Rubbish and recycling in England: what’s changing and why it mattersSampah dan kitar semula di England: apa yang berubah dan mengapa ia penting
Pratonton Audio Lengkap
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EN: The Present Simple tense is commonly used in news headlines to describe recent events, making them feel more immediate and urgent, even if they have already happened.
Bahasa Melayu: Kala Kini Mudah sering digunakan dalam tajuk berita untuk menerangkan peristiwa terkini, walaupun peristiwa itu telah berlaku, untuk menambahkan rasa segera dan mendesak.
Government announces new tax cuts.
Kerajaan mengumumkan langkah pemotongan cukai baharu.
EN: The 'to + infinitive' structure is used here to express purpose or intention, answering the question 'why' the action is being taken.
Bahasa Melayu: Struktur 'to + infinitif' digunakan di sini untuk menyatakan tujuan atau niat, menjawab sebab tindakan itu diambil (untuk...).
He studied hard to pass the exam.
Dia belajar bersungguh-sungguh untuk lulus peperiksaan.
EN: In the UK, waste management is a devolved matter, meaning England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland can set their own rules. This explains why the headline specifies 'England' rather than the entire UK.
EN: The phrasal verb 'come into effect' is used to describe a law, rule, or agreement that officially begins to be applied or enforced.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja frasa "come into effect" digunakan untuk menerangkan undang-undang, peraturan, atau perjanjian yang mula dikuatkuasakan atau berkuat kuasa secara rasmi.
The new tax regulations will come into effect next January.
Peraturan cukai baharu akan berkuat kuasa pada Januari tahun depan.
EN: The Present Perfect tense (have + past participle) is used here to indicate an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past but has a result or relevance in the present.
Bahasa Melayu: Kala Kini Sempurna (have + kata kerja partisipel lampau) digunakan di sini untuk menunjukkan tindakan yang berlaku pada masa lampau yang tidak ditentukan, tetapi tindakan itu masih mempunyai kesan atau kaitan dengan masa kini.
The company has launched a new website to attract more customers.
Syarikat itu telah melancarkan laman web baharu untuk menarik lebih ramai pelanggan.
EN: In the UK, waste management is devolved, meaning England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland can have different recycling systems. This specific law aims to fix the confusion caused by inconsistent rules across different English local councils.
EN: Present Perfect Tense (has introduced): Used to describe an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past and has relevance to the present.
Bahasa Melayu: Kala Kini Sempurna (has introduced): Digunakan untuk menerangkan tindakan yang berlaku pada masa lampau yang tidak ditentukan, dan tindakan itu mempunyai kaitan atau kesan dengan masa kini.
The company has launched a new app to help users track their habits.
Syarikat itu telah melancarkan aplikasi baharu untuk membantu pengguna menjejaki tabiat mereka.
EN: Non-defining Relative Clause (which aims to...): This clause provides extra information about the preceding noun (legislation) and is separated by a comma. It uses 'which' to refer back to the entire concept or the specific noun.
Bahasa Melayu: Klausa Relatif Bukan Pembatas (which aims to...): Klausa ini memberikan maklumat tambahan tentang kata nama sebelumnya (legislation) dan dipisahkan dengan koma. Ia menggunakan 'which' untuk merujuk kepada kata nama atau konsep keseluruhan.
He bought a new car, which cost him a fortune.
Dia membeli kereta baru, yang menghabiskan banyak wangnya.
EN: In the UK, waste collection is managed by local councils, leading to a 'postcode lottery' where recycling rules differ significantly between neighboring towns. This legislation is a major step toward national consistency.
EN: Passive Voice (be + past participle): 'Are designed' indicates that the reforms are the object of the design process, not the ones doing the designing. It focuses on the purpose of the action.
Bahasa Melayu: Suara Pasif (be + kata kerja partisipel lampau): 'Are designed' menunjukkan bahawa pembaharuan itu adalah objek reka bentuk, bukan perekanya. Penggunaan ini menekankan tujuan atau fungsi tindakan itu.
This program is designed to help students improve their writing skills.
Program ini direka untuk membantu pelajar meningkatkan kemahiran menulis mereka.
EN: Non-restrictive Relative Clause: The phrase starting with 'which' provides extra information about 'recycling rates'. It is separated by a comma and uses 'which' rather than 'that'.
Bahasa Melayu: Klausa Relatif Bukan Pembatas: Frasa yang bermula dengan 'which' memberikan maklumat tambahan tentang 'recycling rates'. Klausa jenis ini biasanya dipisahkan dengan koma dan mesti menggunakan 'which' dan bukan 'that'.
The new library, which opened last week, has a large collection of digital books.
Perpustakaan baharu yang dibuka minggu lepas mempunyai koleksi e-buku yang banyak.
EN: The mention of 'forty-four percent' reflects the UK's ongoing struggle to meet EU-derived recycling targets. In British English, 'councils' refers to local government authorities responsible for public services like waste collection.
EN: The modal verb 'must' is used to express a strong obligation or a legal requirement. It is followed by the base form of the verb (in this case, 'provide').
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja bantu "must" digunakan untuk menyatakan kewajipan yang kuat atau keperluan undang-undang. Ia diikuti oleh kata kerja bentuk dasar (dalam ayat ini, "provide").
All employees must wear a safety helmet on the construction site.
Semua pekerja mesti memakai topi keselamatan di tapak pembinaan.
EN: The prepositional phrase 'Under the new rules' functions as an adverbial phrase of condition or circumstance, indicating the context in which the main action occurs.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa sendi nama "Under the new rules" berfungsi sebagai frasa adverba yang menunjukkan keadaan atau situasi, menerangkan latar belakang atau asas bagi tindakan dalam klausa utama.
Under the current law, smoking is prohibited in public parks.
Merokok adalah dilarang di taman awam di bawah undang-undang semasa.
EN: In the UK, 'councils' refer to local government authorities responsible for public services like waste collection, social housing, and local planning. Recycling rules vary by council, which is why the new legislation aims to standardize them.
EN: The semicolon (;) is used to separate items in a complex list, especially when the items themselves already contain commas. This helps the reader distinguish between the main categories.
Bahasa Melayu: Koma bertitik (;) digunakan untuk memisahkan item dalam senarai yang kompleks, terutamanya apabila item itu sendiri mengandungi koma. Ini membantu pembaca membezakan kategori utama.
The team includes John, the manager; Sarah, the designer; and Mike, the developer.
Ahli pasukan termasuk pengurus John, pereka Sarah, dan pembangun Mike.
EN: The phrase 'such as' is used to introduce specific examples of a general category (in this case, 'dry recyclable materials').
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa 'such as' digunakan untuk memperkenalkan contoh khusus bagi kategori umum (dalam ayat ini, "bahan kitar semula yang kering").
I enjoy outdoor activities such as hiking and swimming.
Saya suka aktiviti luar, seperti mendaki dan berenang.
EN: In the UK, recycling systems vary significantly between local councils. The use of 'cartons' (often referred to as Tetra Paks) is a specific point of confusion for many residents, as some areas recycle them with paper and others with plastic. This sentence reflects the government's attempt to simplify these complex rules.
EN: The phrasal verb 'apply to' means to be relevant to or to have an effect on a particular person, group, or situation. It is often used in formal contexts like laws and rules.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja frasa "apply to" bermaksud "terpakai kepada" atau "berkaitan dengan". Ia sering digunakan dalam konteks undang-undang, peraturan, atau notis rasmi untuk menunjukkan bahawa peraturan tertentu mengikat objek tertentu.
The new discount applies to students only.
Diskaun baharu ini hanya terpakai kepada pelajar.
EN: The word 'including' is a preposition used to introduce examples that are part of a larger group mentioned previously. It helps clarify the scope of a general term.
Bahasa Melayu: Perkataan "including" ialah kata sendi nama yang digunakan untuk memperkenalkan contoh yang merupakan sebahagian daripada kategori yang lebih besar yang dinyatakan sebelum ini. Ia membantu menjelaskan skop khusus yang diliputi oleh istilah yang lebih luas.
The price is $50, including tax.
Harga ialah $50, termasuk cukai.
EN: In the UK, 'flats' is the standard term for what Americans call 'apartments'. 'Shared properties' often refers to Houses in Multiple Occupation (HMOs), which are common in British cities where individuals rent separate rooms but share a kitchen and bathroom.
EN: Passive Voice (be + past participle): Used when the action is more important than the person performing it. Here, 'was created' focuses on the policy's origin.
Bahasa Melayu: Suara Pasif (be + kata kerja partisipel lampau): Digunakan apabila tindakan itu lebih penting daripada pelaku. Di sini, 'was created' menekankan proses penggubalan dasar itu, bukan penggubalnya.
The new library was built in 2022.
Perpustakaan baharu ini dibina pada tahun 2022.
EN: Present Perfect Tense (have + past participle): Used with 'for a long time' to describe a state that started in the past and continues to the present.
Bahasa Melayu: Kala Kini Sempurna (have + kata kerja partisipel lampau): Digunakan dengan 'for a long time' untuk menerangkan keadaan yang bermula pada masa lampau dan berterusan sehingga kini.
They have been friends for a long time.
Mereka telah menjadi kawan untuk masa yang lama.
EN: Waste management in the UK is historically decentralized, meaning each local council (government) could decide its own rules. This led to 'postcode lottery' recycling, where what you can recycle depends on where you live, which the new policy aims to fix.
EN: The Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle) is used here to describe a state or action that began in the past and has continued up to the present moment.
Bahasa Melayu: Kala Kini Sempurna (have/has + kata kerja partisipel lampau) digunakan di sini untuk menerangkan keadaan atau tindakan yang bermula pada masa lampau dan berterusan sehingga kini.
The company has used the same logo for twenty years.
Syarikat ini telah menggunakan logo yang sama selama dua puluh tahun.
EN: Non-restrictive Relative Clauses: The word 'which' is used after a comma to refer back to the entire preceding clause ('Different areas have had different collection systems') rather than just the noun before it.
Bahasa Melayu: Klausa Relatif Bukan Pembatas: Perkataan 'which' digunakan selepas koma untuk merujuk kepada keseluruhan klausa sebelumnya (kawasan yang berbeza mempunyai sistem kitar semula yang berbeza), bukan hanya kata nama yang mendahuluinya.
He arrived late, which annoyed the teacher.
Dia lewat, yang membuatkan guru marah.
EN: In the UK, waste collection is managed by local councils, leading to a 'postcode lottery' where recycling rules can vary significantly from one street to the next. This inconsistency is a common source of frustration for British citizens.
EN: Noun Clause as Object: The word 'that' introduces a noun clause (that the new standardised approach...) which functions as the direct object of the verb 'hopes'. In many cases, 'that' can be omitted in casual speech.
Bahasa Melayu: Klausa Nama sebagai Objek: Perkataan 'that' memperkenalkan klausa nama (that the new standardised approach...), yang berfungsi sebagai objek langsung bagi kata kerja 'hopes'. Dalam pertuturan, 'that' selalunya boleh digugurkan.
I hope that you can join us for dinner tonight.
Saya berharap anda dapat menyertai kami untuk makan malam malam ini.
EN: Parallel Structure with 'and': When using conjunctions like 'and', the verbs or phrases should follow the same grammatical form. Here, 'will' applies to both 'end' and 'improve' (will end... and [will] improve...).
Bahasa Melayu: Struktur Selari dengan 'and': Apabila menggunakan kata hubung seperti 'and', kata kerja atau frasa hendaklah mengekalkan bentuk tatabahasa yang sama. Dalam ayat ini, kata kerja bantu 'will' bertindak ke atas kedua-dua 'end' dan 'improve' (akan menamatkan... dan [akan] meningkatkan...).
The program will save time and reduce costs.
Projek ini akan menjimatkan masa dan mengurangkan kos.
EN: In the UK, waste collection is managed by local councils, leading to a 'postcode lottery' where recycling rules differ significantly from one street to the next. This 'standardised approach' is a major policy shift to simplify life for residents across all of England.
EN: The phrasal verb 'fall behind' is used to indicate that someone or something is not progressing as quickly as others or is at a lower level/standard than a competitor.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja frasa "fall behind" digunakan untuk menunjukkan bahawa seseorang atau sesuatu ketinggalan dalam kemajuan berbanding orang lain, atau tahap/standardnya lebih rendah daripada pesaing (tertinggal).
The company fell behind its competitors in developing new technology.
Syarikat itu ketinggalan di belakang pesaingnya dalam membangunkan teknologi baharu.
EN: The preposition 'at' is used here to introduce specific numerical values or statistics, such as percentages or prices.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata sendi nama "at" digunakan di sini untuk memperkenalkan nilai berangka atau statistik tertentu, seperti peratusan atau harga.
Inflation is currently holding steady at three percent.
Kadar inflasi kini stabil pada tiga peratus.
EN: The United Kingdom consists of four nations: England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. In terms of environmental policy, each nation often sets its own targets and systems, which explains why their recycling rates vary significantly.
EN: Reported Speech with Past Perfect: When reporting what someone said in the past, we often shift the tense back. Here, 'had received' (Past Perfect) is used because the action of receiving funding happened before the action of 'saying'.
Bahasa Melayu: Ucapan Tak Langsung dengan Kala Lampau Sempurna: Apabila melaporkan apa yang seseorang katakan pada masa lampau, kala biasanya dianjak ke belakang. Di sini, 'had received' (kala lampau sempurna) digunakan kerana tindakan "menerima dana" berlaku sebelum tindakan "bercakap".
He said that the team had finished the project early.
Dia berkata bahawa pasukan itu telah menyiapkan projek itu lebih awal.
EN: Appositive Phrase: An appositive is a noun or noun phrase that renames or provides more information about another noun right next to it. 'An environment minister' explains who Mary Creagh is.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa Apositif: Apositif ialah kata nama atau frasa nama yang terletak bersebelahan dengan kata nama lain untuk menamakan semula atau memberikan maklumat tambahan. 'An environment minister' menerangkan siapa Mary Creagh.
Mr. Smith, my teacher, is very kind.
Encik Smith, guru saya, sangat baik hati.
EN: In the UK, 'councils' refers to local government authorities responsible for public services like waste collection, education, and housing in specific districts.
EN: The verb 'help' can be followed by an object and then either a bare infinitive (verb without 'to') or a 'to-infinitive'. In this sentence, 'help local authorities make' uses the bare infinitive form.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja "help" boleh diikuti oleh objek dan kemudian sama ada infinitif dasar (kata kerja tanpa 'to') atau infinitif dengan 'to'. Dalam ayat ini, "help local authorities make" menggunakan bentuk infinitif dasar.
The new software will help employees complete their tasks faster.
Perisian baharu ini akan membantu pekerja menyelesaikan tugasan dengan lebih cepat.
EN: The causative construction 'make + object + adjective/verb' is used to indicate that someone or something causes a specific result or action. Here, 'make the system work' shows the system performing an action.
Bahasa Melayu: Struktur kausatif "make + objek + adjektif/kata kerja" digunakan untuk menunjukkan bahawa seseorang atau sesuatu menyebabkan hasil atau tindakan tertentu. Di sini, "make the system work" bermaksud menyebabkan sistem itu berfungsi.
The coach made the team practice for three hours.
Jurulatih membuat pasukan berlatih selama tiga jam.
EN: In the UK, 'local authorities' or 'councils' are responsible for public services like waste collection. Funding for these services often comes from both central government grants and local council taxes.
EN: The Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle) is used here to describe an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past and has a result or relevance in the present.
Bahasa Melayu: Kala Kini Sempurna (have/has + kata kerja partisipel lampau) digunakan di sini untuk menerangkan tindakan yang berlaku pada masa lampau yang tidak ditentukan, dan tindakan itu mempunyai kesan atau kaitan dengan masa kini.
The company has launched a new project to reduce carbon emissions.
Syarikat itu telah memulakan program baharu untuk mengurangkan pelepasan karbon.
EN: The preposition 'by' followed by a specific time indicates a deadline or a point in time by which an action must be completed.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata sendi nama 'by' diikuti oleh masa tertentu menunjukkan tarikh akhir atau titik masa yang mana sesuatu tindakan mesti diselesaikan (sebelum...).
Please submit your report by Friday.
Sila hantar laporan anda sebelum hari Jumaat.
EN: The UK government often sets long-term environmental targets aligned with international agreements. 'Municipal' refers to waste collected by local councils from households and small businesses.
EN: Passive Voice (be + past participle): Used when the action is more important than who performs it. In this sentence, 'is transported' and 'is sorted' focus on the recycling process rather than the workers.
Bahasa Melayu: Suara Pasif (be + kata kerja partisipel lampau): Digunakan apabila tindakan itu lebih penting daripada pelaku. Dalam ayat ini, "is transported" (diangkut) dan "is sorted" (diasingkan) menekankan proses kitar semula, bukan pekerja.
The letters are delivered every morning at eight o'clock.
Surat-surat ini dihantar pada pukul lapan pagi setiap hari.
EN: Relative Adverb 'where': Used to introduce a relative clause that provides more information about a place (special facilities).
Bahasa Melayu: Adverba Relatif "where": Digunakan untuk memperkenalkan klausa relatif yang memberikan lebih banyak maklumat tentang lokasi sebelumnya (kemudahan khas).
This is the factory where they make electric cars.
Inilah kilang tempat mereka membuat kereta elektrik.
EN: In the UK, recycling systems vary significantly between local councils, which is why the 'Simpler Recycling' legislation mentioned in the context is a major policy shift toward national standardization.
EN: Compound Subject: When multiple nouns (Magnets, optical scanners, and air jets) are joined by 'and' to act as the subject of a single verb. Since the subject is plural, the verb 'separate' remains in its base form.
Bahasa Melayu: Subjek Majmuk: Apabila beberapa kata nama (magnets, optical scanners, dan air jets) disambungkan dengan 'and', ia berfungsi sebagai subjek bersama untuk satu kata kerja. Oleh kerana subjeknya majmuk, kata kerja 'separate' kekal dalam bentuk dasar.
Books, pens and notebooks lie on the desk.
Buku, pen, dan buku nota terletak di atas meja.
EN: Prepositional Phrase with 'into': The verb 'separate' is often followed by 'into' to indicate the categories or parts that something is divided into.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa Sendi Nama 'into': Kata kerja 'separate' (memisahkan/mengasingkan) selalunya diikuti oleh 'into', digunakan untuk menunjukkan kategori atau bahagian yang mana sesuatu itu diasingkan.
The teacher divided the class into four groups.
Guru membahagikan kelas kepada empat kumpulan kecil.
EN: The sentence describes the 'Materials Recovery Facility' (MRF) process common in developed countries like the UK. Modern recycling relies heavily on automated technology rather than manual sorting to handle large volumes of urban waste.
EN: Passive Voice (be + past participle): This structure is used when the action is more important than who is performing it. In this sentence, 'are sent' and 'to be turned' focus on what happens to the materials.
Bahasa Melayu: Suara Pasif (be + kata kerja partisipel lampau): Struktur ini digunakan apabila tindakan itu sendiri lebih penting daripada pelaku. Dalam ayat ini, "are sent" (dihantar) dan "to be turned" (untuk dijadikan) menekankan proses yang dilalui oleh bahan-bahan tersebut.
The letters are delivered every morning at eight o'clock.
Surat-surat ini dihantar pada pukul lapan pagi setiap hari.
EN: Infinitive of Purpose (to + verb): The phrase 'to be turned into' explains the reason or goal of the previous action (sending materials to factories).
Bahasa Melayu: Infinitif Tujuan (to + kata kerja): Frasa "to be turned into" menerangkan sebab atau matlamat tindakan sebelumnya (menghantar bahan ke kilang).
He went to the store to buy some milk.
Dia pergi ke kedai untuk membeli susu.
EN: In the UK, the circular economy is a major policy focus. The process of 'turning waste into products' is part of a national effort to reduce reliance on landfills and decrease carbon emissions.
EN: Passive Voice (be + past participle): Used when the action is more important than the person performing it. Here, 'is collected' and 'is exported' focus on the plastic's journey.
Bahasa Melayu: Suara Pasif (be + kata kerja partisipel lampau): Digunakan apabila tindakan itu lebih penting daripada pelaku. Dalam ayat ini, "is collected" (dikumpul) dan "is exported" (dieksport) menekankan proses yang dilalui oleh plastik.
The old bridge was built in 1920.
Jambatan lama ini dibina pada tahun 1920.
EN: Relative Clauses (that...): A defining relative clause starting with 'that' provides essential information about the noun it follows ('recycled plastic').
Bahasa Melayu: Klausa Relatif (that...): Klausa relatif pembatas yang bermula dengan 'that' memberikan maklumat penting tentang kata nama sebelumnya (recycled plastic, plastik kitar semula).
The book that I bought yesterday is very interesting.
Buku yang saya beli semalam sangat menarik.
EN: The mention of exporting plastic waste to countries like Turkey and Malaysia highlights a global environmental issue where developed nations send their waste to developing or middle-income countries for processing, which often leads to local pollution concerns.
Kosa kata utama dengan sebutan IPA, definisi, contoh ayat, dan kuiz interaktif.
Dalam konteks: undang-undang, perundangan
Dalam konteks: menyeragamkan, menyelaraskan
Dalam konteks: pembaharuan, penambahbaikan
Dalam konteks: tidak konsisten, bercanggah
Dalam konteks: kemampanan, kelestarian
Dalam konteks: pembiayaan, peruntukan dana
Dalam konteks: dengan berkesan
Dalam konteks: perbandaran, kerajaan tempatan
Dalam konteks: kemudahan, fasiliti
Dalam konteks: dieksport, dihantar keluar
Frasa dengan label jenis, definisi dwibahasa, nota penggunaan, dan contoh ayat.
to begin to apply or be used (especially of a law or rule)
Berkuat kuasa, dilaksanakan
to make a determined effort to deal with a difficult issue
Menangani masalah, menangani cabaran
to fail to keep up with others in a competition or progress
Ketinggalan, tercicir
to establish a goal or objective to be achieved
Menetapkan sasaran
Local government organizations responsible for public services in a specific area, such as waste collection and social housing.
Majlis tempatan / Pihak berkuasa tempatan
A category of waste that includes clean, inorganic materials like glass, metal, plastic, and paper, which are free from food or liquid contamination.
Bahan kitar semula kering
A set of rooms for living in, usually on one floor of a larger building.
Flat / Pangsapuri
The percentage of waste collected by local government services from households and small businesses that is successfully recycled.
Kadar kitar semula sisa perbandaran
Buildings, equipment, or services that are provided for a particular purpose.
Kemudahan / Loji pemprosesan