HS2 bill could rise to £102bn with first trains delayed until 2039, government admitsKerajaan mengaku kos HS2 mungkin meningkat kepada £102 bilion, kereta api pertama ditangguhkan sehingga 2039
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EN: The verb 'concede' is used here to indicate admitting something is true, often reluctantly, after earlier denials. It is followed by a 'that' clause acting as the direct object.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja "concede" digunakan di sini untuk menunjukkan pengakuan bahawa sesuatu adalah benar, selalunya secara berat hati selepas penafian sebelumnya. Ia diikuti oleh klausa "that" sebagai objek langsung.
The candidate conceded that the election results were fair.
Calon itu mengakui bahawa keputusan pilihan raya adalah adil.
EN: Apposition: The phrase 'the nation's most ambitious infrastructure project in decades' is an appositive noun phrase that provides additional information about 'the HS2 high-speed railway'. It is set off by commas.
Bahasa Melayu: Aposisi: Frasa "the nation's most ambitious infrastructure project in decades" ialah frasa nama apositif yang memberikan maklumat tambahan tentang "HS2", dan dipisahkan dengan koma.
Mr. Smith, my high school teacher, is retiring next year.
Encik Smith, guru sekolah menengah saya, akan bersara tahun depan.
EN: The modal verb 'could' expresses possibility or potentiality in the future, while 'up to' is a prepositional phrase used to indicate a maximum limit or ceiling.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja bantu "could" menyatakan kemungkinan atau potensi pada masa hadapan, manakala "up to" ialah frasa kata depan yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan had maksimum atau siling.
The temperature could rise up to 40 degrees Celsius tomorrow.
Suhu esok mungkin meningkat sehingga 40 darjah Celsius.
EN: HS2 (High Speed 2) is a major planned high-speed railway in the United Kingdom. It has been a subject of intense political debate due to its escalating costs, environmental impact, and repeated delays. The mention of 'taxpayers' highlights the public funding aspect, which is a sensitive issue in British politics regarding infrastructure spending.
EN: The present participle phrase 'acknowledging that...' acts as a resultative or circumstantial clause, providing additional information about the action of the main verb 'revealed'. It indicates that the acknowledgment happened simultaneously with or as a direct consequence of revealing the figures.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa partisipel kini "acknowledging that..." bertindak sebagai klausa keterangan akibat atau iringan, memberikan maklumat tambahan tentang kata kerja klausa utama "revealed". Ini menunjukkan bahawa tindakan "mengakui" berlaku serentak dengan atau sebagai akibat langsung daripada "mendedahkan" data.
The CEO resigned yesterday, citing personal reasons for his departure.
Ketua pegawai eksekutif meletak jawatan semalam, sambil menyebut bahawa peletakan jawatan itu adalah atas sebab peribadi.
EN: The preposition 'by' is used here to indicate the margin or degree of difference in a comparison (exceeds... by approximately £70 billion).
Bahasa Melayu: Kata depan "by" digunakan di sini untuk menunjukkan margin atau tahap perbezaan dalam perbandingan (melebihi kira-kira £70 bilion).
The company's profits grew by 20% compared to last year.
Berbanding dengan tahun lepas, keuntungan syarikat itu meningkat sebanyak 20%.
EN: Compound adjectives like 'fifteen-month' are formed by a number and a singular noun connected by a hyphen. They function as a single adjective before a noun.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata adjektif majmuk seperti 'fifteen-month' dibentuk dengan menggabungkan nombor dan kata nama tunggal melalui tanda sempang. Ia berfungsi sebagai satu kata adjektif di hadapan kata nama, dan perlu diingat bahawa bahagian kata nama mesti menggunakan bentuk tunggal.
They signed a three-year contract with the new agency.
Mereka menandatangani kontrak tiga tahun dengan agensi baharu itu.
EN: The HS2 project is a major point of political contention in the UK, representing both the ambition of national infrastructure and the challenges of public spending. The mention of 'Transport Secretary' refers to a high-ranking cabinet position responsible for the nation's transport network.
EN: Inverted Conditional (Third Conditional): The sentence uses 'Had' at the beginning to replace 'If the previous administration had...'. This inversion is common in formal or literary English to express hypothetical situations in the past that did not happen.
Bahasa Melayu: Ayat bersyarat songsang (kondisional ketiga): Ayat ini menggunakan "Had" pada permulaan ayat untuk menggantikan "If the previous administration had...". Struktur songsang ini sering digunakan dalam bahasa Inggeris formal atau sastera untuk menyatakan situasi hipotetikal yang bertentangan dengan fakta pada masa lalu.
Had I known about the meeting, I would have attended.
Sekiranya saya tahu tentang mesyuarat itu pada masa itu, saya akan hadir.
EN: Modal Verb + Perfect Passive (might have been mitigated): This structure expresses a past possibility or a hypothetical outcome that was achievable but did not occur. 'Mitigated' means to make something less severe or painful.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja bantu + pasif sempurna (might have been mitigated): Struktur ini menyatakan kemungkinan pada masa lalu, atau hasil hipotetikal yang sepatutnya boleh dicapai tetapi tidak berlaku. "Mitigated" bermaksud mengurangkan atau meredakan (keterukan).
The damage might have been prevented if the alarm had functioned.
Sekiranya penggera itu berfungsi pada masa itu, kerosakan mungkin dapat dielakkan.
EN: Comparative Adjectives for Emphasis: The use of 'greater' and 'staggering' adds rhetorical weight. 'Staggering' functions as a participial adjective meaning 'deeply shocking' or 'astonishing'.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata adjektif perbandingan untuk penekanan: Penggunaan "greater" dan "staggering" menambah daya retorik. "Staggering" sebagai kata adjektif partisipel bermaksud "mengejutkan" atau "mengagumkan".
The company faced staggering losses due to the economic downturn.
Disebabkan kemelesetan ekonomi, syarikat itu menghadapi kerugian yang mengejutkan.
EN: The sentence reflects a common theme in British political discourse: government accountability and the management of public funds. The use of formal, critical language like 'fiscal oversight' and 'staggering cost overruns' is typical of high-level political journalism (such as in The Guardian or The Economist) when discussing infrastructure failures.
EN: The 'not... until' construction is used to emphasize that an action does not happen before a specific time. In formal contexts, it highlights a delay or a significant wait.
Bahasa Melayu: Struktur "not... until" digunakan untuk menekankan bahawa sesuatu tidak akan berlaku sebelum masa tertentu. Dalam konteks formal, ini sering digunakan untuk menonjolkan kelewatan atau penantian yang panjang.
The results of the investigation will not be released until next month.
Keputusan siasatan tidak akan diumumkan sehingga bulan depan.
EN: The verb 'commence' is a formal synonym for 'start' or 'begin,' frequently used in official reports, legal documents, and news regarding infrastructure or business operations.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja "commence" ialah sinonim formal untuk "start" atau "begin", sering digunakan dalam laporan rasmi, dokumen undang-undang, dan berita tentang infrastruktur atau operasi perniagaan.
Construction is scheduled to commence in early spring.
Kerja-kerja dijangka bermula pada awal musim bunga.
EN: The prepositional phrase 'between A and B' is used here to define the route or path connecting two specific geographic locations.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa kata depan "between A and B" digunakan di sini untuk mentakrifkan laluan atau jalan yang menghubungkan dua lokasi geografi tertentu.
The high-speed link between Paris and Lyon is very efficient.
Sambungan berkelajuan tinggi antara Paris dan Lyon sangat cekap.
EN: HS2 (High Speed 2) is a major planned high-speed railway in the United Kingdom. It has been a subject of intense political debate due to its escalating costs and repeated delays. The mention of 'Old Oak Common' and 'Birmingham Curzon Street' refers to key stations in the first phase of the project, which aims to improve connectivity between London and the Midlands.
EN: The present participle phrase 'extending from... to...' acts as a non-restrictive relative clause, providing additional descriptive information about the subject 'The full railway'.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa partisipel kini "extending from... to..." di sini bertindak sebagai klausa relatif tidak terhad, memberikan maklumat deskriptif tambahan tentang subjek ayat, "The full railway".
The river, flowing through the heart of the city, provides a vital water source.
Sungai yang mengalir melalui pusat bandar ini menyediakan sumber air yang penting.
EN: The passive construction 'is projected to' is used to express a forecast or estimation based on current data, common in formal reporting and technical contexts.
Bahasa Melayu: Struktur pasif "is projected to" digunakan untuk menyatakan ramalan atau anggaran berdasarkan data semasa, sering ditemui dalam laporan rasmi dan konteks teknikal.
The company's revenue is projected to grow by ten percent next year.
Hasil syarikat itu diunjurkan meningkat sebanyak sepuluh peratus tahun depan.
EN: The phrase 'no earlier than' is a precise temporal constraint used to indicate the earliest possible date or time, often implying potential further delays.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa "no earlier than" ialah kekangan masa yang tepat yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan tarikh atau masa paling awal yang mungkin, selalunya membayangkan kemungkinan kelewatan selanjutnya.
The results will be announced no earlier than Friday morning.
Keputusan tidak akan diumumkan lebih awal daripada pagi Jumaat.
EN: The mention of 'London Euston' and the 'west coast mainline' refers to critical hubs in the UK's rail network. Euston is a major terminus in London, and the west coast mainline is one of the most important strategic rail corridors in the country. The delay until 2043 highlights the long-term nature and political sensitivity of major British infrastructure projects.
EN: The present participle phrase (raising...) is used here as an adverbial clause of result, indicating a consequence of the main clause. It functions as a non-restrictive modifier describing the effect of the entire preceding situation.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa partisipel kini (raising...) digunakan di sini sebagai klausa keterangan akibat, menunjukkan kesan yang terhasil daripada klausa utama. Fungsinya adalah sebagai penerang tidak terhad, menghuraikan kesan daripada keseluruhan situasi yang dinyatakan sebelum ini.
The company announced a major restructuring, leading to a significant increase in its stock price.
Syarikat itu mengumumkan penyusunan semula yang besar, yang menyebabkan harga sahamnya melonjak naik.
EN: The prepositional phrase 'compared with' is used to highlight a difference or similarity between two things. In formal writing, 'compared with' is often preferred over 'compared to' when focusing on the differences between similar categories (like two schedules).
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa kata depan "compared with" digunakan untuk menekankan perbezaan atau persamaan antara dua perkara. Dalam penulisan formal, apabila tumpuan adalah untuk membandingkan perbezaan antara kategori yang serupa (seperti dua jadual waktu), "compared with" biasanya lebih diutamakan daripada "compared to".
The current inflation rate is low compared with the figures from the previous decade.
Berbanding dengan data daripada dekad sebelumnya, kadar inflasi semasa adalah lebih rendah.
EN: The abstract noun 'accountability' refers to the obligation of an individual or organization to account for its activities and accept responsibility for them. In political contexts, it often pairs with the preposition 'in' or 'for'.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata nama abstrak "accountability" (akauntabiliti/tanggungjawab) merujuk kepada kewajipan individu atau organisasi untuk menjelaskan dan bertanggungjawab ke atas aktiviti mereka. Dalam konteks politik, ia sering digunakan dengan kata depan "in" atau "for".
There is a lack of accountability in how the public funds were distributed.
Terdapat kekurangan akauntabiliti dalam cara dana awam diagihkan.
EN: The term 'accountability' is central to British parliamentary democracy. It implies that ministers are not just responsible for their departments but must answer to Parliament and the public for failures. In the context of HS2, a major infrastructure project, accountability often becomes a point of intense political debate between the ruling party and the opposition.
EN: The verb 'attribute' is used with the preposition 'to' to indicate the cause or origin of something. The structure is 'attribute [effect] to [cause]'.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja "attribute" digunakan dengan kata depan "to" untuk menunjukkan punca atau sumber sesuatu. Strukturnya ialah "attribute [hasil] to [punca]", bermaksud "mengaitkan……dengan……".
The researchers attribute the increase in global temperatures to greenhouse gas emissions.
Para penyelidik mengaitkan peningkatan suhu global dengan pelepasan gas rumah hijau.
EN: The present participle phrase starting with 'characterising' acts as a supplementary clause, providing additional information about the subject's action or attitude simultaneously with the main verb.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa partisipel kini yang bermula dengan "characterising" bertindak sebagai klausa tambahan, memberikan maklumat tambahan tentang tingkah laku atau sikap subjek, dan tindakan itu berlaku serentak dengan kata kerja klausa utama.
The CEO resigned today, describing the decision as the hardest of his career.
Ketua pegawai eksekutif meletak jawatan hari ini, sambil menyatakan bahawa keputusan itu adalah yang paling sukar dalam kerjayanya.
EN: The use of 'under' in 'under the previous Conservative administration' denotes a period of time during which a specific government or leader was in power.
Bahasa Melayu: Dalam "under the previous Conservative administration", penggunaan "under" menunjukkan tempoh pemerintahan kerajaan atau pemimpin tertentu.
Many new laws were passed under the current administration.
Di bawah kerajaan sekarang, banyak undang-undang baharu telah diluluskan.
EN: The term 'slow-motion catastrophe' is a powerful rhetorical device used in British political discourse to criticize long-term project mismanagement. It implies that while the failure was obvious and unfolding over years, no effective action was taken to stop it. The mention of the 'Conservative administration' highlights the ongoing political friction in the UK regarding the responsibility for the HS2 project's costs.
EN: The use of 'stem from' and 'result from' to indicate causality. These phrasal verbs are used to describe the origin or cause of a situation, particularly in formal or academic contexts. 'Stem from' often implies a deeper or more fundamental origin.
Bahasa Melayu: Penggunaan "stem from" dan "result from" untuk menunjukkan hubungan sebab akibat. Kata kerja frasa ini digunakan untuk menerangkan asal usul atau punca sesuatu keadaan, terutamanya dalam konteks formal atau akademik. "Stem from" biasanya membayangkan asal usul yang lebih mendalam atau lebih asas.
The current economic crisis stems from years of fiscal irresponsibility.
Krisis ekonomi semasa berpunca daripada tahun-tahun ketidakbertanggungjawaban fiskal.
EN: The contrastive use of 'while' as a subordinating conjunction. In this context, 'while' is used to show a direct comparison or contrast between two facts within the same sentence, similar to 'whereas'.
Bahasa Melayu: Penggunaan kontrastif "while" sebagai kata hubung subordinat. Dalam konteks ini, "while" digunakan untuk menunjukkan perbandingan atau kontras langsung antara dua fakta dalam ayat yang sama, serupa dengan "whereas".
The first group received the placebo, while the second group was given the actual medication.
Kumpulan pertama diberi plasebo, manakala kumpulan kedua diberi ubat sebenar.
EN: Fractions as subjects: 'a third of' and 'two-thirds of'. When a fraction is followed by 'of' and a noun, the verb agreement depends on the noun that follows. Here, 'expenditure' is uncountable, so the verb 'resulted' (though past tense) aligns with a singular concept.
Bahasa Melayu: Pecahan sebagai subjek: "a third of" dan "two-thirds of". Apabila pecahan diikuti oleh "of" dan kata nama, keselarasan kata kerja bergantung pada kata nama yang mengikutinya. Di sini, "expenditure" ialah kata nama tak boleh dikira, jadi kata kerja secara logiknya sepadan dengan konsep tunggal.
Two-thirds of the building was destroyed in the fire.
Dua pertiga daripada bangunan itu musnah dalam kebakaran.
EN: In British political discourse, blaming a previous administration for budget overruns is a common rhetorical strategy. The use of precise fractions (one-third vs. two-thirds) is intended to provide an air of objective authority to the critique, shifting the narrative from general economic factors (inflation) to specific management failures (omissions and inefficiency).
EN: Negative Inversion: When a sentence begins with a negative or restrictive expression like 'Not only', the auxiliary verb is placed before the subject (were critical components). This structure is used for emphasis and is common in formal or journalistic registers.
Bahasa Melayu: Penyongsangan negatif: Apabila ayat bermula dengan ungkapan negatif atau sekatan seperti "Not only", kata kerja bantu perlu diletakkan sebelum subjek (were critical components). Struktur ini digunakan untuk menguatkan nada, sering ditemui dalam gaya formal atau penulisan berita.
Not only did the company lose money, but it also lost its reputation.
Bukan sahaja syarikat itu rugi wang, malah ia juga kehilangan reputasi.
EN: Passive Voice with Adverbial Insertion: The phrase 'were also reportedly spent' uses the passive voice (be + past participle) with the adverb 'reportedly' inserted to indicate that the information is based on reports rather than direct confirmation.
Bahasa Melayu: Suara pasif dengan sisipan adverba: Frasa "were also reportedly spent" menggunakan suara pasif (be + partisipel lampau), dengan adverba "reportedly" (menurut laporan) disisipkan, untuk menunjukkan bahawa maklumat itu berdasarkan laporan dan bukan pengesahan langsung.
The ancient artifacts were reportedly stolen during the night.
Menurut laporan, artifak purba itu dicuri pada waktu malam.
EN: Prepositional Phrase with Gerund: 'Without laying substantial track' uses the preposition 'without' followed by a gerund (-ing form). This functions as an adverbial of circumstance, explaining the conditions under which the main action occurred.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa kata depan dengan gerund: "Without laying substantial track" menggunakan kata depan "without" diikuti oleh gerund (bentuk -ing). Ini berfungsi sebagai keterangan keadaan, menjelaskan keadaan latar belakang semasa tindakan klausa utama berlaku.
He completed the marathon without stopping once.
Dia berlari maraton tanpa berhenti walau sekali pun.
EN: The sentence reflects a common criticism in British public discourse regarding large-scale infrastructure like HS2 (High Speed 2). The phrase 'without laying substantial track' highlights public frustration over 'sunk costs' and perceived government inefficiency, where billions are spent on consultancy, planning, and land acquisition before any visible progress is made.
EN: The use of past participle phrases ('described as...', 'led by...') as reduced relative clauses to provide non-essential descriptive information about the subject and the noun in the prepositional phrase.
Bahasa Melayu: Penggunaan frasa partisipel lampau (seperti 'described as...', 'led by...') sebagai klausa relatif yang diringkaskan, untuk memberikan maklumat tambahan yang tidak penting tentang subjek atau kata nama dalam frasa kata depan.
The report, published last month, highlighted several systemic failures.
Laporan yang diterbitkan bulan lepas ini menekankan beberapa kegagalan sistematik.
EN: The verb 'emerge from' is used here in a formal context to indicate the origin or result of a process or investigation, often used for data, findings, or conclusions.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja 'emerge from' digunakan di sini dalam konteks formal untuk menunjukkan asal usul atau hasil daripada proses atau siasatan, sering digunakan untuk data, penemuan penyelidikan, atau kesimpulan.
New evidence emerged from the police investigation.
Bukti baharu muncul daripada siasatan polis.
EN: Appositives (e.g., 'the chief executive of HS2 Limited') are used to rename or further identify a preceding noun ('Mark Wild'), a common feature in journalistic writing to provide credentials.
Bahasa Melayu: Aposisi (contohnya, 'the chief executive of HS2 Limited') digunakan untuk menamakan semula atau mengenal pasti dengan lebih lanjut kata nama sebelumnya ('Mark Wild'), ciri biasa dalam penulisan berita untuk memberikan maklumat identiti latar belakang.
Dr. Smith, a leading expert in virology, will lead the task force.
Dr. Smith, pakar terkemuka dalam virologi, akan mengetuai pasukan projek itu.
EN: The mention of '2026 prices' is a standard practice in long-term infrastructure projects to account for inflation and provide a consistent baseline for financial comparison. HS2 is a major political and economic issue in the UK, often criticized for its escalating costs and changing scope.
EN: The present participle phrase 'distinguishing them from...' functions as a resultative or descriptive modifier, providing additional information about the effect or nature of the preceding clause.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa partisipel kini "distinguishing them from..." di sini berfungsi sebagai keterangan akibat atau penerang deskriptif, untuk menambah penjelasan tentang kesan atau ciri semula jadi yang terhasil daripada klausa sebelumnya.
The company launched a new eco-friendly line, positioning itself as a leader in sustainability.
Syarikat itu melancarkan barisan mesra alam baharu, membezakan dirinya sebagai peneraju dalam kelestarian.
EN: The past perfect tense 'had consistently proven' is used to describe a state or action that occurred and was completed before another point in the past (in this case, before Alexander's argument).
Bahasa Melayu: Kala lampau sempurna "had consistently proven" digunakan untuk menerangkan keadaan atau tindakan yang telah berlaku dan berterusan sebelum satu titik masa lampau (di sini, sebelum Alexander membuat dakwaannya).
By the time the audit began, the records had already proven to be inaccurate.
Pada permulaan audit, rekod-rekod itu telah terbukti tidak tepat.
EN: The verb 'distinguish' is commonly paired with the preposition 'from' to highlight differences between two entities (distinguish A from B).
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja "distinguish" biasanya dipasangkan dengan kata depan "from" untuk menekankan perbezaan antara dua entiti (membezakan A daripada B).
It is often difficult to distinguish genuine antiques from clever reproductions.
Selalunya sukar untuk membezakan barangan antik sebenar daripada tiruan yang bijak.
EN: In British political discourse, the term 'solid foundations' is often used by ministers to reassure the public and Parliament that a project's financial planning has been overhauled and is now robust, especially after a period of perceived mismanagement. The use of 'credible ranges' reflects a shift toward more transparent, risk-adjusted economic forecasting in large-scale infrastructure projects.
EN: Inverted Conditional (Second Conditional): The sentence uses 'Were the government to...' instead of 'If the government were to...'. This inversion is used in formal or literary contexts to express a hypothetical or unlikely future situation.
Bahasa Melayu: Ayat bersyarat songsang (kondisional kedua): Ayat ini menggunakan "Were the government to..." dan bukannya "If the government were to...". Struktur songsang ini sering digunakan dalam konteks formal atau sastera untuk menyatakan andaian atau spekulasi tentang situasi masa depan yang berkemungkinan rendah.
Were he to resign now, the company would face a leadership crisis.
Sekiranya dia meletak jawatan sekarang, syarikat akan menghadapi krisis kepimpinan.
EN: The 'to-infinitive' after 'were' in an inverted conditional emphasizes the hypothetical nature of the action, often used for future events that are considered improbable.
Bahasa Melayu: Dalam ayat bersyarat songsang, 'were' diikuti oleh infinitif 'to' menekankan sifat hipotetikal tindakan itu, biasanya digunakan untuk menerangkan peristiwa masa depan yang dianggap tidak mungkin berlaku.
Were they to lose the contract, hundreds of jobs would be at risk.
Sekiranya mereka kehilangan kontrak ini, beratus-ratus pekerjaan akan berisiko.
EN: The adverb 'nonetheless' is used to indicate that something happens despite what has just been mentioned. It functions as a conjunctive adverb to show contrast.
Bahasa Melayu: Adverba "nonetheless" (walaupun begitu) digunakan untuk menunjukkan bahawa sesuatu tetap berlaku walaupun apa yang baru sahaja disebutkan. Ia berfungsi sebagai kata hubung adverba untuk menunjukkan hubungan kontras.
The hike was exhausting; nonetheless, the view from the top was worth it.
Pendakian itu amat memenatkan; namun begitu, pemandangan dari puncak tetap berbaloi.
EN: The term 'sunk costs' is a key concept in economics and business, referring to money already spent that cannot be recovered. In the context of the HS2 project (英國高速鐵路2號), it highlights the political dilemma: continuing a project that is over budget versus stopping and wasting the billions already invested.
Kosa kata utama dengan sebutan IPA, definisi, contoh ayat, dan kuiz interaktif.
Dalam konteks: mengakui (biasanya mengakui sesuatu itu benar dengan berat hati)
Dalam konteks: besar dan bercita-cita tinggi (merujuk kepada rancangan yang besar dan mencabar)
Dalam konteks: pengawasan, pemantauan
Dalam konteks: mengurangkan, meredakan (kesan negatif)
Dalam konteks: akauntabiliti, kewajipan untuk bertanggungjawab
Dalam konteks: peningkatan beransur-ansur, pembesaran (kos, skala, dll.)
Dalam konteks: perbelanjaan, perbelanjaan
Dalam konteks: tertinggal, tidak dimasukkan
Dalam konteks: sistematik, terancang (biasanya merujuk kepada corak yang berpanjangan)
Dalam konteks: ramalan, unjuran
Frasa dengan label jenis, definisi dwibahasa, nota penggunaan, dan contoh ayat.
Unexpected costs that exceed the original budget.
Lebihan kos
Money that has already been spent and cannot be recovered.
Kos hangus
A disastrous event that unfolds gradually over a long period.
Malapetaka yang berlaku secara perlahan-lahan
To originate or derive from a specific source.
Berasal daripada, berpunca daripada
The act of monitoring and managing financial activities and budgets.
Pengawasan fiskal