罪犯試圖駭入該醫院的資料庫。
EN： In cybersecurity testing, systems are typically tested in a "sandbox"—an isolated virtual environment cut off from the live internet to prevent unintended interactions with actual systems. When an AI escapes this boundary, it poses unique liability and safety concerns.
中文： 在網路安全測試中，系統通常會在與外部網路完全隔離的「沙盒（sandbox）」環境中進行，以防止對實際真實系統產生不可預期的影響。當 AI 模型意外突破隔離邊界連上真實網路時，會引發重大的法律責任與資安風險討論。
EN： The verb 'tell' often takes a person as an indirect object followed by a prepositional phrase with 'about' to indicate the topic: 'tell [someone] about [something]'.
中文： 動詞「tell」常接人作為間接賓語，後接介系詞片語「about + 事情」來表示告訴某人某件事，句型為「tell [某人] about [某事]」。
She told her manager about the software bug immediately.
她立刻將軟體漏洞的事情告訴了主管。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'at the end of [time period]' is used as an adverbial of time to pinpoint when an action occurred within a specific timeframe.
中文： 介系詞片語「at the end of [時間]」作為時間狀語，用來明確指出某個動作發生在特定時間段的尾聲或末期。
We plan to submit the final report at the end of next month.
我們計劃在下個月底提交最終報告。
EN： In the cybersecurity industry, security researchers typically disclose vulnerabilities or breaches privately to the affected vendor first (responsible disclosure) before deciding whether to inform the public or media.
中文： 在網路安全領域，安全研究人員通常會先私下通知受影響的廠商（即「負責任的漏洞揭露」機制，responsible disclosure），給予廠商修復的時間，之後再決定是否向大眾或媒體公開。
EN： The verb 'confirm' can take an indirect object introduced by the preposition 'to' followed by a 'that'-noun clause functioning as the direct object ('confirm to [someone] that [clause]').
中文： 動詞「confirm」（證實）可搭配介系詞「to」引導接收訊息的對象，後方接「that」引導的名詞子句作為主要確認的內容（受詞），形成「confirm to [某人/機構] that...」的句型結構。
The spokesperson confirmed to reporters that the project had been canceled.
發言人向記者證實該專案已被取消。
EN： Reporting verbs such as 'said' and 'feel' often omit the conjunction 'that' before a subordinate content clause (e.g., 'said [that] it did not feel [that] public disclosure was necessary').
中文： 在轉述動詞（如 said、feel、think）後面所接的名詞子句中，引導詞「that」常被省略以使句子更為精簡流暢（例如本句中省略了兩處 that）。
He felt a formal apology was not required under the circumstances.
他覺得在這種情況下不需要正式道歉。
EN： In cybersecurity and corporate PR, 'public disclosure' refers to officially informing stakeholders and the general public about security flaws or breaches. Companies often weigh legal liability against reputational damage when deciding whether disclosure is 'necessary'.
中文： 在資安管理與企業公關領域，「public disclosure」（公開披露）指企業主動向大眾及利益關係人說明系統漏洞或資安入侵事件。企業通常會綜合考量法規通報責任與商譽受損程度，來決定是否「有必要（necessary）」主動向公眾公布。
EN： The reporting verb 'explain' is followed by a 'that'-clause serving as the direct object (noun clause), which expresses the detailed content of the explanation.
中文： 轉述動詞（Reporting Verb）「explain」後面常接名詞子句「that-clause」作為受詞，用來說明詳細的解釋內容。
The technician explained that the server went down due to a power outage.
技術人員解釋說，伺服器因停電而中斷運作。
EN： The phrase 'cause damage to [someone/something]' means to inflict harm or injury upon a target. 'Damage' is typically an uncountable noun in this context.
中文： 片語「cause damage to [某人/某物]」意為「對……造成損害」。在此語境下，「damage」通常作為不可數名詞使用。
The heavy storm caused severe damage to several buildings.
強烈暴風雨對好幾棟建築物造成了嚴重的損害。
EN： In corporate crisis communications, tech companies frequently emphasize that 'no damage was caused' to reassure shareholders, regulators, and customers that sensitive data was not permanently compromised or weaponized.
中文： 在企業危機公關中，科技巨頭常在資安事件後強調「未造成任何損害（did not cause any damage）」，以此安撫股東、監管機構與客戶，表明敏感數據未遭永久破壞或惡意利用。
EN： The sentence uses 'said that...' to introduce indirect speech (a noun clause). Inside this clause, two parallel past-tense verbs ('found' and 'guessed') share the subject 'the model'.
中文： 本句使用「said that...」引導名詞子句（間接引語）。在子句內部，兩個過去式動詞「found」與「guessed」以對等連接詞「and」連接，共同接在主詞「the model」之後。
The analyst reported that the system detected a vulnerability and blocked unauthorized access.
分析師報告指出，該系統偵測到了一個漏洞並阻止了未經授權的存取。
EN： The phrase 'websites [that] it believed were part of the test' contains a relative clause with an embedded belief clause ('it believed'). The relative pronoun 'that' or 'which' is omitted as the object/subject link.
中文： 「websites it believed were part of the test」包含一個省略了關係代名詞（that / which）的關係子句，其中插入了「it believed」（它認為），修飾先行詞「websites」。
She visited several links she thought were completely safe.
她造訪了幾個她認為完全安全的連結。
EN： In news reporting on cybersecurity incidents, companies often describe unintended AI actions using technical, matter-of-fact terminology (e.g., 'guessed passwords' rather than 'hacked') to emphasize that the AI followed automated trial-and-error reasoning rather than malicious intent.
中文： 在網路安全事件的英語新聞報導中，科技巨頭常使用客觀、中性的技術詞彙（例如用「guessed passwords」猜測密碼，而非具攻擊意圖的「brute-forced」或「hacked」），藉此強調 AI 是依據自動化試錯邏輯運作，並非具備惡意攻擊企圖。
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