Steve Jobs: The Garage DreamSteve Jobs: Impian Garaj
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EN: Passive Voice (be + past participle): Used when the subject receives the action rather than performing it. In this case, 'Steve Jobs' was the receiver of the adoption.
Bahasa Melayu: Suara Pasif (kata kerja be + past participle): Digunakan apabila subjek ialah penerima tindakan, bukan pelaku. Dalam ayat ini, "Steve Jobs" ialah penerima tindakan pengangkatan.
The lost puppy was found by a kind neighbor.
Anak anjing yang tersesat itu ditemui oleh seorang jiran yang baik hati.
EN: Adverbial Phrase of Time (shortly after): Used to indicate that something happened a very small amount of time after a specific event.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa Adverba Masa (shortly after): Digunakan untuk menunjukkan bahawa sesuatu berlaku tidak lama selepas peristiwa tertentu.
The movie started shortly after we arrived at the theater.
Tidak lama selepas kami tiba di panggung wayang, filem itu bermula.
EN: In the United States, adoption records were historically sealed, but the story of Steve Jobs' adoption is a well-known part of his personal history, highlighting his background in the San Francisco Bay Area, which later became Silicon Valley.
EN: The verb 'promise' is a ditransitive verb that can take an indirect object (the person promised) and a direct object (the thing promised). In this sentence, the direct object is a 'that-clause' acting as a noun clause.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja 'promise' (berjanji) ialah kata kerja dwitransitif yang boleh mengambil objek tak langsung (orang yang dijanjikan) dan objek langsung (perkara yang dijanjikan). Dalam ayat ini, objek langsung ialah klausa kata nama yang diperkenalkan oleh 'that'.
She promised her teacher that she would finish the project on time.
Dia berjanji kepada guru bahawa dia akan menyiapkan projek itu tepat pada masanya.
EN: The use of 'would' here is the 'future in the past.' Since the main verb 'promised' is in the past tense, the future intention 'will' must be shifted to its past form 'would'.
Bahasa Melayu: Penggunaan 'would' di sini ialah "masa depan dalam masa lalu". Oleh kerana kata kerja utama 'promised' dalam bentuk lampau, 'will' yang asalnya menunjukkan masa depan mesti ditukar kepada bentuk lampau 'would'.
He said he would call me later.
Dia kata dia akan menelefon saya kemudian.
EN: In the U.S., open adoption agreements sometimes involve specific promises regarding the child's future, such as education. Steve Jobs' biological mother, Joanne Schieble, famously insisted that his adoptive parents be college-educated or promise to send him to college.
EN: The adjective 'curious' is commonly followed by the preposition 'about' to indicate the subject of interest. This is a fixed adjective-preposition collocation.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata adjektif "curious" (ingin tahu) biasanya diikuti oleh kata sendi "about" untuk menunjukkan objek yang diminati. Ini ialah kolokasi tetap antara kata adjektif dan kata sendi.
She is curious about the history of this ancient building.
Dia ingin tahu tentang sejarah bangunan lama itu.
EN: The phrase 'how electronics worked' is a noun clause acting as the object of the preposition 'about'. It uses statement word order (subject + verb) rather than question word order.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa "how electronics worked" ialah klausa kata nama yang bertindak sebagai objek bagi kata sendi "about". Ia menggunakan susunan kata penyata (subjek + kata kerja), bukan susunan kata tanya.
I don't know how the machine starts.
Saya tidak tahu bagaimana mesin ini dihidupkan.
EN: The structure 'spend + time + V-ing' is used to indicate how much time is dedicated to a specific activity. The gerund (V-ing) functions as the activity being performed.
Bahasa Melayu: Struktur "spend + masa + V-ing" digunakan untuk menunjukkan berapa banyak masa yang diluangkan untuk aktiviti tertentu. Gerund (V-ing) di sini berfungsi sebagai kandungan aktiviti yang dijalankan.
She spent the whole afternoon reading a novel.
Dia menghabiskan sepanjang petang membaca novel.
EN: Parallel structure with gerunds: When connecting two actions with 'and' after the verb 'spend', both actions must be in the same form (V-ing) to maintain grammatical balance.
Bahasa Melayu: Struktur selari dengan gerund: Apabila menyambung dua tindakan dengan 'and' selepas kata kerja spend, kedua-dua tindakan mesti menggunakan bentuk yang sama (V-ing) untuk mengekalkan keseimbangan tatabahasa.
He enjoys hiking and taking photos in the mountains.
Dia suka mendaki dan mengambil gambar di pergunungan.
EN: In American culture, the 'garage' is often romanticized as the birthplace of innovation and startups. Many iconic tech companies, including Apple, Google, and Amazon, famously started in a family garage, symbolizing humble beginnings and the 'American Dream'.
EN: The phrasal verb 'drop out' means to stop attending a school or course before finishing it. It is an intransitive verb in this context, meaning it does not require a direct object.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja frasa "drop out" bermaksud berhenti menghadiri sekolah atau kursus sebelum selesai. Dalam konteks ini, ia ialah kata kerja tak transitif, iaitu tidak memerlukan objek langsung selepasnya.
She decided to drop out of the marathon because of a knee injury.
Dia memutuskan untuk menarik diri daripada perlumbaan maraton kerana kecederaan lutut.
EN: The coordinating conjunction 'but' is used to connect two independent clauses, creating a contrast between the act of enrolling and the act of leaving.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata hubung koordinat "but" digunakan untuk menyambung dua klausa bebas, mewujudkan hubungan kontras antara tindakan "mendaftar" dan "meninggalkan".
He studied hard for the exam, but he didn't pass.
Dia belajar bersungguh-sungguh untuk peperiksaan, tetapi masih gagal.
EN: Reed College is a private liberal arts college in Portland, Oregon, known for its rigorous academics. In American culture, 'dropping out' of a prestigious college to pursue a passion is a common trope in the success stories of tech entrepreneurs like Steve Jobs and Bill Gates.
EN: The phrasal verb 'drop out' means to stop attending a school, college, or course before finishing it. It is often followed by 'of' if the institution is mentioned (e.g., drop out of school).
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja frasa "drop out" bermaksud berhenti menghadiri sekolah, kolej, atau kursus sebelum selesai. Jika diikuti dengan nama institusi tertentu, biasanya ditambah kata sendi "of" (contoh: drop out of school).
She decided to drop out of the marathon because of an injury.
Dia memutuskan untuk menarik diri daripada perlumbaan maraton kerana kecederaan.
EN: The conjunction 'because' introduces a subordinate clause of reason. It explains the cause or motive for the action described in the main clause.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata hubung "because" memperkenalkan klausa subordinat sebab. Ia menerangkan sebab atau motivasi di sebalik tindakan yang diterangkan dalam klausa utama.
I stayed home because it was raining heavily.
Saya tinggal di rumah kerana hujan turun dengan lebat.
EN: In the United States, college tuition is notoriously high, often leading students to take out significant loans or, as in Jobs' case, reconsider their enrollment if the financial burden on the family is too great.
EN: The conjunction 'Even though' is used to introduce a subordinate clause that expresses a contrast or concession. It is stronger than 'although' and emphasizes the unexpected nature of the main clause.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata hubung "Even though" (walaupun) digunakan untuk memperkenalkan klausa konsesi yang menunjukkan kontras. Ia lebih kuat daripada "although", menekankan bahawa situasi dalam klausa utama berlaku walaupun terdapat halangan.
Even though it was raining heavily, they decided to go for a hike.
Walaupun hujan turun dengan lebat, mereka tetap memutuskan untuk mendaki.
EN: The verb 'continue' can be followed by a gerund (V-ing) to indicate that an action persists or resumes. In this sentence, 'attending' functions as the direct object of 'continued'.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja "continue" (terus) boleh diikuti oleh gerund (V-ing) untuk menunjukkan bahawa sesuatu tindakan berterusan atau bermula semula. Dalam ayat ini, "attending" berfungsi sebagai objek langsung bagi "continued".
She continued working on the project until midnight.
Dia terus melaksanakan projek itu sehingga tengah malam.
EN: In the context of Steve Jobs' life, his interest in calligraphy at Reed College later influenced the beautiful typography and fonts available on the first Macintosh computers. This highlights the value of 'connecting the dots' between seemingly unrelated skills.
EN: The structure 'be determined + to-infinitive' is used to describe a strong decision or firm intention to do something. 'Determined' acts as an adjective here.
Bahasa Melayu: Struktur "be determined + infinitif (to-V)" digunakan untuk menerangkan keazaman atau niat yang kuat untuk melakukan sesuatu. Di sini, "determined" digunakan sebagai kata adjektif.
She was determined to finish the marathon despite the rain.
Walaupun hujan, dia tetap berazam untuk menamatkan perlumbaan maraton.
EN: The conjunction 'because' introduces a subordinate clause of reason, explaining why the actions in the main clause (sleeping on floors, collecting bottles) occurred.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata hubung "because" memperkenalkan klausa subordinat sebab, menerangkan sebab di sebalik tindakan dalam klausa utama (tidur di lantai, mengumpul botol).
They stayed home because the weather was terrible.
Mereka tinggal di rumah kerana cuaca sangat buruk.
EN: In the 1970s, some US states had 'bottle bills' where people could return glass bottles for a small refund (usually 5-10 cents). This was a common way for extremely poor students or homeless individuals to get small amounts of cash.
EN: Appositive Phrase: A noun or noun phrase that sits next to another noun to rename or describe it. Here, 'a brilliant engineer...' describes 'Steve Wozniak'.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa Apositif: Kata nama atau frasa kata nama yang terletak bersebelahan dengan kata nama lain untuk menamakan semula atau menambah maklumat tentang kata nama tersebut. Dalam ayat ini, "a brilliant engineer..." digunakan untuk menambah maklumat tentang "Steve Wozniak".
My brother, a talented chef, owns a restaurant.
Abang saya, seorang chef yang sangat berbakat, memiliki sebuah restoran.
EN: Prepositional Phrase with 'with': Used here to indicate a characteristic or possession. It describes the engineer's qualities.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa Sendi dengan 'with': Digunakan di sini untuk menunjukkan ciri atau pemilikan. Ia menerangkan kualiti yang dimiliki oleh jurutera itu (penuh semangat).
She is a leader with a vision for the future.
Dia ialah pemimpin yang berpandangan jauh tentang masa depan.
EN: Steve Wozniak (often called 'Woz') is a legendary figure in Silicon Valley. This sentence highlights the 'dynamic duo' archetype in tech history, where a visionary (Jobs) pairs with a technical genius (Wozniak).
EN: The Past Simple Tense is used to describe completed actions that happened at a specific time in the past (in this case, 1976). The verb 'built' is the irregular past form of 'build'.
Bahasa Melayu: Kala Lampau Mudah digunakan untuk menerangkan tindakan yang telah selesai pada masa tertentu pada masa lalu (dalam ayat ini, tahun 1976). Kata kerja 'built' ialah bentuk lampau tidak tetap bagi 'build'.
She built a successful career in marketing ten years ago.
Sepuluh tahun yang lalu, dia membina kerjaya yang berjaya dalam bidang pemasaran.
EN: Prepositional Phrases of Place and Time: In English, when multiple prepositional phrases are used, they typically follow the order of 'Place' (in the Jobs family garage) before 'Time' (in 1976).
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa Sendi Tempat dan Masa: Dalam bahasa Inggeris, apabila beberapa frasa sendi muncul serentak, urutan biasanya mengutamakan "tempat" (di garaj rumah Jobs) sebelum "masa" (pada tahun 1976).
We met at the library at five o'clock.
Kita berjumpa di perpustakaan pada pukul lima.
EN: The 'garage' is a powerful symbol in American entrepreneurship culture, representing the humble beginnings of multi-billion dollar tech giants like Apple, Google, and Amazon. It signifies innovation and the 'American Dream' starting from one's own home.
EN: The preposition 'by' followed by a gerund (verb-ing) is used to express the method or means by which an action is achieved.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata sendi 'by' diikuti oleh gerund (kata kerja -ing) digunakan untuk menyatakan kaedah atau cara untuk mencapai sesuatu tindakan, bermaksud "dengan cara...".
She improved her English by watching movies without subtitles.
Dia meningkatkan bahasa Inggerisnya dengan menonton filem tanpa sari kata.
EN: Possessive nouns are formed by adding an apostrophe and 's' ('s) to a person's name to indicate ownership.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata nama milikan dibentuk dengan menambah tanda koma atas dan 's' ('s) pada nama seseorang untuk menunjukkan pemilikan, bermaksud "milik seseorang".
We borrowed Sarah's car for the weekend.
Kami meminjam kereta Sarah pada hujung minggu.
EN: In the 1970s, scientific calculators were extremely expensive and high-tech items, often costing hundreds of dollars, which explains why selling one could help fund a startup company.
EN: The verb 'mark' is used here as a transitive verb meaning to represent or be a sign of a significant event or stage in time.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja "mark" digunakan di sini sebagai kata kerja transitif yang bermaksud "menandakan" atau "menjadi simbol bagi", sering digunakan untuk menerangkan peristiwa bersejarah atau permulaan fasa penting.
The invention of the steam engine marked the beginning of the Industrial Revolution.
Penciptaan enjin wap menandakan permulaan Revolusi Perindustrian.
EN: Parallel structure with 'and': The conjunction 'and' connects two noun phrases ('the beginning of...' and 'a revolution in...') which both function as the direct object of the verb 'marked'.
Bahasa Melayu: Struktur selari dengan 'and': Kata hubung "and" menyambung dua frasa kata nama ("the beginning of..." dan "a revolution in..."), kedua-duanya berfungsi sebagai objek langsung bagi kata kerja "marked".
The movie received praise for its beautiful cinematography and its moving soundtrack.
Filem itu dipuji kerana sinematografinya yang sangat indah dan skor muziknya yang menyentuh hati.
EN: The term 'personal computing' refers to the shift from large, room-sized computers used by corporations to small computers designed for individual use, a movement Apple helped pioneer.
EN: Present Participle Phrase (V-ing): The phrase 'achieving incredible success' is a participle phrase that functions as an adverbial modifier. It describes the result or a simultaneous action of the main clause.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa Partisipel Kini (V-ing): 'achieving incredible success' ialah frasa partisipel yang berfungsi sebagai penerang adverba di sini. Ia digunakan untuk menerangkan hasil atau keadaan serentak yang timbul daripada tindakan dalam klausa utama.
The team won the championship, breaking several world records.
Pasukan itu memenangi kejohanan, sambil memecahkan beberapa rekod dunia.
EN: Phrasal Verb 'Grow into': This verb means to develop or change over time to become something else, often used to describe business or personal development.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata Kerja Frasa 'Grow into': Kata kerja ini bermaksud berkembang atau berubah dari semasa ke semasa untuk menjadi sesuatu yang lain, sering digunakan untuk menerangkan pertumbuhan syarikat atau pembangunan peribadi.
The small startup grew into a global leader in technology.
Syarikat pemula kecil itu berkembang menjadi peneraju teknologi global.
EN: The term 'billion-dollar company' is often associated with the concept of a 'Unicorn' in the modern startup world, though Apple far exceeded this to become the first company to reach a trillion-dollar market cap.
EN: The use of the Past Simple tense ('caused') indicates a completed action or a recurring state that happened in the past within a specific historical context.
Bahasa Melayu: Penggunaan Kala Lampau Mudah ('caused') menunjukkan tindakan yang telah selesai atau keadaan yang berulang dalam konteks sejarah tertentu pada masa lalu.
The heavy rain caused a massive traffic jam yesterday.
Hujan lebat semalam menyebabkan kesesakan lalu lintas yang teruk.
EN: Adverbs of frequency, such as 'sometimes', are typically placed before the main verb to describe how often an action occurs.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata adverba kekerapan, seperti 'sometimes', biasanya diletakkan sebelum kata kerja utama untuk menerangkan kekerapan tindakan berlaku.
She sometimes forgets to bring her keys.
Dia kadang-kadang lupa membawa kunci.
EN: The 'board of directors' is a key concept in Western corporate governance, representing a group of people who oversee the management of a company. Conflicts between visionary founders like Jobs and their boards are a common theme in business history.
EN: The Passive Voice (be + past participle) is used when the action is more important than the person performing it. In this sentence, 'was fired' emphasizes the event happening to Steve Jobs.
Bahasa Melayu: Suara Pasif (kata kerja be + past participle) digunakan apabila tindakan lebih penting daripada pelaku. Dalam ayat ini, "was fired" menekankan peristiwa yang berlaku kepada Jobs.
The project was completed ahead of schedule.
Projek itu disiapkan sebelum masa yang dijadualkan.
EN: The Past Perfect Tense (had + past participle) is used to describe an action that was completed before another action in the past. Here, 'had co-founded' happened before he 'was fired'.
Bahasa Melayu: Kala Lampau Sempurna (had + past participle) digunakan untuk menerangkan tindakan yang telah selesai sebelum tindakan lain pada masa lalu. Di sini, dia "mengasaskan bersama" syarikat itu sebelum dia "diberhentikan".
She had already left when I arrived at the office.
Apabila saya tiba di pejabat, dia sudah pergi.
EN: The firing of Steve Jobs from Apple in 1985 is one of the most famous events in business history. It highlights the potential conflict between visionary founders and corporate boards of directors focused on stability and profit.
EN: The adverb 'ultimately' is used to describe something that happens at the end of a long process or period of time. It often emphasizes the final result after many difficulties.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata adverba "ultimately" (akhirnya) digunakan untuk menerangkan sesuatu yang berlaku pada penghujung proses yang panjang atau tempoh masa. Ia biasanya menekankan hasil akhir selepas melalui banyak kesukaran.
The two companies ultimately decided to merge after months of negotiation.
Selepas berbulan-bulan rundingan, kedua-dua syarikat itu akhirnya memutuskan untuk bergabung.
EN: A compound sentence uses a coordinating conjunction (like 'but') to join two independent clauses. Each clause could stand alone as a complete sentence.
Bahasa Melayu: Ayat majmuk menggunakan kata hubung koordinat (seperti 'but') untuk menyambung dua klausa bebas. Setiap klausa boleh berdiri sendiri sebagai ayat yang lengkap.
The weather was cold, but we enjoyed our walk anyway.
Cuaca sangat sejuk, tetapi kami tetap menikmati perjalanan itu.
EN: The idea that failure or hardship 'shapes' one's future is a core element of the 'American Dream' and Western biographical narratives. It emphasizes resilience and the belief that setbacks are learning opportunities.
EN: Gerund as Subject: A gerund (verb + -ing) functions as a noun and can serve as the subject of a sentence. In this case, 'Being fired' is a passive gerund phrase acting as the subject.
Bahasa Melayu: Gerund sebagai Subjek: Gerund (kata kerja + -ing) berfungsi sebagai kata nama dan boleh menjadi subjek ayat. Dalam ayat ini, "Being fired" (diberhentikan) ialah frasa gerund pasif yang berperanan sebagai subjek.
Learning a new language opens up many opportunities.
Mempelajari bahasa baharu membuka banyak peluang.
EN: Passive Voice in Gerunds: To form a passive gerund, use 'being' + past participle. It indicates that the subject of the gerund is receiving the action.
Bahasa Melayu: Suara Pasif dalam Gerund: Untuk membentuk gerund pasif, gunakan 'being' + kata kerja lampau (past participle). Ia menunjukkan bahawa subjek gerund ialah penerima tindakan.
He hates being treated like a child.
Dia benci diperlakukan seperti kanak-kanak.
EN: In American corporate culture, being 'fired' is often a source of stigma, but in the tech industry (especially Silicon Valley), high-profile failures are sometimes viewed as essential learning experiences that lead to future innovation.
EN: The Present Participle Phrase (forcing...) is used here as a resultative clause, indicating the consequence of the previous action or situation.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa Partisipel Kini (forcing...) digunakan di sini sebagai klausa hasil, menunjukkan kesan atau akibat yang timbul daripada keadaan yang dinyatakan sebelum ini.
The storm destroyed the bridge, making it impossible to cross the river.
Ribut itu memusnahkan jambatan, menjadikan sungai itu mustahil untuk diseberangi.
EN: The Superlative Adjective with a Relative Clause (the best thing that ever happened) uses 'that' to define the specific experience being discussed.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata Adjektif Superlatif dengan Klausa Relatif (the best thing that ever happened), menggunakan 'that' untuk menyempitkan dan menekankan pengalaman khusus yang dibincangkan.
This is the most beautiful song that I have ever heard.
Ini ialah lagu paling indah yang pernah saya dengar.
EN: This sentence reflects a common Western philosophical outlook often associated with 'growth mindset' or 'blessing in disguise.' In professional American culture, failure is frequently reframed as a necessary stepping stone to ultimate success, a narrative Jobs famously championed after his return to Apple.
EN: The phrase 'what to do' is a noun phrase formed by an interrogative (question word) followed by a to-infinitive. It functions as the object of the verb 'know'.
Bahasa Melayu: Struktur "kata tanya + to-infinitif" (seperti what to do) berfungsi sebagai frasa kata nama dalam ayat. Dalam ayat ini, ia menjadi objek bagi kata kerja know, bermaksud "apa yang perlu dilakukan".
She was confused and didn't know where to go.
Dia berasa keliru dan tidak tahu ke mana hendak pergi.
EN: The word 'however' is a conjunctive adverb used to show contrast. When placed in the middle of a clause, it is usually set off by commas.
Bahasa Melayu: "However" ialah kata adverba penghubung yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan kontras. Apabila diletakkan di tengah ayat, ia biasanya dipisahkan dengan koma di hadapan dan belakangnya daripada klausa utama.
The weather was cold; however, we decided to go for a walk.
Cuaca sangat sejuk; namun, kami tetap memutuskan untuk berjalan-jalan.
EN: In American business culture, the concept of 'public failure' is particularly significant for high-profile entrepreneurs like Steve Jobs. However, Silicon Valley culture often views failure as a necessary stepping stone to future innovation, a theme Jobs later emphasized in his famous Stanford commencement speech.
EN: Linking Verbs (Stative Verbs): The verb 'felt' (past tense of feel) acts as a linking verb here. Unlike action verbs, linking verbs connect the subject to an adjective that describes the subject's state or condition.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata Kerja Penghubung (Kata Kerja Statif): Kata kerja "felt" (bentuk lampau bagi feel) bertindak sebagai kata kerja penghubung di sini. Berbeza dengan kata kerja tindakan, kata kerja penghubung menghubungkan subjek dengan kata adjektif yang menerangkan keadaan atau situasi subjek.
She felt happy after hearing the good news.
Dia berasa sangat gembira selepas mendengar berita baik itu.
EN: Compound Adjectives: The adjectives 'lost' and 'uncertain' are joined by the conjunction 'and' to provide a more detailed description of the subject's emotional state.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata Adjektif Majmuk: Kata adjektif "lost" dan "uncertain" disambungkan oleh kata hubung "and" untuk menerangkan keadaan emosi subjek dengan lebih terperinci.
The traveler was tired and hungry.
Pengembara itu berasa letih dan lapar.
EN: In Western individualistic cultures, finding one's 'path' or 'calling' is a significant personal journey. Feeling 'lost' after a major career setback (like being fired) is a common narrative trope that emphasizes resilience and self-discovery.
Kosa kata utama dengan sebutan IPA, definisi, contoh ayat, dan kuiz interaktif.
Dalam konteks: diangkat (anak angkat)
Dalam konteks: ingin tahu
Dalam konteks: Pendaftaran masuk
Dalam konteks: Yuran pengajian
Dalam konteks: Berazam
Dalam konteks: Perkongsian
Dalam konteks: Konflik
Dalam konteks: Menubuhkan bersama
Dalam konteks: Memusnahkan, sangat mengejutkan
Dalam konteks: Tidak pasti, keliru
Frasa dengan label jenis, definisi dwibahasa, nota penggunaan, dan contoh ayat.
To stop attending a school or university before finishing the course.
Berhenti sekolah, keciciran
To separate something into its different parts.
Membuka komponen, meleraikan
A group of people who manage the business of an organization.
Lembaga pengarah
A very positive event, even if it seemed negative at first.
Perkara terbaik yang pernah berlaku kepada seseorang
To be dismissed from a job, especially because of poor performance or a disagreement with management.
Dipecat / Diberhentikan kerja
A state of having no money at all.
Pokai / Tidak ada wang langsung
The industry and technology focused on computers designed for use by a single person.
Pengkomputeran peribadi / Bidang komputer peribadi