Steve Jobs: The Garage DreamSteve Jobs: Impian Garasi
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EN: Passive Voice (be + past participle): Used when the subject receives the action rather than performing it. In this case, 'Steve Jobs' was the receiver of the adoption.
Bahasa Indonesia: Kalimat Pasif (be + past participle): Digunakan ketika subjek menerima tindakan, bukan melakukan tindakan. Dalam kalimat ini, "Steve Jobs" adalah penerima tindakan adopsi.
The lost puppy was found by a kind neighbor.
Anak anjing yang hilang itu ditemukan oleh seorang tetangga yang baik hati.
EN: Adverbial Phrase of Time (shortly after): Used to indicate that something happened a very small amount of time after a specific event.
Bahasa Indonesia: Frasa Keterangan Waktu (shortly after): Digunakan untuk menunjukkan bahwa sesuatu terjadi segera setelah peristiwa tertentu.
The movie started shortly after we arrived at the theater.
Tidak lama setelah kami tiba di bioskop, filmnya dimulai.
EN: In the United States, adoption records were historically sealed, but the story of Steve Jobs' adoption is a well-known part of his personal history, highlighting his background in the San Francisco Bay Area, which later became Silicon Valley.
EN: The verb 'promise' is a ditransitive verb that can take an indirect object (the person promised) and a direct object (the thing promised). In this sentence, the direct object is a 'that-clause' acting as a noun clause.
Bahasa Indonesia: Kata kerja 'promise' (berjanji) adalah kata kerja dwitransitif yang dapat menerima objek tidak langsung (orang yang menerima janji) dan objek langsung (isi janji). Dalam kalimat ini, objek langsungnya adalah klausa nomina yang diawali dengan 'that'.
She promised her teacher that she would finish the project on time.
Dia berjanji kepada gurunya bahwa dia akan menyelesaikan proyek tepat waktu.
EN: The use of 'would' here is the 'future in the past.' Since the main verb 'promised' is in the past tense, the future intention 'will' must be shifted to its past form 'would'.
Bahasa Indonesia: Penggunaan 'would' di sini adalah 'future in the past'. Karena kata kerja utama 'promised' berbentuk lampau, 'will' yang awalnya menunjukkan masa depan harus diubah menjadi bentuk lampau 'would'.
He said he would call me later.
Dia bilang dia akan meneleponku nanti.
EN: In the U.S., open adoption agreements sometimes involve specific promises regarding the child's future, such as education. Steve Jobs' biological mother, Joanne Schieble, famously insisted that his adoptive parents be college-educated or promise to send him to college.
EN: The adjective 'curious' is commonly followed by the preposition 'about' to indicate the subject of interest. This is a fixed adjective-preposition collocation.
Bahasa Indonesia: Kata sifat 'curious' (penasaran) biasanya diikuti oleh preposisi 'about' untuk menunjukkan hal yang diminati. Ini adalah kolokasi tetap antara kata sifat dan preposisi.
She is curious about the history of this ancient building.
Dia penasaran tentang sejarah bangunan kuno ini.
EN: The phrase 'how electronics worked' is a noun clause acting as the object of the preposition 'about'. It uses statement word order (subject + verb) rather than question word order.
Bahasa Indonesia: Frasa 'how electronics worked' adalah klausa nomina yang berfungsi sebagai objek dari preposisi 'about'. Klausa ini menggunakan urutan kata pernyataan (subjek + kata kerja), bukan urutan kata pertanyaan.
I don't know how the machine starts.
Saya tidak tahu bagaimana mesin ini dinyalakan.
EN: The structure 'spend + time + V-ing' is used to indicate how much time is dedicated to a specific activity. The gerund (V-ing) functions as the activity being performed.
Bahasa Indonesia: Struktur 'spend + waktu + V-ing' digunakan untuk menunjukkan berapa banyak waktu yang dihabiskan untuk suatu aktivitas tertentu. Gerund (V-ing) di sini berfungsi sebagai aktivitas yang dilakukan.
She spent the whole afternoon reading a novel.
Dia menghabiskan sepanjang sore membaca novel.
EN: Parallel structure with gerunds: When connecting two actions with 'and' after the verb 'spend', both actions must be in the same form (V-ing) to maintain grammatical balance.
Bahasa Indonesia: Struktur paralel dengan gerund: Ketika menghubungkan dua tindakan dengan 'and' setelah kata kerja spend, kedua tindakan harus menggunakan bentuk yang sama (V-ing) untuk menjaga keseimbangan tata bahasa.
He enjoys hiking and taking photos in the mountains.
Dia suka mendaki gunung dan mengambil foto di pegunungan.
EN: In American culture, the 'garage' is often romanticized as the birthplace of innovation and startups. Many iconic tech companies, including Apple, Google, and Amazon, famously started in a family garage, symbolizing humble beginnings and the 'American Dream'.
EN: The phrasal verb 'drop out' means to stop attending a school or course before finishing it. It is an intransitive verb in this context, meaning it does not require a direct object.
Bahasa Indonesia: Phrasal verb 'drop out' berarti berhenti bersekolah atau mengikuti kursus sebelum menyelesaikannya. Dalam konteks ini, kata kerja ini bersifat intransitif, artinya tidak perlu diikuti objek langsung.
She decided to drop out of the marathon because of a knee injury.
Dia memutuskan untuk mundur dari perlombaan maraton karena cedera lutut.
EN: The coordinating conjunction 'but' is used to connect two independent clauses, creating a contrast between the act of enrolling and the act of leaving.
Bahasa Indonesia: Konjungsi koordinatif 'but' digunakan untuk menghubungkan dua klausa independen, menciptakan kontras antara tindakan "masuk" dan "meninggalkan".
He studied hard for the exam, but he didn't pass.
Dia belajar keras untuk ujian, tetapi tetap gagal.
EN: Reed College is a private liberal arts college in Portland, Oregon, known for its rigorous academics. In American culture, 'dropping out' of a prestigious college to pursue a passion is a common trope in the success stories of tech entrepreneurs like Steve Jobs and Bill Gates.
EN: The phrasal verb 'drop out' means to stop attending a school, college, or course before finishing it. It is often followed by 'of' if the institution is mentioned (e.g., drop out of school).
Bahasa Indonesia: Phrasal verb 'drop out' berarti berhenti bersekolah, kuliah, atau mengikuti kursus sebelum menyelesaikannya. Jika diikuti oleh nama institusi tertentu, biasanya ditambahkan preposisi 'of' (contoh: drop out of school).
She decided to drop out of the marathon because of an injury.
Dia memutuskan untuk mundur dari perlombaan maraton karena cedera.
EN: The conjunction 'because' introduces a subordinate clause of reason. It explains the cause or motive for the action described in the main clause.
Bahasa Indonesia: Konjungsi 'because' memperkenalkan klausa bawahan yang menyatakan alasan. Ini menjelaskan alasan atau motivasi di balik tindakan yang dijelaskan dalam klausa utama.
I stayed home because it was raining heavily.
Karena hujan turun sangat deras, saya tinggal di rumah.
EN: In the United States, college tuition is notoriously high, often leading students to take out significant loans or, as in Jobs' case, reconsider their enrollment if the financial burden on the family is too great.
EN: The conjunction 'Even though' is used to introduce a subordinate clause that expresses a contrast or concession. It is stronger than 'although' and emphasizes the unexpected nature of the main clause.
Bahasa Indonesia: Konjungsi 'Even though' (meskipun) digunakan untuk memperkenalkan klausa konsesif yang menyatakan kontras. Ini lebih kuat daripada 'although' dan menekankan bahwa situasi dalam klausa utama terjadi meskipun ada hambatan.
Even though it was raining heavily, they decided to go for a hike.
Meskipun hujan turun sangat deras, mereka tetap memutuskan untuk mendaki.
EN: The verb 'continue' can be followed by a gerund (V-ing) to indicate that an action persists or resumes. In this sentence, 'attending' functions as the direct object of 'continued'.
Bahasa Indonesia: Kata kerja 'continue' (terus) dapat diikuti oleh gerund (V-ing) untuk menunjukkan bahwa suatu tindakan berlanjut atau dimulai kembali. Dalam kalimat ini, 'attending' berfungsi sebagai objek langsung dari 'continued'.
She continued working on the project until midnight.
Dia terus mengerjakan proyek itu hingga tengah malam.
EN: In the context of Steve Jobs' life, his interest in calligraphy at Reed College later influenced the beautiful typography and fonts available on the first Macintosh computers. This highlights the value of 'connecting the dots' between seemingly unrelated skills.
EN: The structure 'be determined + to-infinitive' is used to describe a strong decision or firm intention to do something. 'Determined' acts as an adjective here.
Bahasa Indonesia: Struktur 'be determined + to-infinitif' digunakan untuk menggambarkan tekad atau niat yang kuat untuk melakukan sesuatu. Di sini, 'determined' digunakan sebagai kata sifat.
She was determined to finish the marathon despite the rain.
Meskipun hujan, dia tetap bertekad untuk menyelesaikan maraton.
EN: The conjunction 'because' introduces a subordinate clause of reason, explaining why the actions in the main clause (sleeping on floors, collecting bottles) occurred.
Bahasa Indonesia: Konjungsi 'because' memperkenalkan klausa bawahan yang menyatakan alasan, menjelaskan mengapa tindakan dalam klausa utama (tidur di lantai, mengumpulkan botol) terjadi.
They stayed home because the weather was terrible.
Karena cuacanya sangat buruk, mereka tinggal di rumah.
EN: In the 1970s, some US states had 'bottle bills' where people could return glass bottles for a small refund (usually 5-10 cents). This was a common way for extremely poor students or homeless individuals to get small amounts of cash.
EN: Appositive Phrase: A noun or noun phrase that sits next to another noun to rename or describe it. Here, 'a brilliant engineer...' describes 'Steve Wozniak'.
Bahasa Indonesia: Frasa Apositif: Kata benda atau frasa nomina yang terletak di samping kata benda lain untuk memberi nama ulang atau menjelaskan lebih lanjut kata benda tersebut. Dalam kalimat ini, "a brilliant engineer..." digunakan untuk menjelaskan "Steve Wozniak".
My brother, a talented chef, owns a restaurant.
Kakak laki-laki saya adalah seorang koki berbakat yang memiliki restoran.
EN: Prepositional Phrase with 'with': Used here to indicate a characteristic or possession. It describes the engineer's qualities.
Bahasa Indonesia: Frasa Preposisi dengan 'with': Digunakan di sini untuk menunjukkan karakteristik atau kepemilikan. Ini menggambarkan kualitas yang dimiliki oleh insinyur tersebut (penuh semangat).
She is a leader with a vision for the future.
Dia adalah seorang pemimpin yang memiliki visi untuk masa depan.
EN: Steve Wozniak (often called 'Woz') is a legendary figure in Silicon Valley. This sentence highlights the 'dynamic duo' archetype in tech history, where a visionary (Jobs) pairs with a technical genius (Wozniak).
EN: The Past Simple Tense is used to describe completed actions that happened at a specific time in the past (in this case, 1976). The verb 'built' is the irregular past form of 'build'.
Bahasa Indonesia: Simple Past Tense digunakan untuk menggambarkan tindakan yang telah selesai terjadi pada waktu tertentu di masa lalu (dalam kalimat ini, tahun 1976). Kata kerja 'built' adalah bentuk past tense tidak beraturan dari 'build'.
She built a successful career in marketing ten years ago.
Sepuluh tahun lalu, dia membangun karier yang sukses di bidang pemasaran.
EN: Prepositional Phrases of Place and Time: In English, when multiple prepositional phrases are used, they typically follow the order of 'Place' (in the Jobs family garage) before 'Time' (in 1976).
Bahasa Indonesia: Frasa Preposisi Tempat dan Waktu: Dalam bahasa Inggris, ketika beberapa frasa preposisi muncul bersamaan, biasanya urutannya mengikuti "tempat" (di garasi rumah Jobs) sebelum "waktu" (pada tahun 1976).
We met at the library at five o'clock.
Kita bertemu di perpustakaan pada pukul lima.
EN: The 'garage' is a powerful symbol in American entrepreneurship culture, representing the humble beginnings of multi-billion dollar tech giants like Apple, Google, and Amazon. It signifies innovation and the 'American Dream' starting from one's own home.
EN: The preposition 'by' followed by a gerund (verb-ing) is used to express the method or means by which an action is achieved.
Bahasa Indonesia: Preposisi 'by' yang diikuti gerund (V-ing) digunakan untuk menyatakan cara atau sarana untuk mencapai suatu tindakan, yang berarti "dengan cara...".
She improved her English by watching movies without subtitles.
Dia meningkatkan bahasa Inggrisnya dengan menonton film tanpa subtitle.
EN: Possessive nouns are formed by adding an apostrophe and 's' ('s) to a person's name to indicate ownership.
Bahasa Indonesia: Kata benda posesif dibentuk dengan menambahkan apostrof dan 's' ('s) setelah nama orang untuk menunjukkan kepemilikan, yang berarti "milik seseorang".
We borrowed Sarah's car for the weekend.
Kami meminjam mobil Sarah pada akhir pekan.
EN: In the 1970s, scientific calculators were extremely expensive and high-tech items, often costing hundreds of dollars, which explains why selling one could help fund a startup company.
EN: The verb 'mark' is used here as a transitive verb meaning to represent or be a sign of a significant event or stage in time.
Bahasa Indonesia: Kata kerja 'mark' di sini digunakan sebagai kata kerja transitif yang berarti "menandai" atau "menjadi simbol dari", sering digunakan untuk menggambarkan awal dari peristiwa bersejarah atau tahap penting.
The invention of the steam engine marked the beginning of the Industrial Revolution.
Penemuan mesin uap menandai dimulainya Revolusi Industri.
EN: Parallel structure with 'and': The conjunction 'and' connects two noun phrases ('the beginning of...' and 'a revolution in...') which both function as the direct object of the verb 'marked'.
Bahasa Indonesia: Struktur paralel dengan 'and': Konjungsi 'and' menghubungkan dua frasa nomina ("the beginning of..." dan "a revolution in..."), yang keduanya berfungsi sebagai objek langsung dari kata kerja 'marked'.
The movie received praise for its beautiful cinematography and its moving soundtrack.
Film ini dipuji karena sinematografinya yang indah dan musik latar yang menyentuh.
EN: The term 'personal computing' refers to the shift from large, room-sized computers used by corporations to small computers designed for individual use, a movement Apple helped pioneer.
EN: Present Participle Phrase (V-ing): The phrase 'achieving incredible success' is a participle phrase that functions as an adverbial modifier. It describes the result or a simultaneous action of the main clause.
Bahasa Indonesia: Frasa Present Participle (V-ing): 'achieving incredible success' adalah frasa participle yang berfungsi sebagai keterangan adverbia. Frasa ini digunakan untuk menggambarkan hasil atau keadaan yang terjadi bersamaan dengan tindakan dalam klausa utama.
The team won the championship, breaking several world records.
Tim itu memenangkan kejuaraan dan memecahkan beberapa rekor dunia.
EN: Phrasal Verb 'Grow into': This verb means to develop or change over time to become something else, often used to describe business or personal development.
Bahasa Indonesia: Phrasal Verb 'Grow into': Kata kerja ini berarti berkembang atau berubah seiring waktu menjadi sesuatu yang lain, sering digunakan untuk menggambarkan pertumbuhan bisnis atau perkembangan pribadi.
The small startup grew into a global leader in technology.
Startup kecil ini tumbuh menjadi pemimpin teknologi global.
EN: The term 'billion-dollar company' is often associated with the concept of a 'Unicorn' in the modern startup world, though Apple far exceeded this to become the first company to reach a trillion-dollar market cap.
EN: The use of the Past Simple tense ('caused') indicates a completed action or a recurring state that happened in the past within a specific historical context.
Bahasa Indonesia: Penggunaan Simple Past Tense ('caused') menunjukkan tindakan yang telah selesai atau keadaan yang berulang dalam konteks historis tertentu di masa lalu.
The heavy rain caused a massive traffic jam yesterday.
Hujan deras kemarin menyebabkan kemacetan lalu lintas yang parah.
EN: Adverbs of frequency, such as 'sometimes', are typically placed before the main verb to describe how often an action occurs.
Bahasa Indonesia: Adverbia frekuensi, seperti 'sometimes', biasanya ditempatkan sebelum kata kerja utama untuk menggambarkan seberapa sering suatu tindakan terjadi.
She sometimes forgets to bring her keys.
Dia kadang-kadang lupa membawa kuncinya.
EN: The 'board of directors' is a key concept in Western corporate governance, representing a group of people who oversee the management of a company. Conflicts between visionary founders like Jobs and their boards are a common theme in business history.
EN: The Passive Voice (be + past participle) is used when the action is more important than the person performing it. In this sentence, 'was fired' emphasizes the event happening to Steve Jobs.
Bahasa Indonesia: Kalimat Pasif (be + past participle) digunakan ketika tindakan lebih penting daripada pelaku. Dalam kalimat ini, "was fired" menekankan peristiwa yang terjadi pada Steve Jobs.
The project was completed ahead of schedule.
Proyek itu diselesaikan sebelum waktu yang ditentukan.
EN: The Past Perfect Tense (had + past participle) is used to describe an action that was completed before another action in the past. Here, 'had co-founded' happened before he 'was fired'.
Bahasa Indonesia: Past Perfect Tense (had + past participle) digunakan untuk menggambarkan tindakan yang telah selesai sebelum tindakan lain di masa lalu. Di sini, dia "mendirikan bersama" perusahaan terjadi sebelum dia "dipecat".
She had already left when I arrived at the office.
Ketika saya tiba di kantor, dia sudah pergi.
EN: The firing of Steve Jobs from Apple in 1985 is one of the most famous events in business history. It highlights the potential conflict between visionary founders and corporate boards of directors focused on stability and profit.
EN: The adverb 'ultimately' is used to describe something that happens at the end of a long process or period of time. It often emphasizes the final result after many difficulties.
Bahasa Indonesia: Adverbia 'ultimately' (akhirnya) digunakan untuk menggambarkan sesuatu yang terjadi di akhir proses yang panjang atau periode waktu tertentu. Ini sering menekankan hasil akhir setelah melalui banyak kesulitan.
The two companies ultimately decided to merge after months of negotiation.
Setelah negosiasi berbulan-bulan, kedua perusahaan akhirnya memutuskan untuk bergabung.
EN: A compound sentence uses a coordinating conjunction (like 'but') to join two independent clauses. Each clause could stand alone as a complete sentence.
Bahasa Indonesia: Kalimat majemuk setara menggunakan konjungsi koordinatif (seperti 'but') untuk menggabungkan dua klausa independen. Setiap klausa dapat berdiri sendiri sebagai kalimat yang lengkap.
The weather was cold, but we enjoyed our walk anyway.
Cuacanya dingin, tetapi kami tetap menikmati jalan-jalan.
EN: The idea that failure or hardship 'shapes' one's future is a core element of the 'American Dream' and Western biographical narratives. It emphasizes resilience and the belief that setbacks are learning opportunities.
EN: Gerund as Subject: A gerund (verb + -ing) functions as a noun and can serve as the subject of a sentence. In this case, 'Being fired' is a passive gerund phrase acting as the subject.
Bahasa Indonesia: Gerund sebagai Subjek: Gerund (kata kerja + -ing) berfungsi sebagai kata benda dan dapat menjadi subjek kalimat. Dalam kalimat ini, "Being fired" (dipecat) adalah frasa gerund pasif yang berperan sebagai subjek.
Learning a new language opens up many opportunities.
Mempelajari bahasa baru membuka banyak peluang.
EN: Passive Voice in Gerunds: To form a passive gerund, use 'being' + past participle. It indicates that the subject of the gerund is receiving the action.
Bahasa Indonesia: Kalimat Pasif dalam Gerund: Untuk membentuk gerund pasif, gunakan 'being' + past participle. Ini menunjukkan bahwa subjek gerund adalah penerima tindakan.
He hates being treated like a child.
Dia benci diperlakukan seperti anak kecil.
EN: In American corporate culture, being 'fired' is often a source of stigma, but in the tech industry (especially Silicon Valley), high-profile failures are sometimes viewed as essential learning experiences that lead to future innovation.
EN: The Present Participle Phrase (forcing...) is used here as a resultative clause, indicating the consequence of the previous action or situation.
Bahasa Indonesia: Frasa Present Participle (forcing...) digunakan di sini sebagai klausa hasil, yang menunjukkan hasil atau dampak dari situasi yang disebutkan sebelumnya.
The storm destroyed the bridge, making it impossible to cross the river.
Badai menghancurkan jembatan, sehingga mustahil untuk menyeberangi sungai.
EN: The Superlative Adjective with a Relative Clause (the best thing that ever happened) uses 'that' to define the specific experience being discussed.
Bahasa Indonesia: Superlative Adjective dengan Relative Clause (the best thing that ever happened), menggunakan 'that' untuk membatasi dan menekankan pengalaman spesifik yang sedang dibahas.
This is the most beautiful song that I have ever heard.
Ini adalah lagu terindah yang pernah saya dengar.
EN: This sentence reflects a common Western philosophical outlook often associated with 'growth mindset' or 'blessing in disguise.' In professional American culture, failure is frequently reframed as a necessary stepping stone to ultimate success, a narrative Jobs famously championed after his return to Apple.
EN: The phrase 'what to do' is a noun phrase formed by an interrogative (question word) followed by a to-infinitive. It functions as the object of the verb 'know'.
Bahasa Indonesia: Struktur "kata tanya + to-infinitif" (seperti what to do) digunakan sebagai frasa nomina dalam kalimat. Dalam kalimat ini, frasa tersebut berfungsi sebagai objek dari kata kerja know, yang berarti "apa yang harus dilakukan".
She was confused and didn't know where to go.
Dia merasa bingung dan tidak tahu harus pergi ke mana.
EN: The word 'however' is a conjunctive adverb used to show contrast. When placed in the middle of a clause, it is usually set off by commas.
Bahasa Indonesia: Kata 'however' adalah adverbia konjungtif yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan kontras atau pertentangan. Ketika ditempatkan di tengah kalimat, biasanya diapit oleh koma untuk memisahkannya dari klausa utama.
The weather was cold; however, we decided to go for a walk.
Cuacanya dingin; namun, kami tetap memutuskan untuk berjalan-jalan.
EN: In American business culture, the concept of 'public failure' is particularly significant for high-profile entrepreneurs like Steve Jobs. However, Silicon Valley culture often views failure as a necessary stepping stone to future innovation, a theme Jobs later emphasized in his famous Stanford commencement speech.
EN: Linking Verbs (Stative Verbs): The verb 'felt' (past tense of feel) acts as a linking verb here. Unlike action verbs, linking verbs connect the subject to an adjective that describes the subject's state or condition.
Bahasa Indonesia: Kata Kerja Penghubung (Stative Verbs): Kata kerja 'felt' (bentuk lampau dari feel) bertindak sebagai kata kerja penghubung. Berbeda dengan kata kerja tindakan, kata kerja penghubung menghubungkan subjek dengan kata sifat yang menggambarkan keadaan atau kondisi subjek.
She felt happy after hearing the good news.
Setelah mendengar kabar baik itu, dia merasa sangat bahagia.
EN: Compound Adjectives: The adjectives 'lost' and 'uncertain' are joined by the conjunction 'and' to provide a more detailed description of the subject's emotional state.
Bahasa Indonesia: Adjektiva Majemuk: Kata sifat 'lost' dan 'uncertain' dihubungkan oleh konjungsi 'and' untuk menggambarkan keadaan emosional subjek secara lebih rinci.
The traveler was tired and hungry.
Pelancong itu merasa lelah dan lapar.
EN: In Western individualistic cultures, finding one's 'path' or 'calling' is a significant personal journey. Feeling 'lost' after a major career setback (like being fired) is a common narrative trope that emphasizes resilience and self-discovery.
Kosakata utama dengan pengucapan IPA, definisi, contoh kalimat, dan kuis interaktif.
Dalam konteks: diadopsi
Dalam konteks: penasaran
Dalam konteks: Mendaftar untuk masuk
Dalam konteks: Biaya kuliah
Dalam konteks: Bertekad
Dalam konteks: Kemitraan
Dalam konteks: Konflik
Dalam konteks: Mendirikan bersama
Dalam konteks: Menghancurkan, sangat mengejutkan
Dalam konteks: Tidak pasti, bingung
Frasa dengan label jenis, definisi dwibahasa, catatan penggunaan, dan contoh kalimat.
To stop attending a school or university before finishing the course.
Putus sekolah, berhenti sekolah
To separate something into its different parts.
Membongkar, mempreteli
A group of people who manage the business of an organization.
Dewan direksi
A very positive event, even if it seemed negative at first.
Hal terbaik yang pernah terjadi pada seseorang
To be dismissed from a job, especially because of poor performance or a disagreement with management.
Dipecat / Diberhentikan
A state of having no money at all.
Bokek / Tidak punya uang sama sekali
The industry and technology focused on computers designed for use by a single person.
Komputasi personal / Bidang komputer pribadi