EN： The simple past tense 'caused' is used here to describe a completed action that occurred at a specific time in the past ('on 26 August 2026'). Simple past is formed by adding -ed to regular verbs.
中文： 简单过去式（Past Simple Tense）在此处用于描述在过去特定时间（2026年8月26日）已完成的动作。规则动词的过去式通常是在动词原形后加上 -ed（如 cause 变成 caused）。
A heavy rainstorm caused severe flooding in the downtown area last night.
昨晚的一场豪雨在市中心区域引发了严重的洪水。
EN： Prepositional phrases indicating location or time (e.g., 'on Langtang Lirung mountain', 'along the Nepal-China border', 'on 26 August 2026') act as modifiers, giving extra details about where and when an event took place.
中文： 介系词片语（如表示地点的 on Langtang Lirung mountain、along the Nepal-China border，以及表示时间的 on 26 August 2026）在此处充当修饰语，为句中的主干动作提供具体的时间与地点背景资讯。
The earthquake struck small villages along the coast in early morning.
这场地震于清晨袭击了沿海的小村庄。
EN： Langtang Lirung is a high peak in the Langtang Himal range of the Himalayas in Nepal. The region is highly vulnerable to climate change-induced natural hazards, such as glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) and rapid ice-rock avalanches.
中文： 浪唐里荣峰是位于尼泊尔喜马拉雅山脉浪唐山群的高峰。该地区极易受到气候变化引发的自然灾害影响，例如冰川湖溃决洪水（GLOFs）与快速的冰岩崩塌。。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense ('have/has + past participle') is used here to report recent findings or events that have relevance to the present news context.
中文： 现在完成式（have/has + 过去分词）在此用于报道最新的发现或事件，强调该过去动作对当前新闻背景仍具影响与关联。
Researchers have discovered a new species of frog in the Amazon rainforest.
研究人员在亚马逊雨林中发现了一个新种的青蛙。
EN： The Noun Clause starting with 'that' acts as the direct object of the verb 'determined', introducing the specific fact that scientists found.
中文： 由 'that' 引导的名词子句作为动词 'determined' 的直接受词，用来说明科学家所确定的具体事实内容。
The report confirmed that the bridge was unsafe for heavy vehicles.
该报告证实了这座桥梁对重型车辆而言并不安全。
EN： The non-defining relative clause is introduced by 'which' after a comma. It refers back to the entire previous idea ('created enormous friction') to describe the result or consequence of that action.
中文： 非限定继续补充说明关系子句：在逗号后面使用 'which' 引导关系子句，代表前面整个句子所描述的情况（「产生了巨大的摩擦力」），并补充说明该情况所导致的结果。
Heavy rain flooded the streets, which caused massive traffic delays during the morning commute.
暴雨淹没了街道，这导致了早晨通勤期间严重的交通延误。
EN： Parallel structure allows a single subject or relative pronoun ('which') to control multiple verbs joined by 'and'. Here, 'which' controls both 'melted' and 'released'.
中文： 对称结构（平行结构）：使用对等连接词 'and' 将两个动词短语（'melted the ice' 与 'released a powerful wall of water'）连接起来，共享同一个关系代词主语 'which'。
The storm knocked down power lines and damaged several houses in the village.
风暴吹倒了电线，并损坏了村庄里的几栋房屋。
EN： A coordinate conjunction ('and') is used to join two independent clauses. Each clause has its own subject and verb, forming a compound sentence to show two sequential or related events.
中文： 对等连接词（and）用于连接两个独立子句。每个子句都有自己的主词和动词，组成合动句（对等复句）来呈现两个连续或相关的事实议
The wind blew strongly, and the trees swayed back and forth.
强风吹拂，树木来回摇曳议
EN： Adverbs of degree and approximation like 'roughly' and 'around' are used before numeric values to indicate that a measurement is estimated rather than exact.
中文： 程度与概算副词（如 roughly 和 around）常用于数值之前，表示该测量数据为估计值而非精确数值议
The train journey takes roughly three hours.
火车车程大约需要三个小时议
EN： The present perfect tense ('has killed', 'has left') is used here to describe past events that have strong, ongoing relevance to the present situation.
中文： 现在完成式（has killed、has left）在此处用于描述发生在过去、但对目前现况仍有重大且直接影响的事件。。
The heavy rain has caused severe flooding in the city.
豪雨已在城市里造成严重的水灾。
EN： The structure 'leave + object + object complement (adjective)' means to cause someone or something to remain in a particular state.
中文： 结构「leave + 目的语（受词）+ 目的语补语（形容词）」表示「使某人或某事处于某种状态」。在此句中，missing（失踪的）作为形容词补语说明 others 的状态。
The explosion left hundreds of residents homeless.
这场爆炸导致数百名居民无家可归。
EN： Passive Voice in Past Tense: Constructed with 'was/were + past participle' (were confirmed), this structure is used to emphasize the action or the result rather than who performed the action. It is common in news reporting.
中文： 过去式被动语态：结构为「was/were + 过去分词」（were confirmed），用于强调动作本身或结果，而非执行动作的主体。常见于新闻报道中。
Three new species were discovered in the Amazon rain forest last year.
去年在亚马逊雨林中发现了三个新物种。
EN： Ellipsis in Parallel Structures: To avoid repetitive wording, words previously mentioned can be omitted. Here, '16 in Tibet' stands for '16 deaths were confirmed in Tibet'.
中文： 平行结构中的省略：为了避免用语重复，前面已提及的字词可以省略在此处，「16 in Tibet」代表「16 deaths were confirmed in Tibet」（西藏确认有 16 人死亡）。
John ordered tea, and Mary coffee.
约翰点了茶，而玛丽点了咖啡。
EN： The clause introduces reported speech using 'reported that...', where the past tense 'remained' is used to match the main reporting verb 'reported'.
中文： 使用「reported that...」来引导间接引语（Reported Speech）。当主要动词为过去式（reported）时，从句动词通常也需改为过去式（remained）以保持时态一致（Sequence of Tenses）。
Local officials reported that several roads were completely flooded.
当地官员通报有几条道路完全被淹没了。
EN： The prepositional phrase starting with 'with' + noun + adjective ('with another 546 missing...') is an absolute structure used to add supplementary details or parallel information to the main clause.
中文： 「with + 名词 + 形容词/分词」的复合结构，常用于句末来补充说明相关细节或补充平行数据（在此处的『missing』作为形容词使用）。
The stadium was packed with thousands of fans, with many others waiting outside.
体育场挤满了数千名球迷，还有许多人在外面等待。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'Among + plural noun/pronoun' is used at the beginning of a sentence to specify a group from which certain members or items are being highlighted.
中文： 介词短语「Among + 复数名词/代词」常用于句首，用来说明某个特定群体，并从其中引出特定的成员或项目（意为「在……之中」）。
Among the students who took the test, five received a perfect score.
在参加考试的学生当中，有五位获得了满分。
EN： The relative clause 'who are still missing' uses the relative pronoun 'who' to modify the antecedent 'those' (referring to people). 'Still' acts as an adverb modifying the state of being 'missing'.
中文： 关系子句「who are still missing」使用关系代词「who」来修饰先行词「those」（指代人）。「still」为副词，用以修饰「missing」（失踪的）这一状态。
Those who need extra assistance can ask the teacher after class.
那些需要额外协助的人可以在下课后询问老师。
EN： The verb 'devastate' is a transitive verb that means to cause severe destruction or damage to something. In active voice, it takes a direct object indicating the place or thing that was destroyed.
中文： 动词「devastate」（摧毁、破坏）为及物动词，意指对某物或某地造成严重的破坏。主动语态时，后面直接接受词，表示受破坏的对象。
The earthquake devastated several historical towns in the mountain area.
地震摧毁了山区的几个历史古镇。
EN： Parallel structure with 'and' connects two prepositional phrases of location: 'of Nepal' and 'in Tibet', creating a clear geographical description.
中文： 利用对等连接词「and」连接两个表示地点的介系词片语「of Nepal」和「in Tibet」，使句子的地理位置描述平行且对称。
The tour covers the major attractions of Rome and in Northern Italy.
这趟旅程涵盖了罗马以及义大利北部的各大主要景点。。
EN： The Himalayan region along the Nepal-China (Tibet) border contains administrative units like 'districts' in Nepal and 'counties' in China. Disasters in these high-altitude areas often cross national borders, affecting communities in both countries.
中文： 沿著尼泊尔与中国（西藏）边境的喜马拉雅山脉地区，行政区划在尼泊尔称为「区」（districts），在中国则为「县」（counties）。这类高山地区的自然灾害常跨越国界，对两国边境社区造成重大影响。
EN： The verb 'cause' takes a direct object (damage) to express the result of an action, and is frequently paired with the preposition 'to' to indicate who or what receives that damage (cause damage to [something]).
中文： 动词「cause」（造成）接直接受词「damage」（损害）来表达某种行为的结果，且常与介系词「to」搭配，用来指出受损的对象（对⋯⋯造成损害）。
The heavy rain caused severe damage to the local roads.
强降雨对当地道路造成了严重的破坏。
EN： The preposition 'across' is used here to indicate that something happens, extends, or is present in all parts of a particular area or region.
中文： 介系词「across」在此处表示某事发生、延伸或存在于特定区域或地区的「各处」或「全境」。
The company opened new stores across the country.
该公司在全国各地开设了新分店。
EN： Compound Objects with 'and': When a verb acts on two or more distinct entities, they can be joined using the coordinating conjunction 'and' to form a compound object (here: '41 bridges' and '42 kilometres of roads').
中文： 使用「and」连接复合受词：当一个动词同时作用于两个或多个不同的对象时，可以使用对等连接词「and」将它们连接起来，形成复合受词（本句中为「41座桥梁」与「42公里的道路」）。
The storm damaged several houses and hundreds of trees.
暴风雨损坏了数栋房屋和数百棵树木。
EN： Expressing Approximations with 'approximately': The adverb 'approximately' is used before numerical values or quantities to indicate an estimated or near amount rather than an exact count.
中文： 使用副词「approximately」表示大约数量：副词「approximately」（大约、大概）通常放在数字或数量之前，用来表示估算或接近的数值，而非精确的统计数据。
The journey will take approximately three hours.
这趟旅程大约需要三个小时。
EN： The Passive Voice (be + past participle) is used when the action itself or the receiver of the action is more important than the doer, which is common in news reports.
中文： 被动语态（be 动词 + 过去分词）用于强调动作本身或受动者，而非执行者，这在新闻报道中非常常见。
The historic bridge was destroyed by the severe storm.
那座历史悠久的桥梁被强烈的暴风雨摧毁了。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses using 'which' are used to add extra information about the entire preceding clause. In this sentence, 'which' refers to the fact that thirteen hydropower projects were wiped out.
中文： 使用 'which' 的非限定关系子句用于对前面的「整句话」补充说明。在本句中，'which' 代表「十三座水力发电工程被彻底摧毁」这整件事。
He passed the difficult exam, which surprised everyone.
他通过了这场艰难的考试，这让每个人都感到很惊讶。
EN： Passive Voice in Past Simple (was/were + past participle): Used when the action performed on the subject is more important than who performed the action.
中文： 过去简单式的被动语态（was/were + 过去分词）：当「受词所遭受的动作」比「动作执行者」更重要，或执行者不明时使用。
The old bridge was destroyed by the severe storm last night.
那座老桥在昨晚的强烈暴风雨中被摧毁了。
EN： Prepositional Phrase as Post-modifier: The phrase 'between Nepal and China' follows the noun phrase 'border crossing' to specify its location.
中文： 介系词片语作为后位修饰语：介系词片语「between Nepal and China」放在名词语片语「border crossing」之后，用来明确说明其具体地理位置。
The train service between Paris and London runs daily.
巴黎与伦敦之间的火车班次每天营运。
EN： Gyirong Port (吉隆口岸) is a vital overland trade and overland border crossing between Nepal and China (Tibet). Destruction of this port severely disrupts regional trade, tourism, and supply routes between the two nations.
中文： 吉隆口岸是尼泊尔与中国（西藏）之间非常重要的陆路贸易与通关口岸。该口岸的摧毁会严重中断两国之间的区域贸易、观光以及物资运输通道。
EN： Passive Voice (be + past participle) is used when the focus is on the person or thing affected by the action rather than the performer of the action. Here, 'were displaced' and 'were affected' show that the people received the action.
中文： 被动语态（be 动词 + 过去分词）用于将焦点放在承受动作的人或事物上，而非执行者。在此句中，'were displaced'（被逼离家园）与 'were affected'（受到影响）皆表示人们是受害者。
Many residents were evacuated before the storm hit.
风暴来临前，许多居民被撤离了。
EN： Approximation adverbs like 'around' and 'roughly' are used before numbers to indicate that the figure is an estimate rather than an exact count.
中文： 概数副词如 'around' 与 'roughly' 常用于数字之前，用来表示该数字为估计值而非精确统计。
Roughly 500 volunteers joined the cleanup effort.
大约有 500 名志工参与了清理工作。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (has + past participle) is used here to connect a past action with the present, emphasizing the relevance of the recent estimate to the current situation.
中文： 现在完成式（has + 过去分词）在此用于连接过去发生的动作与现在，强调最近所做的估计对当前状况的重要性与关联性。
The government has announced a new relief plan for the victims.
政府已经为受害者宣布了一项新的救援计划。
EN： The Noun Clause starting with 'that' acts as the direct object of the main verb 'estimated', introducing the statement/fact being reported.
中文： 由 'that' 引导的名词子句作为主要动词 'estimated' 的直接宾语，用来引出所报道的事实或估计内容。
Experts believe that early warning systems can save many lives.
专家相信早期预警系统能够拯救许多生命。
EN： In humanitarian crisis reporting, 'water and sanitation services' (often abbreviated as WASH) refers to a standard cluster of essential life-saving emergency aid provided by agencies like the United Nations to prevent disease outbreaks after disaster strikes.
中文： 在人道救援与灾害报道中，“水与卫生设施”（常简称为 WASH，即 Water, Sanitation and Hygiene）指的是联合国等救援机构在灾害发生后所提供的标准关键紧急救助项目，旨在防止灾后传染病爆发。
EN： The structure 'one of the + superlative adjective + plural noun' is used to talk about a single member of a top-tier group.
中文： “one of the + 最高级形容词 + 复数名词”结构，用来表示某人或某物是最高等级群体中的“其中之一”。
Tokyo is one of the largest cities in the world.
东京是世界上最大的城市之一。
EN： A restrictive relative clause starting with 'that' modifies a noun. When combined with the present perfect tense ('has experienced'), it describes an action that began in the past and extends to or affects the present.
中文： 由“that”引导的限定关系子句用来修饰前方的名词。结合现在完成貌（has experienced），用以描述从过去持续或影响至今的经验与事实。
This is the best film that I have ever seen.
这是我看过最好的电影。
EN： The United Nations (UN) is an international organization that often steps in to assess damage, provide official statements, and coordinate disaster relief during major international humanitarian crises.
中文： 联合国（United Nations）是一个国际组织，在发生重大国际人道主义危机时，常负责评估灾情、发表官方声明并协调国际赈灾与援助。
EN： The Present Continuous Tense (be + verb-ing) is used here to describe an action that is currently ongoing or actively being carried out at the present time.
中文： 现在进行式（be 动词 + 动词-ing）在此处用于描述目前正在进行或正在积极执行中的动作。
The rescue team is searching for survivors in the affected area.
救援队正在受灾地区搜寻幸存者。
EN： The structure 'as + adjective/adverb + as possible' is used to emphasize doing something to the highest degree or speed achievable.
中文： 「as + 形容词/副词 + as possible」的结构用于强调尽最大努力、极限或最快速度去做某事（意为「尽可能…」）。
Please submit your emergency report as quickly as possible.
请尽快提交您的紧急报告。
EN： In major natural disasters, non-governmental international organizations like the United Nations work directly with local federal governments to facilitate disaster relief logistics, avoid bureaucratic overlap, and systematically distribute aid to vulnerable regions.
中文： 在重大自然灾害中，如联合国等国际非政府组织通常会与当地政府直接合作，以简化灾难救援的物流程序、避免行政资源重叠，并系统化地将救援物资发放至受灾严重的区域。。
EN： The phrasal verb 'put [something] at [amount/value]' is used to estimate or calculate a value, cost, or figure at a certain level.
中文： 动词短语「put [某物] at [金额/数值]」用于将某物的价值、费用或金额「估计为」或「定在」特定数值。。
Insurance adjusters put the total loss at over five million dollars.
保险理赔员将总损失估计为超过五百万美元。。
EN： Non-restrictive relative clause with 'which': Used to add extra information about a preceding clause or noun phrase, separated by a comma.
中文： 「which」引导的非限定关系子句：用来对前方的名词或整个子句补充说明额外信息，前面必须使用逗号隔开。。
The company reported a record profit, which amazed all the investors.
该公司报告了创纪录的利润，这让所有投资者感到惊奇。。
EN： When international news reports on economic losses in developing countries, figures are often converted into United States dollars (USD) alongside the local currency (such as Nepalese rupees) to give global audiences a clearer sense of scale.
中文： 国际新闻报道发展中国家的经济损失时，除了列出当地货币（如尼泊尔卢比）外，，通常会换算为美国美元（USD），以便全球读者更直观地理解损失规模。
EN： The reported speech structure 'warn that + clause' is used to convey a warning about a potential risk or negative outcome.
中文： 「warn + that 引导的子句」结构用于传达针对潜在风险或负面后果的警告（that 在口语中常可省略）。
Experts have warned that heavy rainfall could cause severe flooding.
专家已警告大雨可能会引发严重水灾。
EN： The phrase 'as much as' (or 'as many as' for countable nouns) is used before a number to emphasize how surprisingly large the amount is.
中文： 「as much as + 数量」用于不可数名词或金额前，用来强调数量之大，有「多达……」的意思。
The repair project might cost as much as two million dollars.
这项维修计划的费用可能高达两百万美元。
EN： In English international news reporting, large financial figures related to foreign disasters are almost always converted or expressed in United States dollars (USD) to provide a clear, universally understood benchmark for global audiences.
中文： 在英文国际新闻报道中，涉及外国灾难的巨大经济损失或重建金额，几乎都会换算或标示为美国（USD）美元，以便全球受众能够有统一且清晰的评估基准。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have + past participle) is used to express an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past and has relevance to the present moment.
中文： 现在完成式（have/has + 过去分词）用于表示在过去不特定时间发生、且对现在仍具重要性或影响的动作。
Several organizations have offered financial support to the victims.
几个机构已经向受害者提供财务支援。
EN： The infinitive of purpose ('to help...') is used to explain the reason or motive for performing an action (in order to do something).
中文： 不定词表示目的（to + 动词原形），用来说明进行某个动作的原因或动机（意为「为了做某事」）。
Volunteers arrived early to prepare the emergency supplies.
志工们提早到达，以准备紧急物资。
EN： The verb 'make' can be used in a causative structure: 'make + object + adjective', which means to cause someone or something to become a certain condition or state.
中文： 动词 make 可用于「make + 宾语（受词）+ 形容词」的句型，表示「使某人或某物变成某种状态」。在此句中，glacier collapses 是受词，more frequent and dangerous 是形容词补语。
Heavy rain made the roads slippery and dangerous.
强降雨使得道路变得湿滑且危险。
EN： The conjunction 'that' is used to introduce a noun clause functioning as the direct object of the reporting verb 'said'.
中文： 从属连接词 that 用来引导名词子句，作为转述动词 said 的直接宾语（受词），说明专家具具体说了什么内容。
Scientists believe that global temperatures will continue to rise.
科学家相信全球气温将会继续上升。
EN： In non-defining relative clauses, 'which' can refer back to the entire previous clause or idea, rather than just a single noun. It is preceded by a comma.
中文： 在非限定关系子句中，引导词「which」可以用来指代「前面整句话所描述的情况或事件」，而非单一名词。前方通常会加上逗号隔开。
Heavy rain caused the river to overflow, which damaged many homes.
强降雨导致河流氾濫，这对许多房屋造成了损害。
EN： The verb 'cause' follows the pattern 'cause + object + to + base verb', meaning to make someone or something do a specific action.
中文： 动词「cause」（导致）常使用「cause + 受词 + 不定词（to + 原形动词）」的句型，表示「促使某人或某物做某事」。
Strong winds cause tree branches to fall.
强风导致树枝掉落。
EN： The verb 'believe' is followed by a 'that-clause', which functions as the direct object of the verb. In casual context, 'that' is often omitted, but it is typically retained in formal writing or news contexts.
中文： 动词「believe」（相信、认为）后面接「that 引导的名词子句」，在句中担任宾语（受词）。在非正式场合 'that' 常可省略，但在正式写作或新闻中多予保留。
Experts state that early education plays a crucial role in child development.
专家表示，早期教育在儿童发展中起着至关重要的作用。
EN： The verb 'invest' is paired with the preposition 'in' when referring to putting money, time, or resources into something (e.g., 'invest in education').
中文： 动词「invest」（投资）指将金钱、时间或资源投入某事物时，习惯搭配介词「in」（即 invest in sth）。
The company decided to invest in renewable energy sources.
该公司决定投资可再生能源。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense ('has shown') is used here to connect a past event (the disaster) with a present state or understanding. It shows that the action happened in the past, but its result or relevance continues now.
中文： 现在完成时态（has shown）在此处用于将过去发生的事件（灾害）与现在的状态或体悟连结起来，强调过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响或重要性。
Recent events have shown the need for better health care.
最近发生的事件展现了改善医疗照护的必要性。
EN： The noun phrase pattern 'the importance of + [gerund / noun]' is used to emphasize why an action or concept matters. Here, 'being prepared' is a passive gerund phrase acting as the object of the preposition 'of'.
中文： 名词短语结构“the importance of + [动名词 / 名词]”用于强调某个动作或概念的重要性。在此句中，“being prepared”（做好准备）是被动态的动名词短语，作为介词“of”的宾语。
He emphasized the importance of being honest in all situations.
他强调了在所有情况下保持诚实的重要性。
EN： High-altitude mountain regions like the Himalayas, spanning Nepal and Tibet, are exceptionally vulnerable to natural disasters due to global climate change and geography. Natural events like glacier collapses can trigger catastrophic flash floods (often referred to as Glacier Lake Outburst Floods, or GLOFs). Disaster preparedness and early-warning systems in these economically developing mountain areas are critical international humanitarian concerns.
中文： 横跨尼泊尔和西藏的喜马拉雅山脉等高海拔山区，由于全球气候变迁与地形影响，极易遭受自然灾害。冰川坍塌可能引发毁灭性的突发性洪水（通常称为冰川湖溃决洪水，GLOF）。在这些经济发展中的山区，灾害应变准备与预警系统的建立是国际人道救援极为关注的焦点。。
重要单词附有 IPA 发音、定义、例句和互动式测验。
在本文中： 崩塌；倒塌
在本文中： 摩擦；摩擦力
在本文中： 殘骸；碎片；瓦礫
在本文中： 摧毀；毀滅
在本文中： 基礎建設；公共建設
在本文中： 使迫遷；使迫離開家園
在本文中： 衛生設備；公共衛生
在本文中： 人道主義的；人道援助的
在本文中： 初步的；預備的
在本文中： 保證給予；承諾
在本文中： 脆弱的；易受傷害的
片语包含类型标示、双语定义、用法说明和例句。
A sudden and rapid flood of water usually caused by heavy rain or sudden release of water.
山洪暴发；突发性洪水
To become separated or detached from something.
脱落；分离；脱离
To destroy completely.
彻底摧毁；消灭
A network of electrical transmission lines connecting power stations and consumers.
电力网；电网
A set of technical and communication capacities to monitor and predict hazards to alert populations.
预警系统