Pandemic & PreventionPandemik & Pencegahan
Pratonton Audio Lengkap
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EN: The adverb 'fundamentally' is used to modify the verb 'changed', indicating that the change was deep and essential. In English, adverbs of manner often appear between the auxiliary verb/subject and the main verb.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata keterangan 'fundamentally' digunakan untuk mengubah suai kata kerja 'changed', menunjukkan bahawa perubahan itu mendalam dan bersifat asas. Dalam bahasa Inggeris, kata keterangan darjah atau cara sering diletakkan antara subjek dan kata kerja utama.
The new technology fundamentally altered the industry.
Teknologi baharu ini telah mengubah industri secara asasnya.
EN: The phrase 'the way' acts as a noun phrase that can be followed by a relative clause (people... think) to describe how something is done. In this structure, 'how' or 'in which' is often omitted.
Bahasa Melayu: 'the way' berfungsi sebagai frasa nama yang boleh diikuti oleh klausa relatif (people... think) untuk menerangkan cara sesuatu dilakukan. Dalam struktur ini, kata keterangan relatif 'how' atau 'in which' biasanya digugurkan.
I like the way she explains complex ideas.
Saya suka cara dia menerangkan konsep yang kompleks.
EN: The sentence reflects a global shift in mindset where 'public health' moved from a specialized medical topic to a common concern for every individual, highlighting the interconnectedness of modern society.
EN: The Past Perfect Tense (had + past participle) is used to describe an action that was completed before another point or action in the past. Here, it indicates the state of mind existing before the specific year 2020.
Bahasa Melayu: Past Perfect Tense (had + past participle) digunakan untuk menerangkan tindakan yang telah selesai sebelum titik masa atau tindakan pada masa lalu. Dalam ayat ini, ia menunjukkan keadaan mental yang telah wujud sebelum titik masa tertentu pada tahun 2020.
By the time the movie started, we had already finished our popcorn.
Sebelum filem bermula, kami sudah menghabiskan popcorn.
EN: The idiom 'take something for granted' means to fail to properly appreciate something because it is so common or familiar, or to assume something is true without questioning it.
Bahasa Melayu: Peribahasa 'take something for granted' bermaksud menganggap sesuatu sebagai perkara biasa, iaitu gagal menghargai nilainya dengan betul kerana ia terlalu biasa atau terlalu dikenali, atau menganggap sesuatu itu benar tanpa berfikir.
We often take our health for granted until we get sick.
Kita sering menganggap kesihatan sebagai perkara biasa sebelum kita sakit.
EN: The sentence reflects a global shift in consciousness. In many Western cultures, prior to COVID-19, wearing masks or extreme hand hygiene was often associated only with medical settings, whereas in some East Asian cultures, it was already more common during flu seasons. The pandemic unified these practices globally.
EN: Past Perfect Tense (had + past participle): Used to describe an action that was completed before another action in the past. Here, the virus spreading happened before the enforcement of measures.
Bahasa Melayu: Past Perfect Tense (had + past participle): Digunakan untuk menerangkan tindakan yang telah selesai sebelum tindakan lain pada masa lalu. Dalam ayat ini, penyebaran virus berlaku sebelum langkah penguatkuasaan.
By the time the police arrived, the thief had already escaped.
Apabila polis tiba, pencuri telah pun melarikan diri.
EN: Passive Voice (be + past participle): Used when the subject is the receiver of the action. 'Were forced' indicates that the governments and citizens did not choose this, but were compelled by circumstances.
Bahasa Melayu: Suara pasif (be + past participle): Digunakan apabila subjek ialah penerima tindakan. 'Were forced' menunjukkan bahawa kerajaan dan rakyat tidak memilih secara sukarela, tetapi dipaksa oleh keadaan.
The flight was cancelled due to the heavy storm.
Penerbangan telah dibatalkan kerana ribut.
EN: The phrase 'governments and citizens alike' reflects a collective responsibility often emphasized during global crises, highlighting that the pandemic affected all levels of society regardless of status.
EN: Gerunds as Subjects: A gerund is the '-ing' form of a verb that functions as a noun. In this sentence, three gerund phrases ('Wearing...', 'maintaining...', and 'washing...') act together as a compound subject.
Bahasa Melayu: Gerund sebagai subjek: Gerund ialah bentuk -ing kata kerja yang berfungsi sebagai kata nama. Dalam ayat ini, tiga frasa gerund (memakai, mengekalkan, mencuci tangan) bersama-sama membentuk subjek majmuk.
Reading books and practicing speaking are effective ways to learn English.
Membaca buku dan berlatih bercakap adalah kaedah yang berkesan untuk belajar bahasa Inggeris.
EN: Parallel Structure: When listing multiple items or actions, they should follow the same grammatical form. Here, all three activities are presented as gerund phrases to maintain balance and clarity.
Bahasa Melayu: Struktur selari: Apabila menyenaraikan beberapa item atau tindakan, bentuk tatabahasa yang sama harus digunakan. Dalam ayat ini, ketiga-tiga aktiviti dibentangkan sebagai frasa gerund untuk mengekalkan keseimbangan dan kejelasan ayat.
EN: The phrase 'social distance' became a global standard during the COVID-19 pandemic, though the specific distance (e.g., 1.5 meters or 6 feet) varied slightly by country. In many East Asian cultures, mask-wearing was already a common courtesy when sick, which facilitated quicker adoption compared to some Western countries.
EN: The structure 'One of the + superlative adjective + plural noun' is used to identify a specific item from a group of exceptional things. Note that the verb must be singular because the subject is 'One'.
Bahasa Melayu: Struktur 'One of the + kata adjektif superlatif + kata nama majmuk' digunakan untuk mengenal pasti item tertentu daripada kumpulan yang cemerlang. Perhatikan bahawa kata kerja mesti tunggal kerana subjek ialah 'One' (salah satu).
One of the most talented students in the class was chosen for the award.
Salah seorang pelajar paling berbakat dalam kelas telah dipilih untuk menerima anugerah.
EN: The preposition 'during' is used to indicate that something happened within a specific period of time or throughout the course of an event.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata sendi 'during' digunakan untuk menunjukkan bahawa sesuatu berlaku dalam tempoh masa tertentu atau sepanjang sesuatu peristiwa.
Many people lost their jobs during the economic crisis.
Ramai orang kehilangan pekerjaan semasa krisis ekonomi.
EN: The sentence refers to the unprecedented speed of COVID-19 vaccine development, which typically takes 10-15 years but was achieved in under a year through global cooperation and mRNA technology.
EN: Non-defining Relative Clause: This uses 'who' to provide extra information about the subject (Scientists). It is separated by commas and can be removed without changing the core meaning of the sentence.
Bahasa Melayu: Klausa relatif bukan pembatas: Ini menggunakan 'who' untuk memberikan maklumat tambahan tentang subjek (saintis). Klausa jenis ini biasanya diapit dengan koma, dan jika dibuang, makna teras ayat masih lengkap.
My brother, who lives in New York, is a doctor.
Abang saya (yang tinggal di New York) ialah seorang doktor.
EN: Past Perfect Continuous Tense: Formed with 'had been' + present participle (-ing), it describes an action that started in the past and continued up until another point in the past.
Bahasa Melayu: Past Perfect Continuous Tense: Dibentuk dengan 'had been' + present participle (-ing), digunakan untuk menerangkan tindakan yang telah bermula sebelum titik masa lalu dan berterusan sehingga titik masa itu.
They had been waiting for two hours before the train finally arrived.
Mereka telah menunggu selama dua jam sebelum kereta api akhirnya tiba.
EN: The phrase 'in record time' is a common idiom used to emphasize that something was completed faster than ever before, highlighting the unprecedented global collaboration during the COVID-19 pandemic.
EN: Past Perfect Tense (had + past participle): Used to describe an action that was completed before a specific point in time or another action in the past. In this sentence, the approval happened before the end of 2020.
Bahasa Melayu: Past Perfect Tense (had + past participle): Digunakan untuk menerangkan tindakan yang telah selesai sebelum titik masa tertentu atau tindakan lain pada masa lalu. Dalam ayat ini, kelulusan vaksin berlaku sebelum akhir tahun 2020.
By the time the movie started, we had already finished our popcorn.
Apabila filem bermula, kami telah menghabiskan popcorn.
EN: Prepositional Phrase 'By the end of': This phrase is used to indicate a deadline or a point in time by which something occurs. It is frequently paired with perfect tenses.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa sendi 'By the end of': Frasa ini digunakan untuk menunjukkan tarikh akhir atau titik masa sesuatu berlaku. Ia sering digunakan dengan kala perfektif.
She will have completed the report by the end of the week.
Dia akan menyiapkan laporan sebelum hujung minggu.
EN: The term 'emergency approval' (or Emergency Use Authorization - EUA) became a common phrase during the pandemic. It refers to a regulatory mechanism that allows medical products to be used in a public health crisis before full formal licensure, provided they meet specific safety criteria.
EN: The conjunction 'Although' is used to introduce a subordinate clause that expresses a contrast or concession. In English, 'although' and 'but' are not used together in the same sentence structure.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata hubung 'Although' digunakan untuk memperkenalkan klausa subordinat yang menyatakan kontras atau konsesi. Dalam tatabahasa Inggeris, 'although' dan 'but' (tetapi) tidak boleh digunakan serentak dalam ayat yang sama.
Although the weather was cold, they decided to go for a walk.
Walaupun cuaca sejuk, mereka tetap memutuskan untuk berjalan-jalan.
EN: The Past Perfect tense (had + past participle) is used to describe an action that was completed before another action or time in the past. Here, the trials were completed before the concerns were fully addressed or before the current point of reference.
Bahasa Melayu: Past Perfect tense (had + past participle) digunakan untuk menerangkan tindakan yang telah selesai sebelum tindakan atau titik masa lalu. Dalam ayat ini, proses pembuktian percubaan berlaku sebelum orang ramai menyuarakan kebimbangan atau sebelum titik rujukan masa lalu tertentu.
The train had already left when I arrived at the station.
Apabila saya tiba di stesen, kereta api telah pun bertolak.
EN: In scientific and medical contexts, 'clinical trials' refer to a highly regulated multi-phase process. Mentioning 'extensive clinical trials' is a common way in English-speaking media to reassure the public about the rigor of scientific evidence.
EN: The idiom 'play a role in' (followed by a noun or gerund) is used to describe the contribution or influence someone or something has on a situation. The adjective 'crucial' modifies 'role' to emphasize high importance.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa 'play a role in' (diikuti oleh kata nama atau gerund) digunakan untuk menerangkan sumbangan atau pengaruh seseorang atau sesuatu terhadap situasi. Kata adjektif 'crucial' (sangat penting) mengubah suai 'role' untuk menekankan kepentingannya.
Technology plays a significant role in modern education.
Teknologi memainkan peranan penting dalam pendidikan moden.
EN: The preposition 'in' is followed by the gerund 'slowing' (verb+ing). In English, prepositions must be followed by a noun or a gerund when expressing an action.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata sendi 'in' diikuti oleh gerund 'slowing' (kata kerja+ing). Dalam bahasa Inggeris, apabila kata sendi diikuti oleh tindakan, bentuk kata nama atau gerund mesti digunakan.
She is interested in learning new languages.
Dia berminat untuk mempelajari bahasa baharu.
EN: The term 'quarantine' has historical roots in the Italian word 'quaranta' (forty), referring to the 40-day isolation period required for ships arriving in Venice during the Black Death. In the context of COVID-19, it became a globally recognized public health strategy.
EN: Past Perfect Passive (had been + past participle): This structure is used to describe an action that was completed in the passive voice before another point in the past.
Bahasa Melayu: Suara pasif kala lampau sempurna (had been + past participle): Struktur ini digunakan untuk menerangkan tindakan pasif yang telah selesai sebelum titik masa lalu.
The documents had been signed before the meeting started.
Dokumen telah ditandatangani sebelum mesyuarat bermula.
EN: Relative Clause (who...): A defining relative clause is used here to identify exactly which 'people' the sentence is referring to.
Bahasa Melayu: Klausa relatif (who...): Klausa relatif pembatas digunakan di sini untuk mengenal pasti secara khusus 'orang' yang dirujuk dalam ayat.
Students who finish the test early may leave the room.
Pelajar yang menyiapkan peperiksaan awal boleh meninggalkan bilik darjah.
EN: The term 'designated period' in a public health context often refers to the scientifically determined incubation period of a virus, which was typically 14 days during the early COVID-19 pandemic.
EN: The conjunction 'While' is used here to introduce a contrast between two ideas, similar to 'although'. It acknowledges one fact while presenting another that might seem contradictory or equally important.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata hubung 'While' digunakan di sini untuk memperkenalkan kontras antara dua idea, serupa dengan 'although' (walaupun). Ia mengakui satu fakta sambil mengemukakan fakta lain yang mungkin kelihatan bercanggah atau sama penting.
While the new software is powerful, it is difficult to learn.
Walaupun perisian baharu ini berkuasa, ia sukar dipelajari.
EN: The preposition 'in' followed by a gerund (verb-ing) is used to indicate the specific area or activity where an action or quality is applicable.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata sendi 'in' diikuti oleh gerund (V-ing) digunakan untuk menunjukkan bidang atau aktiviti tertentu di mana tindakan atau sifat itu terpakai.
She has extensive experience in managing large teams.
Dia mempunyai pengalaman yang luas dalam menguruskan pasukan yang besar.
EN: In many Western cultures, the pandemic sparked a significant public discourse on the balance between physical safety (quarantine) and mental well-being, leading to increased awareness and funding for mental health services.
EN: The phrase 'as a result of' is a compound preposition used to introduce the cause or reason for something. It is followed by a noun or noun phrase.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa 'as a result of' ialah kata sendi majmuk yang digunakan untuk memperkenalkan sebab atau alasan sesuatu. Ia diikuti oleh kata nama atau frasa nama.
The flight was canceled as a result of heavy snow.
Penerbangan telah dibatalkan akibat salji lebat.
EN: The Oxford Comma (or serial comma) is the comma used after the penultimate item in a list of three or more items, before 'and' or 'or'. It helps clarify that the items are separate.
Bahasa Melayu: Koma Oxford (atau koma bersiri) ialah koma yang digunakan selepas item kedua terakhir dalam senarai tiga atau lebih item, iaitu sebelum 'and' atau 'or'. Ia membantu membezakan item dengan jelas.
She bought apples, oranges, and bananas.
Dia membeli epal, oren, dan pisang.
EN: The sentence reflects a global shift in mental health awareness post-COVID-19. In many Western cultures, discussing mental health struggles like 'loneliness' and 'anxiety' has become more normalized and less stigmatized due to the shared experience of the pandemic.
EN: The Noun Clause (that-clause) functions as the direct object of the verb 'emphasized'. It reports a fact or a statement that was highlighted.
Bahasa Melayu: Klausa nama (klausa that) berfungsi sebagai objek langsung kata kerja 'emphasized'. Ia menyatakan fakta atau pandangan yang ditekankan.
The teacher emphasized that students must submit their assignments on time.
Guru menekankan bahawa pelajar mesti menghantar kerja rumah tepat pada masanya.
EN: The Comparative Structure 'more effective than' is used to compare two nouns (prevention and treatment) regarding their quality or impact.
Bahasa Melayu: Struktur perbandingan 'more effective than' digunakan untuk membandingkan dua kata nama (pencegahan dan rawatan) dari segi perbezaan sifat atau kesan.
Regular exercise is more effective than dieting alone for long-term health.
Senaman yang kerap lebih berkesan untuk kesihatan jangka panjang daripada diet semata-mata.
EN: The phrase 'prevention is better than cure' is a common English proverb. This sentence uses a more formal academic variation ('more effective than treatment') suitable for public health contexts.
EN: The use of 'invested heavily in' demonstrates a phrasal verb pattern where 'invest in' is modified by an adverb to show intensity. 'In' is the required preposition to indicate the destination of the investment.
Bahasa Melayu: 'invested heavily in' menunjukkan corak frasa kerja di mana 'invest in' (melabur dalam...) digunakan, dengan kata keterangan 'heavily' ditambah di tengah untuk menunjukkan tahap yang besar. Kata sendi 'in' mesti digunakan untuk menyambung objek atau bidang pelaburan.
The company invested heavily in renewable energy last year.
Syarikat itu melabur banyak dalam tenaga boleh diperbaharui tahun lepas.
EN: The 'to + infinitive' phrase (to protect...) functions as an adverbial of purpose, explaining 'why' the governments took the action described in the main clause.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa 'to + kata kerja dasar' (to protect...) berfungsi sebagai keterangan tujuan, untuk menjelaskan 'sebab' atau 'tujuan' tindakan utama kerajaan.
She studied hard to pass the entrance exam.
Dia belajar bersungguh-sungguh untuk lulus peperiksaan kemasukan.
EN: The term 'contact tracing' became a globally recognized public health strategy during COVID-19, though its implementation varied significantly between Western countries (focusing on privacy) and some Asian countries (using more centralized digital data).
EN: Perfect Participle Phrase: The structure 'having + past participle' is used to indicate that the action in the participle phrase happened before the action of the main verb. It functions as an adverbial modifier explaining the reason or background.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa partisipel sempurna: Struktur 'having + past participle' digunakan untuk menunjukkan bahawa tindakan itu berlaku sebelum kata kerja utama. Dalam ayat ini, ia berfungsi sebagai keterangan, menjelaskan sebab atau latar belakang mengapa subjek dianggap sebagai wira.
Having finished the report, she turned off her computer.
Selepas menyiapkan laporan, dia mematikan komputernya.
EN: Passive Voice (Past Tense): The structure 'were + past participle' (were recognized) indicates that the subject receives the action rather than performing it. 'Widely' is an adverb placed between the auxiliary and the main verb for emphasis.
Bahasa Melayu: Suara pasif (kala lampau): Struktur 'were + past participle' (were recognized) menunjukkan bahawa subjek ialah penerima tindakan, bukan pelaku. Kata keterangan 'widely' diletakkan antara kata kerja bantu dan kata kerja utama untuk penekanan.
The new policy was widely supported by the local community.
Dasar baharu ini mendapat sokongan meluas daripada komuniti setempat.
EN: The term 'front lines' is a military metaphor commonly used in public health to describe healthcare workers who directly interact with patients during an outbreak, emphasizing their bravery and sacrifice.
EN: The structure 'remind someone of something' is used to cause someone to remember or think about a particular fact or situation.
Bahasa Melayu: Struktur 'remind someone of something' digunakan untuk menyebabkan seseorang mengingati atau memikirkan fakta atau keadaan tertentu.
The photograph reminded her of her childhood in the countryside.
Gambar ini mengingatkannya tentang zaman kanak-kanaknya di kampung.
EN: The gerund 'supporting' acts as the object of the preposition 'of', describing the specific nature of the 'importance'.
Bahasa Melayu: Gerund 'supporting' berfungsi sebagai objek kata sendi 'of', menerangkan kandungan khusus 'kepentingan' ini.
The importance of exercising regularly cannot be overstated.
Kepentingan senaman yang kerap tidak boleh ditekankan terlalu banyak.
EN: In many Western cultures, the pandemic led to a significant shift in public perception of healthcare workers, moving from seeing them as standard employees to 'frontline heroes.' This sentence reflects that societal shift in gratitude.
EN: Future Perfect Tense (will have + past participle): This tense is used to describe an action that will be completed by a specific point in the future. In this sentence, it suggests that by a future time, the process of shaping policy will be finished or established.
Bahasa Melayu: Future Perfect Tense (will have + past participle): Kala ini digunakan untuk menerangkan tindakan yang akan selesai sebelum titik masa tertentu pada masa hadapan. Dalam ayat ini, ia membayangkan bahawa pada masa hadapan, proses membentuk dasar akan telah selesai atau ditetapkan.
By next year, the government will have implemented the new health regulations.
Menjelang tahun hadapan, kerajaan akan telah melaksanakan peraturan kesihatan baharu.
EN: Reduced Relative Clause: The phrase 'learned from the COVID-19 pandemic' is a reduced relative clause modifying 'the lessons'. It is short for 'which were learned'.
Bahasa Melayu: Klausa relatif yang diringkaskan: Frasa 'learned from the COVID-19 pandemic' ialah klausa relatif yang diringkaskan, digunakan untuk mengubah suai 'the lessons'. Ia adalah bentuk ringkas bagi 'which were learned'.
The experience gained during the crisis is invaluable.
Pengalaman yang diperoleh semasa krisis adalah tidak ternilai.
EN: The phrase 'for generations to come' is a common idiomatic expression in English used to emphasize the long-term impact of an event or policy, suggesting it will affect children, grandchildren, and beyond.
EN: Future Perfect Tense (will have + past participle): This tense is used to describe an action that will be completed before a specific point in time in the future.
Bahasa Melayu: Future Perfect Tense (will have + past participle): Tenses ini digunakan untuk menerangkan tindakan yang akan selesai sebelum titik masa tertentu pada masa hadapan.
By next month, I will have finished my research project.
Menjelang bulan depan, saya akan telah menyiapkan rancangan penyelidikan saya.
EN: Time Clause with 'By the time': When using 'by the time' to refer to a future event, the verb in the dependent clause is usually in the Present Simple tense, while the main clause uses the Future Perfect.
Bahasa Melayu: Klausa masa dengan 'By the time': Apabila menggunakan 'by the time' untuk merujuk kepada peristiwa masa depan, kata kerja dalam klausa subordinat biasanya menggunakan present simple, manakala klausa utama menggunakan future perfect.
By the time the movie starts, we will have bought our popcorn.
Pada masa filem bermula, kami akan telah membeli popcorn.
EN: In public health discourse, 'early warning systems' refer to the infrastructure and protocols used to detect disease outbreaks before they become pandemics. The sentence reflects a global shift toward proactive rather than reactive policy.
EN: Relative Clauses (Adjective Clauses): The word 'that' introduces a defining relative clause 'that experienced the pandemic firsthand' to identify which specific communities are being discussed.
Bahasa Melayu: Klausa relatif (klausa adjektif): Perkataan 'that' memperkenalkan klausa relatif pembatas 'that experienced the pandemic firsthand', untuk menentukan secara khusus komuniti yang sedang dibincangkan.
Students that study consistently usually achieve better results.
Pelajar yang terus belajar biasanya mencapai keputusan yang lebih baik.
EN: Gerunds after Prepositions: The word 'protecting' is a gerund (verb + -ing acting as a noun) because it follows the preposition 'in'.
Bahasa Melayu: Gerund selepas kata sendi: Perkataan 'protecting' ialah gerund (kata kerja + -ing berfungsi sebagai kata nama) kerana ia mengikuti kata sendi 'in'.
She has a lot of experience in managing large teams.
Dia mempunyai pengalaman yang luas dalam menguruskan pasukan yang besar.
EN: The term 'vulnerable populations' in a public health context typically refers to groups at higher risk, such as the elderly, immunocompromised individuals, or those with limited access to healthcare. 'Collective responsibility' reflects a shift from individualistic thinking to community-based action, which was a major theme during the global pandemic response.
EN: The sentence uses a 'Noun Clause' (that individual actions... as a whole) acting as the direct object of the verb 'taught'. It explains exactly what was taught.
The teacher told us that hard work leads to success.
Guru memberitahu kami bahawa usaha akan membawa kejayaan.
EN: The phrase 'as a whole' is an idiom used after a noun to mean 'considered as a single unit' or 'altogether'.
The project was beneficial for the company as a whole.
Projek ini memberi manfaat kepada syarikat secara keseluruhan.
EN: The sentence reflects a shift in Western societies towards 'collective responsibility,' a concept more traditionally associated with East Asian cultures, highlighting how the pandemic bridged some cultural gaps in public health thinking.
Kosa kata utama dengan sebutan IPA, definisi, contoh ayat, dan kuiz interaktif.
Dalam konteks: secara asasnya; sepenuhnya
Dalam konteks: kepentingan; makna
Dalam konteks: kejayaan; kemajuan besar
Dalam konteks: meluas; berskala besar
Dalam konteks: kuarantin (tempoh)
Dalam konteks: penularan; jangkitan
Dalam konteks: jangka panjang; berterusan lama
Dalam konteks: infrastruktur; pembinaan asas
Dalam konteks: canggih; kompleks; maju
Dalam konteks: rapuh; mudah terdedah
Frasa dengan label jenis, definisi dwibahasa, nota penggunaan, dan contoh ayat.
To fail to properly appreciate something because it is so common or familiar.
Menganggap remeh
Faster than has ever been done before.
Lebih cepat daripada yang pernah dilakukan sebelum ini.
In the most important or dangerous position of an activity or conflict.
Di barisan hadapan
A situation where all members of a group are responsible for the actions and well-being of the group.
Tanggungjawab kolektif
To think about or plan for the future.
Memandang ke hadapan
A type of RNA that carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where it serves as a template for protein synthesis.
RNA utusan (mRNA)
Research studies performed in people that are aimed at evaluating a medical, surgical, or behavioral intervention.
Ujian klinikal
The process of identifying, assessing, and managing people who have been exposed to a disease to prevent onward transmission.
Pengesanan kontak
Groups of people who are at higher risk for poor health or social outcomes due to various barriers or biological factors.
Populasi rentan
The physical space maintained between individuals to prevent the spread of an infectious disease.
Penjarakan sosial