Shinya Yamanaka: The Worst Surgeon山中伸彌：最差勁的外科醫生
聆聽課程
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EN： The verb 'dream' is often followed by the preposition 'of' or 'about' to indicate the content of the dream. When followed by an action, the gerund form (verb + -ing) must be used.
中文： 動詞「dream」(夢想) 常與介係詞「of」或「about」連用來表示夢想的內容。若後接動作，必須使用動名詞 (V-ing) 形式。
She dreams of traveling around the world.
她夢想著環遊世界。
EN： The gerund 'healing' functions as the object of the preposition 'of'. Gerunds allow us to treat an action as a noun or a concept.
中文： 動名詞「healing」在此作為介係詞「of」的受詞。動名詞讓我們能將一個動作視為名詞或概念來處理。
Healing takes time after a major surgery.
重大手術後的康復需要時間。
EN： Shinya Yamanaka is a famous Japanese scientist who won the Nobel Prize for his work on iPS cells. This sentence highlights his initial motivation, which is a common theme in biographies of great achievers—starting with a simple, noble goal.
中文： 山中伸彌是著名的日本科學家，因其在 iPS 細胞方面的研究獲得諾貝爾獎。這句話強調了他的最初動力，這是偉大成就者傳記中的常見主題——從一個簡單而高尚的目標開始。
EN： The Present Participle (-ing) as a Reduced Relative Clause: The phrase 'fixing broken bones...' functions as an adjective modifying 'orthopedic surgeon'. It is a shortened version of 'who fixes' or 'whose job is fixing'.
中文： 現在分詞 (-ing) 作為簡化關係子句：'fixing broken bones...' 這個短語充當形容詞，修飾前面的 'orthopedic surgeon'（整形外科醫生）。它是 'who fixes' 或 'whose job is fixing' 的縮減形式。
She works as a volunteer, helping elderly people in her neighborhood.
她擔任志工，幫助鄰里中的老人。
EN： Infinitive as Direct Object: The verb 'want' is followed by a 'to-infinitive' (to become) to indicate a desire or goal.
中文： 不定詞作為直接受詞：動詞 'want' 後面接 'to-infinitive'（不定詞 to become），用來表示願望或目標。
They want to travel around the world next year.
他們明年想要環遊世界。
EN： In many cultures, including Japan and the West, becoming an orthopedic surgeon is considered a prestigious and highly demanding career path, requiring precision and physical stamina.
中文： 在包括日本和西方在內的許多文化中，成為一名整形外科醫生被視為一項享有盛譽且要求極高的職業路徑，需要極高的精確度和體力。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'With great ambition' functions as an adverbial of manner, describing the state or attitude with which the action was performed. Placing it at the beginning of the sentence adds emphasis to the subject's motivation.
中文： 介係詞短語 'With great ambition' 作為方式狀語，描述執行動作時的狀態或態度。將其置於句首可增強對主詞動機的強調。
With heavy hearts, they said goodbye to their hometown.
帶著沉重的心情，他們告別了故鄉。
EN： The verb 'enter' is used here as a transitive verb meaning 'to become a member of an institution'. In this context, it does not require a preposition like 'into'.
中文： 動詞 'enter' 在此作為及物動詞，意為「加入某個機構或學校」。在這種語境下，它不需要接介係詞 'into'。
She entered the university at the age of eighteen.
她在十八歲時進入了那所大學。
EN： Kobe is a major Japanese city known for its prestigious medical institutions. In Japanese culture, entering medical school is a highly respected achievement that often carries significant family and social expectations.
中文： 神戶是日本的重要城市，以其著名的醫療機構聞名。在日本文化中，考入醫學院是一項備受尊敬的成就，通常承載著極大的家庭和社會期望。
EN： The preposition 'as' is used here to indicate a role, function, or capacity. It describes the identity or status of the person in the future.
中文： 介係詞 'as' 在此用於表示身份、功能或職位。它描述了該人物在未來的身份或地位。
She works as a consultant for a large firm.
她在一家大公司擔任顧問。
EN： The Past Simple tense ('had') is used to describe a state or situation that existed at a specific time in the past within the narrative.
中文： 過去簡單式（'had'）用於描述在敘述中過去某個特定時間點所存在的狀態或情況。
They had a beautiful house in the countryside.
他們以前在鄉間有一棟漂亮的房子。
EN： The term 'healer' is a broad term that can refer to doctors, but it often carries a more spiritual or holistic connotation than 'physician' or 'surgeon'. In this context, it emphasizes Yamanaka's noble motivation to help people beyond just the technical aspect of surgery.
中文： 'Healer'（療癒者）是一個廣義的詞彙，雖然可以指醫生，但通常比 'physician'（內科醫生）或 'surgeon'（外科醫生）帶有更多精神面或全人關懷的意涵。在此語境下，它強調了山中伸彌想要幫助他人的高尚動機，而不僅僅是手術的技術層面。
EN： Sentence Adverbs: The word 'Unfortunately' is a sentence adverb used to express the speaker's attitude or evaluation of the entire situation described in the sentence.
中文： 句首副詞：'Unfortunately' 是一個句首副詞，用來表達說話者對句子所描述的整個情況的態度或評價。
Luckily, the rain stopped before the game started.
幸運的是，比賽開始前雨停了。
EN： Subjective Complement: In the structure 'Subject + Linking Verb (was) + Noun Phrase', the noun phrase 'a very clumsy surgeon' serves as a subjective complement, providing more information about the subject 'Shinya'.
中文： 主詞補語：在「主詞 + 連綴動詞 (was) + 名詞片語」的結構中，名詞片語 'a very clumsy surgeon' 作為主詞補語，用來補充說明主詞 'Shinya' 的身份或狀態。
She was a talented musician in her youth.
她年輕時是一位才華橫溢的音樂家。
EN： In medical contexts, 'clumsy' is a particularly strong word because precision is the most critical skill for a surgeon. This highlights the severity of Shinya Yamanaka's struggle before he found his true calling in research.
中文： 在醫學背景下，'clumsy'（笨拙）是一個語氣很重的詞，因為對於外科醫生來說，精準是最核心的技能。這強調了山中伸彌在找到真正的志向——研究工作之前，所面臨的嚴重困境。
EN： The relative clause 'that should have taken thirty minutes' uses the relative pronoun 'that' to modify the noun 'Operations'. The structure 'should have + past participle' expresses a past expectation or obligation that was not fulfilled.
中文： 關係子句「that should have taken thirty minutes」使用關係代名詞「that」來修飾名詞「Operations」。其中「should have + 過去分詞」結構用來表示過去「本應發生但實際上未發生」的預期或義務。
The project that should have finished yesterday is still ongoing.
那個本該在昨天完成的專案目前仍在進行中。
EN： The verb 'take' is used here to indicate the amount of time required for an activity. The structure is 'Activity + take + person + time'.
中文： 動詞「take」在此處用於表示某項活動所需的時間。結構為「活動 + take + 某人 + 時間」。
The drive to the airport took us forty minutes.
開車去機場花了我們四十分鐘。
EN： In medical contexts, efficiency is highly valued. The contrast between 'thirty minutes' and 'two hours' emphasizes the character's struggle with the manual dexterity required for surgery, which is a key part of his backstory before moving to research.
中文： 在醫學背景下，效率是非常被看重的。文中「三十分鐘」與「兩小時」的對比，強調了主角在外科手術所需的手部靈巧度上的掙扎，這也是他後來轉向研究領域的重要背景。
EN： The present participle 'meaning' is used here as a reduced relative clause (which means) to provide a definition or explanation of the preceding noun. It functions as a post-modifier.
中文： 現在分詞「meaning」在此用作簡化關係子句（which means），用來對前面的名詞進行定義或解釋。它在句中擔任後置修飾語的角色。
He received a letter meaning he was accepted.
他收到一封信，意思是他被錄取了。
EN： This is a pun on the scientist's surname 'Yamanaka'. In Japanese, 'Jama' (邪魔) means obstacle or hindrance. His colleagues combined 'Jama' with the end of his name to mock his clumsiness in surgery.
中文： 這是對科學家姓氏「山中」(Yamanaka) 的雙關語。在日語中，「Jama」(邪魔) 意為障礙或阻礙。他的同事將「Jama」與他姓氏的後半部結合，用來嘲笑他在手術中的笨手笨腳。
EN： Linking Verbs (Sense Verbs): The verb 'feel' acts as a linking verb here, connecting the subject 'He' to the adjectives 'discouraged' and 'like a complete failure' which describe his state of mind.
中文： 連繫動詞（感官動詞）：動詞 'feel' 在此作為連繫動詞，將主詞 'He' 與形容詞 'discouraged' 以及介系詞短語 'like a complete failure' 連結起來，用以描述主詞的心境。
She felt confident and like a professional after the presentation.
簡報結束後，她感到充滿自信，覺得自己像個專業人士。
EN： Parallel Structure: The conjunction 'and' connects two complements of the verb 'feel'. The first is an adjective ('discouraged') and the second is a prepositional phrase ('like a complete failure').
中文： 平行結構：連接詞 'and' 連接了動詞 'feel' 的兩個補語。第一個是形容詞 'discouraged'，第二個是介系詞短語 'like a complete failure'。
The athlete was exhausted and in need of a long rest.
這名運動員感到筋疲力竭且需要長時間的休息。
EN： The term 'operating room' (OR) is a high-pressure environment where precision is expected. In Japanese culture, which Shinya Yamanaka belongs to, there is often a strong societal pressure to excel in one's chosen profession, making his feeling of being a 'failure' particularly poignant.
中文： 「手術室」(OR) 是一個講求精準的高壓環境。在山中伸彌所處的日本文化中，社會往往對個人在其專業領域的表現有極高的期望，這使得他當時自覺是個「失敗者」的感受顯得格外沉重。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'Instead of' is followed by a gerund (V-ing) to indicate an action that was replaced by another. It functions as a contrastive modifier.
中文： 介係詞短語 'Instead of'（而不是）後面接動名詞 (V-ing)，用來表示被另一項行動所取代的行為，在句中起對比修飾作用。
Instead of ordering pizza, we cooked dinner at home.
我們沒有叫披薩，而是在家煮晚餐。
EN： The verb 'decide' is followed by a 'to-infinitive' (to + base verb) to express a choice or a plan for a future action.
中文： 動詞 'decide'（決定）後面接「不定詞」(to + 原形動詞)，用來表達對未來行動的選擇或計畫。
She decided to study law after graduation.
她決定畢業後去讀法律。
EN： Shinya Yamanaka's story is a famous example of 'pivoting' in one's career. In many cultures, especially in Japan, switching paths after failing in a prestigious field like surgery can be seen as a difficult social challenge, but his success highlights the value of persistence in a different direction.
中文： 山中伸彌的故事是職業生涯「轉型」的著名案例。在許多文化中（尤其是日本），在外科醫生這種聲望極高的領域失敗後轉換跑道，可能面臨巨大的社會壓力，但他的成功強調了在不同方向堅持不懈的價值。
EN： The 'to-infinitive' (to + base verb) is used here as an adverbial of purpose to explain 'why' the action in the main clause was performed.
中文： 不定詞 (to + 原型動詞) 在此作為副詞用法，用來表示目的，解釋主句動作「為什麼」發生。
She studied hard to pass the exam.
她努力學習是為了通過考試。
EN： Prepositional phrases (in San Francisco) act as modifiers to provide specific details about location or direction.
中文： 介係詞片語 (in San Francisco) 作為修飾語，提供關於地點或方向的具體細節。
They live in a small apartment in Tokyo.
他們住在東京的一間小公寓裡。
EN： The Gladstone Institutes are real, world-renowned independent biomedical research organizations located in San Francisco, closely affiliated with UCSF. This highlights the international nature of high-level scientific research.
中文： 格萊斯頓研究所是位於舊金山的真實且世界聞名的獨立生物醫學研究機構，與加州大學舊金山分校 (UCSF) 有密切聯繫。這突顯了高階科學研究的國際化特質。
EN： Present Participle Phrase (V-ing): The phrase 'causing him to become depressed' is a participle phrase that functions as a result clause. It describes the consequence of the preceding main clause.
中文： 現在分詞短語 (V-ing)：'causing him to become depressed' 是一個分詞短語，在此作為結果子句使用，用來描述前述主句所產生的結果。
The heavy rain lasted for hours, flooding the streets.
大雨持續了數小時，導致街道淹水。
EN： Idiomatic Expression 'one after another': This phrase is used to describe a series of events happening in quick succession or sequence.
中文： 慣用語 'one after another'：這個片語用來描述一系列事件接二連三或接踵而至地發生。
The guests arrived one after another.
賓客們陸續抵達。
EN： The use of the auxiliary verb 'did not' followed by the base form of the verb ('bring') is the standard way to form the simple past negative. It indicates that an action did not occur in the past.
中文： 使用助動詞 'did not' 後接動詞原形 ('bring') 是形成過去簡單式否定句的標準方式，用來表示過去某個動作並未發生。
The new strategy did not solve the problem.
這項新策略並沒有解決問題。
EN： Adverbs of manner or time, like 'immediately', are often placed between the auxiliary verb and the main verb to modify the timing or way the action occurs.
中文： 像 'immediately' (立即地) 這樣的情狀或時間副詞，通常放在助動詞與主要動詞之間，用來修飾動作發生的時間或方式。
He did not immediately realize his mistake.
他沒有立即意識到自己的錯誤。
EN： The sentence reflects a common theme in biographical narratives: the 'plateau' or 'valley of disappointment' where initial efforts do not yield results. In English-speaking academic and professional cultures, emphasizing that success is not 'immediate' is a way to highlight perseverance.
中文： 這句話反映了傳記敘事中常見的主題：即初期努力不會立即見效的「高原期」或「失望之谷」。在英語學術與職場文化中，強調成功並非「立即的」是用來凸顯堅持不懈的重要性。
EN： Present Participle Phrase (V-ing): This sentence uses a participle phrase ('Returning to Japan') to indicate an action that happens at the same time as, or immediately before, the main action. It functions as an adverbial modifier, and the subject of the participle must be the same as the subject of the main clause (Shinya).
中文： 現在分詞修飾語 (V-ing)：此句使用分詞短語「Returning to Japan」來表示與主句動作同時發生或緊接在前的動作。它作為副詞修飾語，且分詞的邏輯主詞必須與主句主詞（Shinya）一致。
Walking into the room, she saw her friends waiting for her.
走進房間時，她看到朋友們正在等她。
EN： Gerund as Object: The verb 'begin' can be followed by a gerund (V-ing) or an infinitive (to V). Here, 'studying' acts as a gerund, functioning as the direct object of the verb 'began'.
中文： 動名詞作為受詞：動詞「begin」後面可以接動名詞 (V-ing) 或不定詞 (to V)。在這裡，「studying」作為動名詞，擔任動詞「began」的直接受詞。
He began playing the piano when he was five.
他在五歲時開始彈鋼琴。
EN： Shinya Yamanaka is a Japanese Nobel Prize-winning scientist known for discovering iPS cells. His career path from a 'clumsy' surgeon to a world-renowned researcher is a famous example of perseverance in Japanese educational contexts.
中文： 山中伸彌是日本諾貝爾獎得主，以發現誘導性多能幹細胞 (iPS cells) 聞名。他從一名「笨手笨腳」的外科醫生轉型為世界知名研究者的歷程，在日本教育背景中是堅持不懈的著名典範。
EN： Relative Clause (Adjective Clause): The word 'that' introduces a relative clause that modifies the noun 'question'. It functions as the object of the verb 'asked'.
中文： 關係子句（形容詞子句）：單字 'that' 引導一個關係子句，用來修飾名詞 'question'。它在句中作為動詞 'asked' 的受詞修飾語。
She found a solution that everyone thought was perfect.
她找到了一個大家都認為很完美的解決方案。
EN： Object Complement: The verb 'consider' is followed by an object ('question', represented by the gap in the relative clause) and an adjective ('impossible'), which describes the state or quality of the object.
中文： 受詞補語：動詞 'consider' 後接受詞（在此為關係代名詞所代表的 question）與形容詞 'impossible'，該形容詞用來描述受詞的狀態或性質。
The jury considered the evidence sufficient.
陪審團認為證據是充分的。
EN： In scientific contexts, 'asking the right question' is often considered more important than finding the answer itself, as it challenges established paradigms.
中文： 在科學語境中，「提出正確的問題」通常被認為比找到答案本身更重要，因為它挑戰了既有的典範。
EN： The phrasal verb 'turn (something) back into (something)' describes a process of transformation or reversion to a previous state. 'Turn' acts as the action of changing, while 'back into' indicates returning to an original form.
中文： 片語動詞「turn (something) back into (something)」描述一種轉化或恢復到先前狀態的過程。「turn」代表改變的動作，而「back into」則表示回到原始的形態。
The magician turned the rabbit back into a hat.
魔術師把兔子變回了帽子。
EN： Interrogative sentence structure with 'Could': This sentence uses the modal verb 'Could' at the beginning to form a question about possibility or feasibility in a hypothetical or polite context.
中文： 使用「Could」的疑問句結構：本句將情態助動詞「Could」置於句首，用以詢問在假設或禮貌語境下的可能性或可行性。
Could you explain this theory again?
你能再解釋一次這個理論嗎？
EN： This sentence refers to the groundbreaking research on iPS cells (induced pluripotent stem cells). In a scientific context, 'ordinary adult cell' refers to a specialized cell (like a skin cell) that has already finished its development, making the idea of reversing it to a 'stem cell' revolutionary.
中文： 這句話指的是關於 iPS 細胞（誘導性多能幹細胞）的突破性研究。在科學語境中，「普通成年細胞」是指已經發育完成的特化細胞（如皮膚細胞），因此將其逆轉回「幹細胞」的想法在當時是革命性的。
EN： The sentence uses a 'Noun Clause' (that-clause) as the direct object of the verb 'believed'. The word 'that' is omitted here, which is common in informal or concise writing when the meaning remains clear.
中文： 本句使用了「名詞子句」（that 子句）作為動詞 believed 的受詞。在這裡省略了連接詞 'that'，這在非正式或簡潔的寫作中很常見，只要語意清晰即可。
Many people thought the project was impossible.
許多人認為這個計畫是不可能的。
EN： The word 'definitive' is an adjective used to emphasize that something is final and not subject to change or doubt.
中文： 單字 'definitive' 是一個形容詞，用來強調某事是最終的、確定的，且不容更改或懷疑。
The judge gave a definitive ruling on the case.
法官對此案做出了最終裁決。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 追求成功的強烈志向或抱負
在本文中： 手腳不靈活的、笨拙的
在本文中： 障礙、妨礙物
在本文中： 感到沮喪的、失去信心的
在本文中： 追求、從事（某種路徑或目標）
在本文中： 憂鬱的、消沉的
在本文中： 幹細胞（具有分化能力的原始細胞）
在本文中： 決定性的、明確且不容置疑的
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
To stop trying to do something.
放棄
Happening in succession; many things occurring in a sequence.
接二連三地
A shift in the course of action or career path.
轉向、改變方向
A room in a hospital where surgical operations are performed.
手術室
Medical procedures involving surgery to treat a disease or injury.
手術
Special human cells that have the ability to develop into many different cell types.
幹細胞
A cell that has already specialized into a specific type (like a skin or blood cell) and is no longer a stem cell.
成體細胞 / 已分化細胞