Shinya Yamanaka: Reprogramming Life山中伸彌：重塑生命
聆聽課程
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EN： Prepositional Phrase as an Adverbial: The sentence begins with 'After years of dedicated testing,' which functions as a time-related adverbial phrase. It sets the context for when the main action occurred.
中文： 介係詞短語作為狀語：句子以「After years of dedicated testing」開頭，這是一個與時間相關的狀語短語，為主要動作發生的時間背景奠定基礎。
After months of hard work, the project was finally completed.
經過幾個月的努力，這項專案終於完成了。
EN： Collocation 'Make a discovery': In English, we often use the verb 'make' with nouns like 'discovery,' 'decision,' or 'mistake' to describe an action, rather than using a single verb.
中文： 動詞搭配「Make a discovery」：在英語中，我們經常將動詞「make」與「discovery」（發現）、「decision」（決定）或「mistake」（錯誤）等名詞連用來描述一個動作，而不是僅使用單個動詞。
The explorers made a significant discovery in the cave.
探險家們在洞穴中有了重大發現。
EN： Shinya Yamanaka is a Japanese scientist who won the Nobel Prize for discovering iPS cells. In Japanese culture, his story is often cited as an example of 'persistence' (ganbaru), especially since he was once considered a clumsy surgeon before finding his true calling in research.
中文： 山中伸彌（Shinya Yamanaka）是因發現 iPS 細胞而獲得諾貝爾獎的日本科學家。在日本文化中，他的故事常被引用為「堅持不懈」（ganbaru）的典範，特別是因為他在研究領域找到真諦之前，曾被認為是一名笨拙的外科醫生。
EN： The sentence uses a 'Noun Clause' (that-clause) as the direct object of the verb 'found'. This structure allows the speaker to report a fact or discovery by connecting a full sentence to a main verb.
中文： 本句使用「名詞子句」（that 引導的子句）作為動詞「found」的直接受詞。這種結構允許說話者透過連接一個完整的句子來報告一項事實或發現。
Researchers discovered that the new drug was effective.
研究人員發現這種新藥是有效的。
EN： The phrase 'reprogram A into B' uses the preposition 'into' to indicate a transformation or change in state from one thing to another.
中文： 片語「reprogram A into B」使用介係詞「into」來表示從一種狀態轉換或改變為另一種狀態。
The magician turned the paper into a bird.
魔術師把紙變成了鳥。
EN： Passive Voice (be + past participle): Used when the action is performed on the subject. Here, 'were called' indicates that the cells received the name from scientists.
中文： 被動語態 (be 動詞 + 過去分詞)：當主詞是動作的接受者時使用。這裡的「were called」表示這些細胞是被科學家命名的。
The new species was named after the professor who discovered it.
這個新物種是以發現它的教授命名的。
EN： Appositive Phrase: The phrase 'short for...' acts as an appositive, providing additional information or a definition for the noun 'iPS cells' immediately preceding it.
中文： 同位語片語：片語「short for...」作為同位語，用來為緊接在前的名詞「iPS cells」提供額外資訊或定義。
He lives in Kyoto, a city famous for its beautiful temples.
他住在京都，一座以美麗寺廟聞名的城市。
EN： The term 'iPS cells' was intentionally coined by Shinya Yamanaka with a lowercase 'i' to mimic the popularity of the 'iPod' at the time, hoping the technology would become just as widely recognized.
中文： 「iPS 細胞」這個術語是山中伸彌刻意命名的，他特意使用小寫的「i」來模仿當時流行的「iPod」，希望這項技術能像 iPod 一樣廣為人知。
EN： Passive Voice (be + past participle): Used when the subject receives the action rather than performing it. Here, 'the scientific world' is the receiver of the 'stunning' action.
中文： 被動語態 (be 動詞 + 過去分詞)：用於主詞是動作的接受者而非執行者時。在此句中，「科學界」是「被震驚」的對象。
The audience was deeply moved by the performance.
觀眾被這場表演深深打動了。
EN： Adverbs of Degree: The word 'completely' is an adverb used to modify the adjective/participle 'stunned,' emphasizing the total extent of the feeling.
中文： 程度副詞：'completely' (徹底地) 是一個副詞，用來修飾形容詞或分詞 'stunned'，強調這種感覺的程度之深。
The project was completely finished on time.
該專案已準時徹底完成。
EN： The verb 'mean' can be followed by a noun clause (that-clause) acting as its object. In this sentence, the word 'that' is omitted, which is common in informal and semi-formal English. It connects the subject 'iPS cells' to the consequence or implication.
中文： 動詞 'mean' (意味著) 後面可以接一個名詞子句（that 子句）作為受詞。在此句子中，引導詞 'that' 被省略了，這在非正式或半正式英語中很常見。它將主詞「iPS 細胞」與其產生的後果或含義聯繫起來。
The heavy rain meant the football match had to be cancelled.
這場大雨意味著足球比賽必須取消。
EN： The phrase 'no longer' is an adverbial phrase used to indicate that a situation that existed in the past does not exist now. It is more formal than 'not... anymore' and usually placed before the main verb.
中文： 'no longer' 是一個副詞短語，用來表示過去存在的情況現在已不再存在。它比 'not... anymore' 更正式，通常放在主要動詞之前。
He no longer works for this company.
他不再為這家公司工作了。
EN： The use of embryonic stem cells has been a major ethical issue in science because it involves the destruction of human embryos. Shinya Yamanaka's discovery of iPS cells was revolutionary because it provided a way to create stem cells without using embryos, thus bypassing these ethical concerns.
中文： 胚胎幹細胞的使用一直是科學界的一個重大倫理問題，因為它涉及人類胚胎的破壞。山中伸彌發現 iPS 細胞具有革命性意義，因為它提供了一種不使用胚胎就能製造幹細胞的方法，從而避開了這些倫理爭議。
EN： The use of the past participle 'surrounding' acts as a present participle phrase (reduced relative clause). It functions as an adjective to modify the preceding noun 'debate'. It is short for 'which surrounded' or 'that was surrounding'.
中文： 現在分詞短語「surrounding」在此作為形容詞修飾前面的名詞「debate」。這是一種簡化的關係子句，原句可視為「which surrounded」或「that was surrounding」。
There are many issues surrounding the new policy.
有許多圍繞著這項新政策的問題。
EN： The verb 'avoid' is a transitive verb that must be followed by a direct object (in this case, 'a huge ethical debate'). It describes the action of preventing something from happening.
中文： 動詞「avoid」是一個及物動詞，後面必須接直接受詞（在此句中為「a huge ethical debate」）。它描述了防止某事發生的動作。
We should take the highway to avoid traffic jams.
我們應該走高速公路以避開交通堵塞。
EN： The use of human embryos in scientific research has been a major ethical and political issue globally, particularly in Western countries, due to differing views on when human life begins. Yamanaka's iPS cell discovery was revolutionary because it provided a way to conduct stem cell research without destroying embryos, thus bypassing these moral concerns.
中文： 在科學研究中使用人類胚胎一直是全球（尤其是西方國家）重大的倫理與政治議題，這源於對「生命何時開始」的不同觀點。山中伸彌的 iPS 細胞發現具有革命性，因為它提供了一種無需摧毀胚胎即可進行幹細胞研究的方法，從而避開了這些道德爭議。
EN： The present participle phrase (V-ing) is used here as a result clause, indicating a consequence of the main action. It functions as a reduced adverbial clause.
中文： 現在分詞短語（V-ing）在此處用作結果子句，表示主句動作產生的結果。這是一種簡化的副詞子句用法。
The company implemented new safety rules, reducing workplace accidents by half.
公司實施了新的安全規定，使工作場所的事故減少了一半。
EN： The modal verb 'could' is used here to express possibility or capability in a past context or a hypothetical scenario enabled by a discovery.
中文： 助動詞 'could' 在此處用於表達在過去背景下，或由某項發現所賦予的可能性與能力。
With the new telescope, astronomers could see distant galaxies more clearly.
有了這台新望遠鏡，天文學家可以更清晰地觀察遙遠的星系。
EN： In medical science, 'rejection' refers to the immune system attacking a transplanted organ or tissue. The use of iPS cells is a major breakthrough because it uses the patient's own genetic material, theoretically eliminating the need for immunosuppressant drugs.
中文： 在醫學領域，「rejection」（排斥反應）是指免疫系統攻擊移植的器官或組織。使用 iPS 細胞是一項重大突破，因為它使用病人自身的遺傳物質，理論上消除了對免疫抑制藥物的需求。
EN： The modal verb 'could' is used here to express possibility or potential in the future. It suggests that while the outcome is likely, it is not yet a guaranteed reality.
中文： 助動詞 'could' 在此處用於表達未來的可能性或潛力。它暗示雖然結果很有希望，但尚未成為既定的事實。
New technology could reduce energy consumption significantly.
新技術可能會顯著降低能源消耗。
EN： The sentence uses a compound predicate where two verbs ('revolutionize' and 'offer') share the same subject ('This discovery') and modal verb ('could'), connected by the conjunction 'and'.
中文： 本句使用了複合謂語，其中兩個動詞（revolutionize 和 offer）共享同一個主詞（This discovery）和助動詞（could），並由連詞 'and' 連接。
The program will educate students and provide job opportunities.
該計畫將教育學生並提供就業機會。
EN： The term 'personalized medicine' (or treatments) refers to a modern medical model that tailors healthcare to the individual characteristics of each patient, often based on genetic information. This was a major shift from the 'one-size-fits-all' approach.
中文： 「個人化醫療」（或治療）是指一種現代醫學模式，它根據每位患者的個人特徵（通常基於基因資訊）量身定制醫療方案。這是從傳統「一體適用」方法的一大轉變。
EN： The Past Simple tense is used to describe completed actions at a specific time in the past. In this sentence, 'received' is the past form of the regular verb 'receive'.
中文： 過去簡單式用於描述在過去特定時間點完成的動作。在此句子中，'received' 是規則動詞 'receive' 的過去式。
She graduated from university in 2015.
她在2015年從大學畢業。
EN： Prepositional phrases of time (e.g., 'In 2012') are often placed at the beginning of a sentence to set the context or emphasize when the event occurred.
中文： 時間介係詞短語（例如 'In 2012'）通常放在句首，用來建立背景資訊或強調事件發生的時間。
In the morning, we usually go for a walk.
在早上，我們通常會去散步。
EN： The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is one of the most prestigious awards in the scientific world. Shinya Yamanaka's win was significant for Japan and the field of regenerative medicine, as it recognized the discovery that mature cells can be converted back into stem cells.
中文： 諾貝爾生理學或醫學獎是科學界最高榮譽之一。山中伸彌的獲獎對日本及再生醫學領域具有重大意義，因為它肯定了「成熟細胞可以被重新轉化為幹細胞」這一發現。
EN： The Past Continuous tense (was/were + verb-ing) is used here to describe an ongoing background action ('doing laundry') that was interrupted by a sudden event in the Past Simple ('the phone rang').
中文： 過去進行式 (was/were + V-ing) 在此用於描述一個正在進行的背景動作（洗衣服），而這個動作被另一個發生在過去簡單式的突發事件（電話響了）所中斷。
I was sleeping when the alarm went off.
當鬧鐘響起時，我正在睡覺。
EN： The conjunction 'When' introduces a subordinate time clause. When the 'when' clause comes first, a comma is required to separate it from the main clause.
中文： 連接詞 'When' 引導一個時間從句。當 'when' 引導的從句放在句首時，必須使用逗號將其與主句隔開。
When the rain stopped, we went outside.
當雨停時，我們去了戶外。
EN： The mention of Shinya Yamanaka doing laundry when he received the Nobel Prize call is a famous anecdote in Japan. It highlights his humility and 'ordinary' lifestyle despite his extraordinary scientific achievements, which resonates with the cultural value of staying grounded (modesty).
中文： 提到山中伸彌在接到諾貝爾獎電話時正在洗衣服，這在日本是一個著名的軼事。這突顯了儘管他取得了非凡的科學成就，卻依然保持謙遜和平凡的生活方式，這與日本文化中強調「保持謙虛（不忘初心）」的價值觀相契合。
EN： The sentence uses 'It' as a preparatory subject (dummy subject) to introduce a 'that-clause' which functions as the real subject. This structure is used to place focus on the adjective 'ironic'.
中文： 本句使用 'It' 作為虛主詞（形式主詞），用來引導後方由 'that' 開頭的名詞子句（真主詞）。這種結構常用於強調說話者對某件事的評論或感受（如本句中的 ironic）。
It is surprising that he finished the marathon in under three hours.
令人驚訝的是，他竟然在三小時內跑完了馬拉松。
EN： The Past Perfect tense ('had become') is used to describe an action that was completed before another point in the past (the moment it was recognized as ironic).
中文： 過去完成式（had + 過去分詞）用於描述在過去某個時間點或動作之前就已經完成的動作。在本句中，他「成為科學家」發生在作者「覺得諷刺」的時間點之前。
By the time the movie started, we had already bought our popcorn.
電影開始時，我們已經買好爆米花了。
EN： Shinya Yamanaka often humbles himself by mentioning his past struggles as a surgeon, where he was nicknamed 'Jyamanaka' (a play on his name meaning 'obstacle' or 'nuisance') because he was not skilled at surgery. This narrative of turning failure into world-class success is highly respected in both Japanese and global scientific culture.
中文： 山中伸彌經常謙虛地提到他過去作為外科醫生的掙扎。當時他因為手術技術不佳而被戲稱為「Jyamanaka」（取其姓氏諧音，意指「礙手礙腳的人」）。這種將失敗轉化為世界級成功的敘事，在日本及全球科學界都備受推崇。
EN： The sentence uses the 'Subject + Linking Verb + Subject Complement' structure. Here, 'a moment of incredible recognition' acts as the complement, providing more information about the subject 'This'.
中文： 本句使用了「主詞 + 連綴動詞 + 主詞補語」的結構。在這裡，「a moment of incredible recognition」作為補語，用來補充說明主詞「This」的內容。
That was a period of great transition for the company.
那是公司一個重大轉型的時期。
EN： The preposition 'for' is used here to indicate the reason or the object of the recognition, connecting the achievement to the specific work performed.
中文： 介係詞「for」在此處用來表示認可的原因或對象，將成就與其所進行的具體工作聯繫起來。
She received an award for her bravery.
她因為她的勇敢而獲得了一個獎項。
EN： The term 'groundbreaking' is frequently used in scientific and academic contexts to describe research that changes the way people think about a subject or opens up new possibilities, much like Shinya Yamanaka's iPS cell discovery.
中文： 「groundbreaking」(開創性的) 一詞常用於科學和學術背景，用來描述改變人們對某一學科看法或開啟新可能性的研究，就像山中伸彌發現 iPS 細胞一樣。
EN： The 'to-infinitive' (to + base verb) is used here as an adverbial of purpose to explain 'why' the action is being performed. It answers the question: For what purpose does he run marathons?
中文： 不定詞 (to + 原形動詞) 在此處作為副詞用法，用來表示目的，解釋「為什麼」要執行該動作。它回答了「他為了什麼目的跑馬拉松？」這個問題。
She studies hard to get into a good university.
她努力讀書是為了考上好大學。
EN： The conjunction 'and' connects two noun phrases ('money' and 'awareness') that function as the direct objects of the verb 'raise'. This is known as a compound object.
中文： 連詞 'and' 連接了兩個名詞短語（'money' 和 'awareness'），這兩個短語共同作為動詞 'raise' 的受詞。這被稱為複合受詞。
The charity provides food and shelter for the homeless.
該慈善機構為無家可歸者提供食物和住所。
EN： In the scientific community, it is increasingly common for high-profile researchers to engage in public activities like marathons to humanize science and attract private funding, as government grants can be highly competitive or limited.
中文： 在科學界，知名研究人員參與馬拉松等大眾活動已變得越來越普遍。這不僅能讓科學研究更具親和力，還能吸引私人資金，因為政府補助的競爭通常非常激烈或金額有限。
EN： The imperative mood is used to give commands, advice, or encouragement. It is formed by using the base form of the verb without a subject. To make it negative, 'don't' (do not) is added before the verb.
中文： 祈使句用於給予命令、建議或鼓勵。其結構是直接使用動詞原形，省略主詞。若要形成否定句，則在動詞前加上 'don't' (do not)。
Don't lose hope during difficult times.
在困難時期不要失去希望。
EN： The conjunction 'even when' is used to emphasize that something remains true or should continue to happen despite a specific condition or circumstance occurring.
中文： 連接詞 'even when' (即使...的時候) 用於強調儘管在某種特定情況或條件下，某事依然屬實或應該繼續發生。
She stays calm even when she is under pressure.
即使在壓力之下，她依然保持冷靜。
EN： Shinya Yamanaka is known for his humility and persistence. He often uses the metaphor of running a marathon to describe scientific research, emphasizing that long-term dedication is more important than short-term speed. This quote reflects the 'Ganbaru' (perseverance) spirit common in Japanese culture.
中文： 山中伸彌以謙遜和毅力聞名。他經常以跑馬拉松來比喻科學研究，強調長期的投入比短期的速度更重要。這句話反映了日本文化中常見的「加油/堅持到底」(Ganbaru) 精神。
EN： The structure 'Subject + is + what...' uses a nominal relative clause (what-clause) as a subject complement to define or emphasize the subject.
中文： 「主詞 + is + what...」結構使用名詞性關係子句（what 子句）作為主詞補語，用來定義或強調主詞的特質或功能。
Hard work is what leads to success.
努力就是通往成功的關鍵。
EN： The phrasal verb 'drive someone forward' means to motivate or compel someone to progress or continue their efforts.
中文： 片語動詞「drive someone forward」意指激勵或迫使某人進步或繼續努力。
Her ambition drives her forward even in difficult times.
即使在困難時期，她的野心仍推動著她前行。
EN： The sentence reflects the value of 'persistence' (shitsunen or gambaru in Japanese context), which is highly regarded in scientific research and Japanese culture, emphasizing that success comes from not giving up.
中文： 這句話反映了「毅力」的價值（在日本文化背景中稱為「執念」或「加油/堅持」）。在科學研究與日本文化中，這被視為極高的美德，強調成功源於永不放棄的精神。
EN： The verb 'continue' can be followed by a gerund (V-ing) to describe an ongoing action or a state that persists over time without interruption.
中文： 動詞「continue」後接動名詞 (V-ing)，用來描述一個持續進行且未中斷的動作或狀態。
She continues practicing the piano every evening.
她每天傍晚持續練習鋼琴。
EN： The phrasal verb 'turn A into B' means to transform or change something from one state or form into another.
中文： 片語「turn A into B」意為「將 A 轉化為 B」，用於描述將某物從一種狀態或形式改變為另一種。
The magician turned the piece of paper into a flower.
魔術師將那張紙變成了一朵花。
EN： The mention of 'iPS cells' refers to a major milestone in Japanese scientific history. Shinya Yamanaka's work is a source of great national pride in Japan, representing the country's leading role in regenerative medicine.
中文： 提到「iPS 細胞」涉及日本科學史上的一個重要里程碑。山中伸彌的研究是日本國家自豪感的來源，代表了日本在再生醫學領域的領先地位。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 重新編程或改變細胞的功能與特性
在本文中： 重大進展或突破性發現
在本文中： 胚胎的
在本文中： 倫理的、道德規範的
在本文中： （醫學上的）排斥反應
在本文中： 徹底變革、產生革命性影響
在本文中： 諷刺的、出乎意料的
在本文中： 認可、表彰
在本文中： 開創性的、創新的
在本文中： 堅持不懈、毅力
在本文中： 不知疲倦地、勤奮地
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
To stop making an effort; to quit.
放棄
To collect money for a particular purpose, especially for charity.
籌款、募款
To motivate or push someone to make progress or succeed.
驅使某人前進、激勵
Related to or connected with the utilization of something.
圍繞著...的使用
To change the genetic instructions of a cell so that it functions as a different type of cell.
重新編程（細胞）
Undifferentiated cells capable of giving rise to indefinitely more cells of the same type, or from which certain other kinds of cells arise by differentiation.
幹細胞
Artificially caused or stimulated in a laboratory environment rather than occurring naturally.
誘導的
An immune system response where the body attacks a transplanted organ or tissue as if it were a foreign threat.
（免疫）排斥反應