EN: The present perfect tense ('have reacted') is used here to describe a recent action or event that has a direct relevance or impact on the present situation.
日本語: 現在完了形('have reacted')は、ここでは最近起こり、現在の状況に直接的な影響を与える動作や出来事を説明するために使われています。
The players have expressed their concerns about the new schedule.
選手たちは、新しい試合日程についての懸念をすでに表明しています。
EN: The relative clause starting with 'that' ('that would reduce...') is a defining relative clause modifying the noun phrase 'new plans'. It uses the modal verb 'would' to describe a hypothetical future result of these plans.
日本語: 'that' で始まる関係詞節('that would reduce...')は、限定関係詞節であり、名詞句 'new plans' を修飾します。ここでは、助動詞 'would' が、これらの計画が将来に引き起こす可能性のある仮定の結果を説明するために使われています。
They proposed a strategy that would increase ticket sales.
彼らは、チケットの売り上げを増やすことができる戦略を提案しました。
EN: In professional tennis, 'draws' refer to the bracket or schedule of matches that determines who plays whom. A reduction in draw size (e.g., from 32 pairs to 16 pairs) means fewer players can enter the tournament, directly impacting the livelihood of lower-ranked doubles specialists. The ATP Tour is the elite worldwide tennis tour for men organized by the Association of Tennis Professionals.
EN: The passive voice with modal verbs (e.g., 'would be' + past participle) is used to describe hypothetical future actions or plans. In this sentence, 'would be cut' indicates a proposed change that has not yet happened but is being considered.
日本語: 助動詞の受動態(例えば「would be」+ 過去分詞)は、仮定の未来の行動や計画を説明するために使われます。この文では、「would be cut」(削減される)は、まだ起こっていないが検討中の提案された変更を表しています。
Under the new policy, the budget would be reduced by ten percent.
新しい政策の下では、予算は10パーセント削減されるでしょう。
EN: The prepositional phrase 'from A to B' is used to express a range or a change from a starting point (A) to an ending point (B). In this context, it shows the reduction in the number of pairs.
日本語: 前置詞句「from A to B」(AからBへ)は、範囲、または始点(A)から終点(B)への変化を表すために使われます。この文脈では、選手の数の減少を表しています。
The working hours were changed from nine hours to eight hours.
労働時間は9時間から8時間に変更されました。
EN: In professional tennis, 'draws' refer to the bracket or schedule of matches that decides who plays whom. A reduction in the draw size (e.g., from 32 to 16 pairs) significantly limits the number of players who can enter the tournament, thereby reducing their opportunities to earn ranking points and prize money. This has been a major point of tension between doubles specialists and tennis governing bodies like the ATP.
EN: The structure 'have + object + present participle (-ing)' is used to describe a situation where someone or something experiences an action happening. In this sentence, 'have eight pairs competing' means eight pairs will be participating in the event.
日本語: 「have + 目的語 + 現在分詞 (-ing)」の構造は、誰かまたは何かが進行中の動作を経験することを表すために使われます。この文では、「have eight pairs competing」は、その大会に8組のペアが参加することを意味します。
The music festival will have several bands performing on the main stage.
音楽祭では、メインステージでいくつかのバンドが演奏することになります。
EN: The modal verb 'would' is used here to express a future possibility or hypothetical situation based on the proposed changes to the ATP Tour.
日本語: 助動詞「would」は、ここではATPツアーの提案された変更に基づく将来の可能性や仮定の状況を表すために使われています。
Under the new rules, the school would only allow students to use tablets.
新しい規則によると、学校は生徒がタブレットを使用することを許可するだけになります。
EN: In professional tennis, the 'men's tour' refers to the ATP Tour. While singles tennis receives the vast majority of media coverage, prize money, and fan attention, doubles tennis is a distinct discipline with its own specialists. The proposed changes mentioned in the context highlight the ongoing financial and promotional tension between singles and doubles players in the sport.
EN: Passive Voice with Modal Verbs: The structure 'modal verb + be + past participle' (could also be reduced) is used to show that the subject receives the action, rather than performing it. 'Could' expresses a possibility in the future or present.
日本語: 助動詞の受動態:構造は「助動詞 + be + 過去分詞」(could also be reduced)で、主語が動作の受け手であり、動作の主体ではないことを表します。「Could」は、現在または未来の可能性を表します。
The meeting could be postponed if the manager is busy.
マネージャーが忙しい場合、会議は延期されるかもしれません。
EN: From... to...: This prepositional phrase is used to express a range or a change from a starting point to an ending point, often used with numbers, percentages, times, or locations.
日本語: From... to...(から...まで...):この前置詞句は、始点から終点までの範囲や変化を表すために使われ、数字、パーセンテージ、時間、場所などでよく使われます。
The temperature dropped from 25 degrees to 15 degrees overnight.
気温は夜間に25度から15度に下がりました。
EN: In professional tennis, there has been a long-standing debate regarding the distribution of prize money and attention between singles and doubles. Singles players generally draw much larger crowds and television audiences, leading to higher revenue. Consequently, organizations like the ATP Tour often face pressure to allocate more resources to singles, sometimes at the expense of doubles players, who struggle to make a living despite being elite athletes.
EN: The modal verb 'would' is used here to express a hypothetical situation or a future event from a past perspective, indicating what is likely to happen under the proposed changes.
日本語: 助動詞「would」は、ここでは仮定の状況、または過去の視点から見た未来の出来事を表すために使われ、提案された変更の下で起こりそうな結果を指摘するために使われています。
If the weather improves, we would go for a walk.
天気が良くなれば、私たちは散歩に行くでしょう。
EN: The adverb 'likely' is used to indicate probability, meaning 'probably' or 'in all probability'. It often appears between the modal verb (would) and the main verb (receive).
日本語: 副詞「likely」は、可能性を示すために使われ、「おそらく」または「十中八九」という意味です。これは、助動詞(would)と主要動詞(receive)の間に置かれることがよくあります。
They will likely arrive before dinner.
彼らは夕食前に到着する可能性が高いです。
EN: In professional tennis, there is a long-standing financial and popularity gap between singles and doubles. Singles players receive significantly more media coverage, prize money, and sponsorship deals, which is why proposed cuts to doubles prize money to benefit singles players cause such strong frustration.
EN: Passive Voice (be + past participle) is used when the focus is on the action or the receiver of the action, rather than who performed it. Here, 'were discussed' emphasizes the discussion of the changes.
日本語: 受動態(be動詞 + 過去分詞)は、焦点が動作そのものや動作の受け手にあり、動作の主体ではない場合に使われます。ここでは、「were discussed」(話し合われた)が、変更案が話し合われたという事実を強調しています。
The new rules were approved by the committee yesterday.
新しい規則は、昨日委員会によって承認されました。
EN: Non-defining Relative Clause with 'which' is used to add extra information about the entire preceding clause. It is separated by a comma, and 'which' refers back to the whole situation of the changes being discussed.
日本語: 「which」を使った非限定関係代名詞節は、前の節全体が表す状況について補足説明を加えるために使われます。これは主節とコンマで区切られ、ここでの「which」は「今週の会議でこれらの変更が話し合われた」という出来事全体を指しています。
He passed his driving test on the first attempt, which surprised everyone.
彼は初めての運転免許試験に合格しましたが、それは皆をとても驚かせました。
EN: The Present Perfect Tense (has + past participle) is used here to describe a recent past action that has strong relevance to the present situation.
日本語: 現在完了形(has + 過去分詞)は、ここで最近起こり、現在の状況に大きな影響を与える過去の動作を説明するために使われています。
The committee has approved the new budget.
委員会は新しい予算をすでに承認しました。
EN: Adverb Placement: The adverb 'strongly' is placed directly before the main verb 'criticised' to emphasize the intensity of the action.
日本語: 副詞の位置:副詞「strongly」(強く)は、主要動詞「criticised」の直前に置かれ、その動作の強さを強調します。
She strongly supports the new policy.
彼女はこの新しい政策を強く支持しています。
EN: Julian Cash is a professional tennis player from Great Britain who specializes in doubles. In professional tennis, doubles players often face different financial and promotional challenges compared to singles players, which is the background of his criticism against the ATP Tour's proposed changes.
EN: Non-defining relative clauses (using 'who') provide extra, non-essential information about a person. They are separated from the rest of the sentence by commas. If the clause is removed, the main sentence still makes complete sense.
日本語: 非限定関係詞節('who' を使う)は、誰かについての追加の、必須ではない情報を提供します。このような節は、主節とコンマで区切られます。この節を削除しても、主節の意味は完全に保たれます。
My brother, who lives in New York, is a professional musician.
私の兄(彼はニューヨークに住んでいます)はプロのミュージシャンです。
EN: The passive voice in the past tense ('was created') is used to focus on the action or the receiver of the action, rather than the agent performing the action. It is formed with 'was/were' + past participle.
日本語: 過去形の受動態('was created')は、動作そのものや、動作を受ける対象に焦点を当てるために使われ、動作を実行する主体には焦点を当てません。その構造は 'was/were' + 過去分詞です。
This school was built in 1990 to provide education for local children.
この学校は1990年に建てられ、地元の子供たちに教育を提供することを目的としています。
EN: Wimbledon is the oldest and most prestigious tennis tournament in the world, held annually in London. Winning a Wimbledon title is considered one of the highest achievements in tennis. The ATP (Association of Tennis Professionals) was formed in 1972 to protect the interests of male professional tennis players, which is why Cash emphasizes its original purpose of protecting 'all' players, including doubles specialists.
EN: The verb pattern 'accuse someone of doing something' is used to state that someone has done something wrong or illegal. 'Of' is a preposition, so it must be followed by a gerund (verb-ing) or a noun phrase.
日本語: 動詞のパターン「accuse someone of doing something」(誰かを何かで非難する)は、誰かが間違いや違法行為を犯したことを指摘するために使われます。前置詞「of」の後には、動名詞(V-ing)または名詞句が続く必要があります。
She accused him of lying about his qualifications.
彼女は彼が自分の経歴について嘘をついたと非難しました。
EN: The phrasal verb 'kill off' means to destroy or get rid of something completely, often used when referring to a group, an idea, or a part of something.
日本語: 句動詞「kill off」は、何かを完全に破壊する、または取り除くという意味で、ある集団、考え、または物事の一部を消し去ることを指すのに使われます。
The cold weather could kill off the young plants.
寒い気候がこれらの苗を凍らせてしまうかもしれません。
EN: In professional tennis, the 'organisation' refers to the ATP (Association of Tennis Professionals). Tensions often arise between singles and doubles players regarding the distribution of prize money and media attention, as singles is historically much more lucrative and popular globally.
EN: The verb 'remind' is a transitive verb that often takes an indirect object (the person being reminded) followed by a 'that'-clause (the information being recalled). The structure is: 'remind + someone + that + clause'.
日本語: 動詞「remind」(思い出させる)は、通常、間接目的語(思い出させる人)と、その後に「that」で始まる節(思い出させる内容)を取る他動詞です。その構造は:「remind + 誰か + that + 節」です。
She reminded me that the meeting starts at nine.
彼女は私に、会議が9時に始まることを思い出させました。
EN: The coordinating conjunction 'and' connects two parallel verb phrases within the 'that'-clause: 'are also members...' and 'pay their membership fees'. Both verbs agree with the plural subject 'doubles players'.
日本語: 等位接続詞「and」(そして)は、'that' 節の中で2つの平行な動詞句を接続しています:「are also members...」(また会員である)と「pay their membership fees」(会費を支払う)。これらの動詞は両方とも、複数主語「doubles players」(ダブルスの選手)と一致しています。
EN: The ATP (Association of Tennis Professionals) is the governing body of the men's professional tennis circuits. Players pay annual membership fees to be part of the association, which is supposed to represent and protect their interests. Julian Cash's reminder highlights the argument that doubles players are equal members who contribute financially and thus deserve fair treatment.
EN: The structure 'it is + adjective + to-infinitive' uses 'it' as a dummy subject (or preparatory subject) to represent the real subject, which is the infinitive phrase ('to deal with this situation') placed at the end of the clause for better sentence balance.
日本語: 「it is + 形容詞 + 不定詞」の構造では、「it」が仮の主語(または先行主語)として使われ、実際の主語を表します。実際の主語は後ろの不定詞句(「to deal with this situation」)であり、これを文末に置くことで、文の構造がよりバランスが取れ、頭で重くならないようにしています。
It is difficult to learn a new language in a short time.
短時間で新しい言語を学ぶことは難しいです。
EN: The verb 'tell' is a ditransitive verb that typically takes an indirect object (the person being told, here 'the BBC') followed by a direct object, which in this case is a 'that-clause' functioning as the noun clause.
日本語: 動詞「tell」(教える)は二重目的語動詞で、通常は間接目的語(情報を受け取る人、ここでは「the BBC」)に続いて直接目的語を取ります。この文では、直接目的語は「that」で始まる名詞節(that-clause)です。
She told her manager that she would complete the report by Friday.
彼女は、金曜日までにレポートを完成させるとマネージャーに伝えました。
EN: Wimbledon is the oldest and most prestigious tennis tournament in the world, held annually in London. For professional players, dealing with off-court politics and stressful structural changes during such a major event is particularly distracting and frustrating, which explains Glasspool's strong reaction.
EN: Indirect speech with 'that' omission. In English, when reporting what someone said using a reporting verb like 'say', the conjunction 'that' can be omitted, especially in informal or spoken contexts, leaving the noun clause directly after the verb.
日本語: 'that' を省略した間接話法。英語では、'say' のような伝達動詞を使って誰かが言ったことを伝える場合、接続詞 'that' は省略することができます(特に口語や非公式な文脈で)。これにより、名詞節が動詞の後に直接続きます。
She said she would arrive at five o'clock.
彼女は、5時に到着すると言いました。
EN: The modal verb 'should' followed by 'do more to [verb]'. This structure is used to express a strong recommendation, duty, or desirable action that someone is expected to perform in order to achieve a goal.
日本語: 助動詞 'should' の後に 'do more to [動詞]' が続きます。この構造は、強い提案、義務、または誰かが目標を達成するためにさらに努力すべきであるという期待を表すために使われます。
The government should do more to protect the environment.
政府は環境を保護するためにもっと努力すべきです。
EN: The ATP (Association of Tennis Professionals) is the governing body of the men's professional tennis circuits. In professional tennis, singles matches traditionally receive significantly more media coverage, sponsorship, and prize money than doubles matches. This sentence reflects the ongoing tension and advocacy for better representation and financial equity for doubles specialists within the sport.
EN: The sentence uses a noun clause introduced by 'that' as the direct object of the verb 'argued'. This clause (that... large) functions as a noun, representing the statement or opinion being argued.
日本語: この文では、「that」で始まる名詞節が動詞「argued」の直接目的語として使われています。その節(that... large)は、文の中で名詞として機能し、主張された意見や陳述を表しています。
She argued that the new policy would benefit everyone.
彼女は、新しい政策がすべての人に利益をもたらすと主張しました。
EN: The adverbial clause of time introduced by 'when' (when well-known singles players compete in doubles) is nested inside the noun clause to describe the condition under which the main action (the crowds are always large) occurs.
日本語: 「when」で始まる時間副詞節(when well-known singles players compete in doubles)は、名詞節の中に埋め込まれ、主節の動作(the crowds are always large)が起こる時間や条件を説明します。
When the sun goes down, the temperature drops quickly.
日が沈むと、気温は急速に下がります。
EN: In professional tennis, singles matches generally receive significantly more media coverage, sponsorship, and spectator interest than doubles matches. However, when high-profile singles stars (like Rafael Nadal or Serena Williams) occasionally play doubles, it often draws massive crowds, which supports Glasspool's argument that the format itself is appealing if marketed correctly.
EN: The noun clause (or content clause) introduced by 'that' is used here as a subject complement after the linking verb 'is'. It explains what 'the real problem' is. The word 'that' has no semantic meaning in this structure and is often omitted in informal speech, though it is usually retained in formal writing.
日本語: 「that」で始まる名詞節(または内容節)は、ここで連動詞「is」の後の主語補語として使われ、「本当の問題」が何であるかを説明しています。この構造では、「that」自体には実際の意味はなく、非公式な口語では省略されることがありますが、正式な書き言葉では通常は保持されます。
The truth is that we don't have enough budget for this project.
事実は、私たちがこのプロジェクトを実行するのに十分な予算がないということです。
EN: The adverb 'enough' is used to modify the adverb 'well'. When 'enough' modifies adjectives or adverbs, it must always be placed after the word it modifies (e.g., 'well enough', 'old enough').
日本語: 副詞「enough」(十分に)は、ここで副詞「well」を修飾しています。「enough」が形容詞や副詞を修飾する場合、修飾される語の後ろに置く必要があります(例:「well enough」十分に良い、「old enough」十分に年を取っている)。
She didn't run fast enough to catch the bus.
彼女はバスに乗るのに十分な速さで走れませんでした。
EN: In professional tennis, singles matches traditionally attract significantly more media attention, sponsorship, and ticket sales than doubles matches. This financial and popularity disparity often leads to tension between doubles specialists and governing bodies like the ATP, as players feel the sport's marketing resources are disproportionately allocated to singles stars.
EN: The prepositional phrase 'Apart from' is used to mean 'except for' or 'in addition to'. In this context, it means 'excluding' or 'other than', setting aside the Grand Slams and Olympic Games to make a general statement about other tournaments.
日本語: 前置詞句「Apart from」は、「~を除いて」または「~に加えて」という意味で使われます。この文脈では、「含まない」または「~を除いて」という意味を表し、グランドスラムとオリンピックを除外して、他の大会について一般的な発言をするために使われています。
Apart from the cold weather, we had a wonderful holiday.
天気が寒かったことを除けば、私たちは素晴らしい休暇を過ごしました。
EN: The comparative structure 'far less + uncountable noun + than' is used to show a significant difference in degree. 'Far' acts as an intensifier modifying the comparative 'less'.
日本語: 比較級の構造「far less + 不可算名詞 + than」は、程度の顕著な違いを示すために使われます。「Far」は強調の副詞として、比較級の「less」(より少ない)を修飾します。
The new project requires far less time than the previous one.
この新しいプロジェクトには、前のプロジェクトよりもはるかに少ない時間が必要です。
EN: In professional tennis, singles matches command the vast majority of media coverage, ticket sales, and prize money. The 'Grand Slams' (Wimbledon, US Open, French Open, and Australian Open) and the Olympic Games are rare exceptions where doubles matches still draw significant crowd attention and prestige, which is why they are specifically excluded in this sentence.
EN: The quantifier 'few' is used with plural countable nouns to indicate a very small number, often carrying a negative connotation meaning 'not many' or 'almost none'. This is different from 'a few', which has a positive connotation meaning 'some'.
日本語: 限定詞「few」(很少)は複数可算名詞と一緒に使われ、数量が極めて少ないことを表します。通常は否定的な意味合いを持ち、「多くない」または「ほとんどない」という意味になります。これは肯定的な意味合い(「いくつか」という意味)を持つ「a few」とは異なります。
Few people attended the meeting due to the heavy rain.
大雨のため、会議に出席した人はほとんどいませんでした。
EN: The verb 'choose' is followed by a to-infinitive (to + base verb) to express a decision or preference to perform an action.
日本語: 動詞「choose」(選ぶ)の後には不定詞(to + 動詞の原形)が続き、ある動作を行うという決定や好みを表します。
Many consumers choose to buy organic vegetables.
多くの消費者は有機野菜を購入することを選びます。
EN: In professional tennis, singles and doubles are distinct disciplines. Historically, many top players competed in both. However, due to the intense physical demands, high prize money, and prestige associated with singles in modern tennis, elite singles players now rarely play doubles, leading to a widening gap in popularity and earnings between the two formats.
EN: The structure 'make + it + adjective + for someone + to-infinitive' uses 'it' as a dummy object (or preparatory object). The real object is the to-infinitive clause ('to earn a living...'), which is placed at the end because it is too long.
日本語: 「make + it + 形容詞 + for 誰か + 不定詞」の構造では、その中の「it」は仮目的語(または先行目的語)であり、実際の目的語は後ろの不定詞句(「to earn a living...」)です。実際の目的語が長すぎるため、文末に移動され、元の位置には「it」が置かれています。
The new software makes it easier for employees to manage their tasks.
この新しいソフトウェアは、従業員が自分のタスクを管理しやすくします。
EN: The idiom 'earn a living' means to make enough money to pay for things you need, such as food, clothing, and housing. It is often followed by the preposition 'from' or 'by' to indicate the source of income.
日本語: 「earn a living」という表現は、「生計を立てる」または「生活を維持する」という意味で、食料、衣服、住居などの生活に必要な費用を支払うのに十分なお金を稼ぐことを指します。通常は、収入の源を示すために前置詞「from」または「by」が続きます。
She earns a living from her freelance writing.
彼女はフリーランスの執筆で生計を立てています。
EN: In professional tennis, singles players receive significantly more media attention, sponsorship deals, and prize money than doubles players. The ATP Tour's proposed changes reflect a long-standing tension in tennis between promoting star singles players and supporting the broader ecosystem of professional players, including doubles specialists who rely entirely on doubles tournaments to earn their living.
IPA発音、定義、例文、インタラクティブクイズ付きの重要な単語。
文中での意味: 提案する、提案する(ここでは、提案された変更を指す)
文中での意味: 挫折、欲求不満、不満
文中での意味: 批判、非難
文中での意味: 非難する、告発する
文中での意味: いらいらさせる、うっとうしい
文中での意味: 促進する、宣伝する
文中での意味: マーケティングする、販売する
文中での意味: 構造、構成
種類タグ、二言語の定義、使い方の説明、例文を含むフレーズ。
The schedule of matches in a sports tournament, showing which players or teams will play against each other.
トーナメントのドロー、対戦表
To stop, destroy, or put an end to something completely.
完全に消し去る、息の根を止める
To earn enough money to pay for the things you need, such as food and housing.
生計を立てる、暮らしを立てる