Australian retailers on notice over ‘fake discounts’ as Coles braces for record fine after...Peruncit Australia diberi amaran berhubung 'diskaun palsu' ketika Coles bersiap sedia hadapi denda rekod selepas...
Pratonton Audio Lengkap
0:00
0:00
EN: The idiom 'on notice' means to be formally warned that something is about to happen or that one's behavior is being monitored. In news headlines, it often implies regulatory scrutiny.
Bahasa Melayu: Simpulan bahasa
The tech industry has been put on notice regarding new data privacy laws.
Industri teknologi telah diberi amaran mengenai undang-undang privasi data baharu.
EN: The conjunction 'as' is used here to indicate a simultaneous development or a causal link between two events, common in journalistic writing to connect a specific event to a broader trend.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata hubung
Stock prices fell as investors reacted to the news of the merger.
Harga saham jatuh apabila pelabur bertindak balas terhadap berita penggabungan itu.
EN: The use of 'Record' as an attributive adjective (modifying 'Fine') indicates that the amount or degree has reached an all-time high, surpassing all previous instances.
Bahasa Melayu: Penggunaan
The athlete set a record pace during the final lap of the race.
Atlet itu mencapai kelajuan rekod pada pusingan terakhir perlumbaan.
EN: In Australia, consumer protection is strictly enforced by the ACCC. The term 'Landmark' refers to a legal case that sets a significant precedent, potentially changing how all businesses operate within the country. This specific case highlights the tension between aggressive retail marketing and consumer rights.
EN: The present perfect tense ('has sent') is used here to describe a past action (the ruling) that has significant consequences or relevance to the present moment (the shockwaves in the sector).
Bahasa Melayu: Masa kini sempurna (has sent) digunakan di sini untuk menerangkan tindakan yang berlaku pada masa lalu (keputusan mahkamah), dan tindakan itu mempunyai kesan atau kaitan yang signifikan pada masa kini (impak kepada industri runcit).
The recent policy change has sent ripples of concern through the local community.
Perubahan dasar yang terkini telah menimbulkan kebimbangan dalam kalangan komuniti setempat.
EN: The prepositional phrase starting with 'with' ('with the company now bracing...') functions as an absolute construction or a circumstantial clause, providing additional context or simultaneous information about the main clause.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa sendi nama yang bermula dengan 'with' (with the company now bracing...) berfungsi di sini sebagai struktur nominatif mutlak atau klausa keadaan sampingan, memberikan maklumat latar belakang tambahan atau keadaan yang berlaku serentak dengan klausa utama.
The meeting ended, with everyone feeling much more optimistic about the project.
Mesyuarat telah tamat, dan semua orang berasa lebih optimis tentang projek ini.
EN: The present participle phrase 'exceeding two hundred million dollars' acts as an adjective modifying the noun 'fines', indicating a state or characteristic of the potential penalties.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa partisipel kini 'exceeding two hundred million dollars' bertindak sebagai penerang untuk kata nama 'fines' (denda), menunjukkan keadaan atau ciri denda yang berpotensi.
The storm caused damage exceeding five million dollars.
Ribut itu telah menyebabkan kerugian melebihi lima juta dolar.
EN: Coles and Woolworths are the two dominant players in the Australian grocery market, often referred to as a 'duopoly'. This ruling is significant because it addresses long-standing consumer complaints about 'price gouging' and deceptive marketing in a high-inflation environment, reflecting a tightening of regulatory oversight in Australia.
EN: The past perfect tense ('had accused') is used here to indicate an action that occurred before another past event or a specific point in time mentioned in the narrative context (the recent court ruling).
Bahasa Melayu: Kala lampau sempurna (had accused) digunakan di sini untuk menunjukkan tindakan yang berlaku sebelum peristiwa lampau yang lain (seperti keputusan mahkamah baru-baru ini) atau titik masa tertentu dalam konteks naratif.
The regulator had warned the companies several times before filing the lawsuit.
Pengawal selia telah memberi amaran kepada syarikat-syarikat itu berkali-kali sebelum memfailkan tindakan undang-undang.
EN: The structure 'accuse someone of doing something' is a standard prepositional phrase pattern used to specify the charge or allegation against a party.
Bahasa Melayu: Struktur
The authorities accused the firm of violating environmental regulations.
Pihak berkuasa menuduh syarikat itu melanggar peraturan alam sekitar.
EN: The use of 'both... and...' is a correlative conjunction that emphasizes that the action or condition applies equally to two distinct entities.
Bahasa Melayu: Penggunaan
The new policy affects both international students and local residents.
Dasar baharu ini memberi kesan kepada pelajar antarabangsa dan penduduk tempatan.
EN: The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) is a powerful independent Commonwealth statutory authority that enforces the Competition and Consumer Act 2010. In Australia, consumer protection is strictly enforced, and misleading 'was/is' pricing is a major focus of regulatory scrutiny to ensure fair market competition.
EN: The past perfect tense ('had... conveyed') is used here to describe an action that was completed before the main action of the sentence ('determined'). In legal contexts, this clarifies the sequence of events leading up to the ruling.
Bahasa Melayu: Kala lampau sempurna (had... conveyed) digunakan di sini untuk menerangkan tindakan yang telah selesai sebelum tindakan utama ayat (determined, ditentukan). Dalam konteks undang-undang, ini menjelaskan urutan peristiwa yang membawa kepada keputusan.
The investigation revealed that the company had manipulated the data for months before the audit.
Penyiasatan menunjukkan bahawa syarikat itu telah memanipulasi data selama berbulan-bulan sebelum audit.
EN: The noun clause starting with 'that' acts as the direct object of the verb 'determined'. This structure is essential for reporting findings, beliefs, or official rulings.
Bahasa Melayu: Klausa nama yang bermula dengan
The committee concluded that the proposed budget was insufficient.
Jawatankuasa membuat kesimpulan bahawa belanjawan yang dicadangkan adalah tidak mencukupi.
EN: The phrase 'conveyed the impression that...' uses an appositive clause to explain the content of the 'impression'. This is a sophisticated way to describe perceptions or psychological effects.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa
His silence conveyed the impression that he agreed with the decision.
Diamnya memberi gambaran bahawa dia bersetuju dengan keputusan itu.
EN: The 'Down Down' campaign is one of the most iconic and long-running marketing strategies in Australian retail history, featuring a distinctive red hand pointing downwards. Because of its ubiquity, the court's finding that it was misleading is particularly significant for consumer trust in Australia.
EN: The present participle phrase starting with 'reflecting' acts as an adverbial modifier, indicating a simultaneous result or a logical consequence of the main clause.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa partisipel kini yang bermula dengan 'reflecting' bertindak sebagai penerang keterangan, menunjukkan hasil serentak atau akibat logik daripada tindakan dalam klausa utama.
The company announced a massive layoff, leading to a protest outside the headquarters.
Syarikat itu mengumumkan pemberhentian kerja secara besar-besaran, yang membawa kepada protes di luar ibu pejabat.
EN: The phrase 'the company now faces' is a reduced relative clause (adjective clause) modifying 'corporate liability'. The relative pronoun 'that' or 'which' has been omitted because it serves as the object of the verb 'faces'.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa 'the company now faces' ialah klausa adjektif yang diringkaskan dengan menggugurkan kata ganti relatif, digunakan untuk menerangkan 'corporate liability'. Oleh kerana kata ganti relatif 'that' atau 'which' berfungsi sebagai objek bagi kata kerja 'faces' dalam klausa tersebut, ia boleh digugurkan.
The challenges we encounter today will shape our future success.
Cabaran yang kita hadapi hari ini akan menentukan kejayaan kita pada masa hadapan.
EN: The preposition 'over' is used here to indicate the cause or subject of a feeling (anxiety). It is often used with nouns expressing emotion to specify what the emotion is about.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata sendi 'over' digunakan di sini untuk menunjukkan punca atau perkara yang menjadi tumpuan sesuatu perasaan (kebimbangan). Ia sering digunakan selepas kata nama yang menyatakan emosi untuk menjelaskan perasaan itu berkaitan dengan apa.
There is growing concern over the impact of climate change on agriculture.
Kebimbangan terhadap kesan perubahan iklim terhadap pertanian semakin meningkat.
EN: In the Australian business context, 'corporate liability' often refers to the legal and financial responsibility a company has towards consumers and regulators. The 'Australian Competition and Consumer Commission' (ACCC) is a powerful body that enforces consumer protection laws, and its rulings can lead to significant market shifts and public scrutiny for major brands like Coles.
EN: Non-restrictive relative clauses use 'which' to provide extra information about a noun (Woolworths) that is already clearly identified. These clauses are separated by commas and cannot use 'that'.
Bahasa Melayu: Klausa relatif bukan pembatas menggunakan
The company, which was founded in 1924, is a household name.
Syarikat ini, yang ditubuhkan pada tahun 1924, merupakan nama yang terkenal.
EN: The past participle phrase 'brought by...' acts as a reduced relative clause (which was brought by...), modifying 'a similar case' to indicate the origin or initiator of the legal action.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa participle lampau
The charges brought by the prosecutor were very serious.
Tuduhan yang dibawa oleh pendakwa raya adalah sangat serius.
EN: The adverb 'also' is placed after the auxiliary verb or before the main verb to indicate addition. In this sentence, it connects the fate of Woolworths to the previously mentioned situation of Coles.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata keterangan
She not only finished the report but also prepared the presentation.
Dia bukan sahaja menyiapkan laporan itu, tetapi juga menyediakan pembentangan.
EN: Woolworths and Coles are the two dominant players in the Australian grocery market, often referred to as a 'duopoly'. Legal actions against them by the ACCC are major national news because they affect the cost of living for most Australians.
EN: The relative adverb 'whereby' is a formal conjunction meaning 'by which' or 'through which'. It is used to introduce a clause that explains the method or process by which something happens.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata keterangan relatif
The company implemented a new system whereby employees can work from home twice a week.
Syarikat itu melaksanakan sistem baharu di mana pekerja boleh bekerja dari rumah dua kali seminggu.
EN: The phrase 'lies at the heart of' is an idiomatic expression used to identify the most important or fundamental part of a problem, issue, or situation.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa
A lack of communication lies at the heart of their relationship problems.
Kurangnya komunikasi adalah punca utama masalah hubungan mereka.
EN: The structure 'before + -ing' (reverting/labelling) uses gerunds to indicate a sequence of events. In this sentence, it describes actions that occur after the initial 'inflation' of prices.
Bahasa Melayu: Struktur
Always check the weather forecast before heading out for a hike.
Sebelum memulakan pendakian, pastikan anda menyemak ramalan cuaca terlebih dahulu.
EN: The 'was/is' pricing strategy is a common retail tactic that has come under intense legal scrutiny in Australia. It refers to showing a higher 'was' price alongside a lower 'is' price to create an illusion of a bargain. This case highlights the strict consumer protection laws enforced by the ACCC to ensure market transparency.
EN: Inversion in conditional sentences (First/Second/Third Conditional). When 'if' is omitted in formal contexts, the auxiliary verb 'should', 'were', or 'had' is moved to the front of the sentence. Here, 'Should the courts...' replaces 'If the courts should...'.
Bahasa Melayu: Penyongsangan dalam ayat bersyarat (Kesatu, Kedua, Ketiga). Dalam konteks formal, apabila
Should you require further assistance, please do not hesitate to contact us.
Sekiranya anda memerlukan bantuan lanjut, sila hubungi kami pada bila-bila masa.
EN: The use of 'would' to express a hypothetical consequence. Since the condition (the courts imposing penalties) is presented as a possibility rather than a certainty, 'would' indicates the potential outcome in that scenario.
Bahasa Melayu: Penggunaan
A change in policy would affect all employees.
Perubahan dasar itu akan menjejaskan semua pekerja.
EN: Compound noun phrases as modifiers. 'Retail compliance enforcement' functions as a complex noun phrase where 'retail' and 'compliance' modify 'enforcement', specifying the exact type of legal action.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa kata nama majmuk sebagai penerang. 'Retail compliance enforcement' ialah frasa kata nama majmuk, di mana 'retail' (runcit) dan 'compliance' (pematuhan) menerangkan 'enforcement' (penguatkuasaan), menjelaskan jenis tindakan undang-undang yang spesifik.
The government introduced new data protection regulations.
Kerajaan telah memperkenalkan peraturan perlindungan data yang baharu.
EN: The term 'set a precedent' is a crucial concept in Common Law systems like Australia's. It means that a judicial decision in a current case will be used as a rule or guide for future similar cases. This is why the Coles ruling is so significant—it changes the rules for all retailers, not just the ones in court.
EN: The use of an appositive phrase ('the former head of the consumer watchdog') provides additional identifying information about the subject. It is set off by commas and functions as a noun phrase that renames the preceding noun.
Bahasa Melayu: Penggunaan frasa appositif (the former head of the consumer watchdog) memberikan maklumat identiti tambahan tentang objek. Ia dipisahkan dengan koma dan berfungsi sebagai frasa nama untuk mentakrifkan semula kata nama sebelumnya.
Mr. Chen, the principal of our school, will give a speech tomorrow.
Encik Chen, iaitu pengetua sekolah kami, akan menyampaikan ucapan esok.
EN: The verb 'caution' is followed by a 'that' clause (noun clause) which functions as the direct object, specifying the content of the warning. This is a formal reporting verb used in professional and journalistic contexts.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja
The doctor cautioned that the recovery process might take several months.
Doktor memberi amaran bahawa proses pemulihan mungkin mengambil masa beberapa bulan.
EN: The modal verb 'must' combined with 'ensure' expresses a strong obligation or necessity. In legal or regulatory contexts, it indicates a requirement that cannot be ignored.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja modal
All employees must ensure that they follow the safety protocols at all times.
Semua pekerja mesti memastikan mereka sentiasa mematuhi protokol keselamatan.
EN: The term 'watchdog' in a political or economic context refers to an independent organization or agency that monitors the activities of companies or government bodies to ensure they act legally and ethically. In this case, it refers to the ACCC (Australian Competition and Consumer Commission).
EN: The modal idiom 'had better' is used to give strong advice or a warning about what someone should do to avoid negative consequences. In formal contexts, it is often followed by the bare infinitive (without 'to').
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa modal
The company had better comply with the new regulations to avoid a massive fine.
Syarikat itu sebaiknya mematuhi peraturan baharu untuk mengelakkan denda yang besar.
EN: The present participle phrase 'suggesting a price reduction' acts as an adjective modifying the noun 'any business'. This is a reduced relative clause (shortened from 'any business that suggests...').
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa participle kini
Any person entering the building must show identification.
Sesiapa yang memasuki bangunan itu mesti menunjukkan kad pengenalan.
EN: The pronoun 'one' is used here as a prop-word to avoid repeating the noun 'price reduction'. It functions as the head of the noun phrase 'a legitimate one'.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata ganti nama
If you need a new laptop, you should buy a reliable one.
Jika anda memerlukan komputer riba baharu, anda patut membeli yang boleh dipercayai.
EN: In the context of Australian consumer law, the term 'legitimate' carries significant legal weight. The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) strictly monitors 'was/is' pricing to ensure that the 'was' price was a genuine price at which the product was sold for a reasonable period, preventing artificial discounts.
EN: The use of 'serve as' is a formal way to describe the function or role of something, often used to indicate that an event or object acts as a warning, example, or reminder.
Bahasa Melayu: Penggunaan
The recent data breach should serve as a wake-up call for all tech companies.
Kebocoran data terkini sepatutnya menjadi amaran kepada semua syarikat teknologi.
EN: The word 'that' functions here as a complementizer introducing a content clause (appositive clause) following the noun 'reminder', explaining exactly what the reminder is.
Bahasa Melayu: Perkataan
There is a growing concern that the economy is slowing down.
Terdapat kebimbangan yang semakin meningkat bahawa ekonomi sedang perlahan.
EN: The modal verb 'could' is used here to express theoretical possibility or potential consequence within a legal or formal context.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja modal
Failure to comply with the regulations could lead to heavy penalties.
Kegagalan mematuhi peraturan boleh mengakibatkan denda yang berat.
EN: The phrase 'only to' is used to describe an event that happens immediately after another action, typically expressing a surprising, disappointing, or ironic result.
Bahasa Melayu: Struktur
He rushed to the airport only to realize he had left his passport at home.
Dia bergegas ke lapangan terbang, hanya untuk mendapati dia telah meninggalkan pasportnya di rumah.
EN: The present participle 'involving' acts as a reduced relative clause (which involves), providing more information about the preceding noun 'scenario'.
Bahasa Melayu: Participle kini
The police are investigating a case involving several high-profile politicians.
Polis sedang menyiasat satu kes yang melibatkan beberapa tokoh politik terkenal.
EN: The adverb 'artificially' modifies the verb 'raised', indicating that the action was done in a non-natural or insincere way, often for a specific manipulative purpose.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata keterangan
The central bank kept interest rates artificially low to stimulate the economy.
Bank pusat mengekalkan kadar faedah rendah secara buatan untuk merangsang ekonomi.
EN: In many Western countries, including Australia, Valentine's Day is a peak retail period for jewellery. The scenario described by Jeannie Paterson highlights a common but unethical practice known as 'price anchoring' or 'was/is' pricing, which consumer protection laws in Australia (enforced by the ACCC) aim to prevent to ensure fair competition and consumer trust.
EN: The phrase 'well beyond' is an intensifier used to emphasize that something exceeds a certain limit or scope by a significant margin. 'Well' here functions as an adverb meaning 'considerably' or 'to a great extent'.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa
The cost of the renovation went well beyond our initial budget.
Kos pengubahsuaian itu jauh melebihi bajet awal kami.
EN: The use of 'how' as a relative adverb introduces a noun clause ('how retailers... approach promotional campaigns'). This clause functions as the direct object of the verb 'reshape', describing the manner or method in which an action is performed.
Bahasa Melayu: Penggunaan
The new policy will change how employees submit their expense reports.
Dasar baharu itu akan mengubah cara pekerja menyerahkan tuntutan perbelanjaan mereka.
EN: The modal verb 'could' is used here to express a strong possibility or potential consequence in the future, based on the current ruling. It suggests a logical outcome rather than a mere ability.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja modal
Failure to comply with the new regulations could lead to heavy fines.
Kegagalan mematuhi peraturan baharu boleh mengakibatkan denda yang besar.
EN: The Australian retail market is highly concentrated, dominated by a few major players like Coles and Woolworths. This court ruling is significant because it challenges long-standing pricing practices that consumers have often found confusing or deceptive, reflecting a shift towards stricter consumer protection enforcement in Australia.
EN: Inverted Conditional (Were... to): This is a formal alternative to 'If... should' or 'If... were to'. By placing 'Were' at the beginning of the clause and omitting 'if', the sentence gains a more literary or hypothetical tone, often used in legal or academic contexts to discuss unlikely but possible scenarios.
Bahasa Melayu: Ayat bersyarat songsang (Were... to): Ini adalah alternatif formal kepada
Were the negotiations to fail, the two nations might go to war.
Sekiranya rundingan gagal, kedua-dua negara mungkin berperang.
EN: The verb 'persist' is typically followed by the preposition 'with' when referring to a course of action or a specific practice. It implies continuing firmly or obstinately in a state or opinion despite opposition or difficulty.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja
If you persist with these complaints, we will have to take legal action.
Jika anda berkeras untuk meneruskan aduan ini, kami terpaksa mengambil tindakan undang-undang.
EN: The structure 'risk + gerund (-ing)' is used to describe a situation where an action might lead to a negative or dangerous outcome. Here, 'facing' acts as the gerund object of the verb 'risk'.
Bahasa Melayu: Struktur
Investors who ignore market trends risk losing their entire capital.
Pelabur yang mengabaikan trend pasaran berisiko kehilangan keseluruhan modal mereka.
EN: The sentence reflects the rigorous nature of Australian consumer law, which is enforced by the ACCC. The term 'legislation' here refers to the Australian Consumer Law (ACL), which provides strict protections against misleading and deceptive conduct, a cornerstone of fair trading in Australia.
EN: The present perfect tense ('have suggested') is used here to indicate that the action occurred at an unspecified time in the past and has relevance to the present situation, often used in news reporting to introduce expert opinions.
Bahasa Melayu: Kala kini sempurna (have suggested) digunakan di sini untuk menunjukkan bahawa tindakan itu berlaku pada masa yang tidak spesifik pada masa lalu dan mempunyai kaitan dengan keadaan semasa. Dalam laporan berita, kala ini sering digunakan untuk memperkenalkan pendapat pakar atau pemerhatian semasa.
Economists have suggested that the inflation rate will stabilize by next year.
Ahli ekonomi menyatakan bahawa kadar inflasi akan stabil pada tahun hadapan.
EN: The modal verb 'may' followed by the base verb 'herald' expresses a strong possibility or a logical inference about a future outcome based on current evidence.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja modal
This technological breakthrough may herald a revolution in renewable energy.
Kejayaan teknologi ini mungkin menandakan revolusi dalam bidang tenaga boleh diperbaharui.
EN: The preposition 'over' is used here to indicate the subject or area of the 'scrutiny'. It functions similarly to 'concerning' or 'regarding' in a formal administrative or legal context.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata depan
The government faced intense public scrutiny over its handling of the crisis.
Kerajaan menghadapi penelitian awam yang ketat kerana cara ia mengendalikan krisis tersebut.
EN: In Western legal and business contexts, 'scrutiny' from regulatory bodies like the ACCC is a significant threat to corporate reputation. The term 'herald' is often used in journalism to describe events that signal major shifts in industry standards or legal precedents.
EN: The use of the present perfect tense ('have long been') combined with the adjective 'sceptical' indicates a state that started in the past and continues into the present, emphasizing a persistent attitude.
Bahasa Melayu: Penggunaan kala kini sempurna (have long been) digabungkan dengan kata adjektif
Investors have long been cautious about the volatility of the tech sector.
Pelabur telah lama bersikap berhati-hati terhadap turun naik industri teknologi.
EN: The relative clause 'who have long been sceptical of promotional claims' functions as an adjective to modify the noun 'consumers', providing essential context about which group of consumers is being discussed.
Bahasa Melayu: Klausa relatif
Students who have completed the advanced course are eligible for the internship.
Pelajar yang menamatkan kursus lanjutan layak untuk menyertai latihan industri.
EN: The phrase 'represents a significant step towards' is a formal way to describe progress or a milestone. 'Towards' is a preposition indicating the direction of the improvement.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa
The new policy represents a significant step towards achieving carbon neutrality.
Dasar baharu ini mewakili satu langkah penting ke arah mencapai pelepasan karbon sifar.
EN: In Western consumer law, 'transparency' is a key regulatory concept. It refers to the requirement that businesses provide clear, accurate, and easily accessible information so consumers can make informed choices. The Australian legal system is particularly rigorous regarding 'misleading and deceptive conduct'.
Kosa kata utama dengan sebutan IPA, definisi, contoh ayat, dan kuiz interaktif.
Dalam konteks: bersejarah, penting
Dalam konteks: mengelirukan, menipu
Dalam konteks: menipu, palsu
Dalam konteks: menyampaikan, meluahkan (sesuatu tanggapan atau mesej)
Dalam konteks: (undang-undang) liabiliti, tanggungjawab
Dalam konteks: penilaian, anggaran nilai
Dalam konteks: menaikkan (harga) secara buatan, menyebabkan inflasi
Dalam konteks: preseden, duluan kes
Dalam konteks: tulen, boleh dipercayai
Dalam konteks: merupakan, membentuk
Dalam konteks: hipotetikal, andaian
Dalam konteks: semakan terperinci, pengawasan
Frasa dengan label jenis, definisi dwibahasa, nota penggunaan, dan contoh ayat.
To cause a very strong reaction of shock or fear to spread through a place or group of people.
Menimbulkan kejutan, memberikan impak yang mendalam
A retail pricing strategy that shows a previous higher price (was) alongside the current lower price (is) to indicate a discount.
Strategi penetapan harga "sebelum ini/sekarang"
An official organization that is responsible for checking that companies in a particular industry are following the rules.
Badan kawal selia
An act of breaking a law, promise, agreement, or relationship.
Melanggar undang-undang