EN： The infinitive 'to reduce' is used here as the direct object of the verb 'try'. The pattern 'try + to-infinitive' indicates making an effort to do something difficult.
中文： 不定詞「to reduce」在此處用作動詞「try」的直接受詞。「try + 不定詞」的句型表示努力嘗試去做某件具有挑戰性或困難的事情。
She tried to learn Japanese before her trip to Tokyo.
她在去東京旅行之前努力嘗試學習日語。
EN： The coordinating conjunction 'but' is used to connect two independent clauses, showing contrast. A comma is placed before 'but' when it connects two complete sentences.
中文： 等立連接詞「but」（但是）用於連接兩個獨立子句，以表示對比。當它連接兩個完整的句子時，通常會在「but」之前加上逗號。
He wanted to go for a walk, but it started to rain.
他想去散步，但開始下雨了。
EN： Passive Voice (be + past participle): Used when the action itself is more important than who performs it. Here, 'is added' emphasizes that sugar is put into products, while the manufacturers who add it are not mentioned.
中文： 被動語態（be 動詞 + 過去分詞）：當動作本身比執行動作的人更重要時使用。在這裡，「is added」（被添加）強調糖被放入產品中，而省略了添加糖的製造商。
New features are added to the app every month.
每個月都會有新功能被添加到這個應用程式中。
EN： Relative Clause with 'that': A relative clause is used to give more information about a noun. In this sentence, 'that do not taste sweet' is a defining relative clause modifying the pronoun 'some' (referring to food and drink products).
中文： 關係子句（使用關係代名詞 that）：關係子句用於提供關於名詞的更多資訊。在本句中，「that do not taste sweet」（嚐起來不甜的）是一個限定性關係子句，用來修飾代名詞「some」（指代食品和飲料產品）。
I prefer to buy products that are made locally.
我傾向於購買本地製造的產品。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses with 'which' can be used to refer back to the entire previous clause, rather than just the noun preceding it. This is used to add a comment or state a result.
中文： 非限定關係子句中的 'which' 可以用來修飾前面整個子句所描述的情況，而不僅僅是修飾它前面的名詞。這通常用於對前述內容進行評論或說明其帶來的結果。
He passed the exam with perfect scores, which surprised everyone.
他以滿分通過了考試，這讓每個人都很驚訝。
EN： The structure 'make + it + adjective + for someone + to do something' uses 'it' as an empty preparatory object (dummy object). The real object is the infinitive phrase 'to do something' at the end.
中文： 結構 'make + it + 形容詞 + for 某人 + to 引導的不定詞' 中，'it' 作為虛受詞（形式受詞），真正的受詞是句尾的 'to 引導的不定詞短語'。這能避免句子結構顯得頭重腳輕。
The heavy rain made it difficult for us to arrive on time.
大雨使得我們很難準時到達。
EN： Wh-questions with the verb 'to be' are formed by placing the question word (What) at the beginning, followed by the verb (is) and then the subject (sugar). 'Exactly' is an adverb used here to add emphasis, placed right after the question word.
中文： 使用 be 動詞的 Wh-疑問句結構為：疑問詞（What）放在句首，後面接 be 動詞（is），再接主詞（sugar）。「exactly」（究竟、到底）是一個副詞，在此用於加強語氣，緊跟在疑問詞之後。
So what exactly is the problem?
那麼，問題究竟是什麼呢？
EN： The word 'so' is used as a discourse marker at the beginning of a sentence to transition to a new topic or to introduce a question based on previous context.
中文： 「so」在此處作為轉折詞（語用標記）放在句首，用於過渡到新話題，或根據前文脈絡引出一個問題。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses (using 'which') provide extra, non-essential information about a noun. They are separated from the main clause by commas, and 'which' cannot be replaced by 'that'.
中文： 非限定關係子句（使用 'which'）用於對先行詞（名詞）進行額外的補充說明，該資訊並非句子的核心必要內容。此類子句前後通常會加上逗號與主句隔開，且引導詞 'which' 不能用 'that' 替換。
My favorite coffee mug, which is made of ceramic, was a gift from my sister.
我最喜歡的咖啡馬克杯是我姐姐送的禮物，它是陶瓷做的。
EN： The passive voice 'is called' is used to state the name or term given to something. It consists of the verb 'to be' followed by the past participle 'called'.
中文： 被動語態 'is called'（被稱為/叫做）用於說明某物或某概念的名稱或稱呼。結構由 be 動詞加上過去分詞 'called' 組成。
This traditional Japanese dish is called sushi.
這道傳統的日本料理被稱為壽司。
EN： The term 'table sugar' refers to the common white sugar found in households, chemically known as sucrose. In English-speaking countries, it is a staple in kitchens for sweetening coffee, tea, and baking, and is often distinguished from other natural sugars like fructose or lactose in nutritional contexts.
中文： 「table sugar」（字面意為餐桌糖，中文常譯為精製糖或白砂糖）指的是一般家庭中常見的白糖，其化學名稱為蔗糖（sucrose）。在英語系國家的日常生活中，這是廚房必備品，用於為咖啡、茶調味或烘焙，在營養學語境中常與果糖或乳糖等其他天然糖類作區分。
EN： Passive Voice (be + past participle): Used when the focus is on the action or the receiver of the action, rather than the doer. In this sentence, 'is made' is the present simple passive voice of 'make'.
中文： 被動語態（be 動詞 + 過去分詞）：當焦點在於動作本身或動作的接受者，而非執行者時使用。在本句中，「is made」是動詞「make」的現在簡單式被動語態。
This bread is made from organic wheat.
這款麵包是由有機小麥製成的。
EN： Preposition 'from' with 'made': 'Made from' is used when the original raw material is transformed into something completely different, and its original form is no longer recognizable.
中文： 介係詞「from」與「made」的搭配：「made from」用於表示原材料經過化學或物理變化，製成完全不同的成品，且無法輕易看出其原始形態。
Paper is made from wood.
紙是由木頭製成的。
EN： The use of 'also' as an adverb to add information. It is typically placed after the auxiliary verb or 'be' verb, and before main verbs.
中文： 副詞「also」（也）用於補充資訊。它通常置於助動詞或 be 動詞之後，以及一般動詞之前。
She is also a talented musician.
她也是一位有才華的音樂家。
EN： Defining relative clause introduced by 'that'. The relative pronoun 'that' acts as the subject of the relative clause 'that are found naturally in many foods', modifying the noun phrase 'simple carbohydrates'.
中文： 由「that」引導的限定修飾關係子句。關係代名詞「that」在關係子句「that are found naturally in many foods」中擔任主詞，用來修飾先行詞「simple carbohydrates」（簡單碳水化合物）。
EN： The phrase 'be present in' is a common adjective pattern used to indicate that something exists or can be found within a particular place, substance, or group. 'Present' here acts as an adjective meaning 'existing or occurring now' or 'being in a specified place'.
中文： 片語「be present in」（存在於…之中）是一個常見的形容詞句型，用來表示某物存在或出現於特定的地方、物質或群體中。這裡的「present」作形容詞用，意思是「存在的」或「在場的」。
Traces of ancient water are present in the soil of Mars.
火星的土壤中存在著古代水的痕跡。
EN： Compound subjects consist of two or more nouns or pronouns joined by a coordinating conjunction (usually 'and' or 'or'). When joined by 'and', the compound subject is plural and requires a plural verb (in this case, 'are').
中文： 複合主詞（Compound Subject）由兩個或以上的名詞或代名詞透過對等連接詞（通常是「and」或「or」）連接而成。當使用「and」連接時，複合主詞視為複數，因此需要搭配複數動詞（在此句中為「are」）。
Copper and iron are essential minerals for human health.
銅和鐵是人體健康所必需的礦物質。
EN： Passive Voice (be + past participle) is used when the focus is on the action or the receiver of the action, rather than the doer. In this sentence, 'is found' indicates that lactose exists or can be located in dairy products.
中文： 被動語態（be 動詞 + 過去分詞）用於當焦點在於動作本身或動作的接受者，而非執行者時。在本句中，「is found」（被發現/存在於）表示乳糖存在或可以在乳製品中被找到。
Calcium is found in large amounts in milk.
牛奶中含有大量的鈣（鈣在牛奶中被大量發現）。
EN： The preposition 'like' is used to introduce examples, meaning 'such as' or 'for example'. It is followed by nouns or noun phrases.
中文： 介系詞「like」用於引入例子，意思是「例如」或「像……一樣」。後面接名詞或名詞片語。
He enjoys outdoor sports like hiking and cycling.
他喜歡像健行和騎自行車這類的戶外運動。
EN： Yes/No Questions with the Verb 'Be': To form a question with the verb 'be' (am/is/are/was/were), we invert the subject and the verb. Instead of 'Subject + Be' (e.g., 'All sugar is bad...'), we use 'Be + Subject' (e.g., 'Is all sugar bad...').
中文： 含有 Be 動詞的一般疑問句（Yes/No 問句）：要用 Be 動詞（am/is/are/was/were）形成疑問句時，我們需要將主詞和動詞的位置對調。不同於陳述句的「主詞 + Be 動詞」（例如：All sugar is bad...），疑問句使用「Be 動詞 + 主詞」的結構（例如：Is all sugar bad...）。
Is this book interesting to you?
這本書對你來說有趣嗎？
EN： Adjective Phrase with 'bad for': The adjective 'bad' is commonly followed by the preposition 'for' to indicate the target or recipient of the negative effect (e.g., 'bad for your health', 'bad for the environment').
中文： 形容詞片語「bad for」（對……有害）：形容詞「bad」（壞的、有害的）後面通常會接介係詞「for」，用來表示受到該不良影響的對象或目標（例如：「對你的健康有害」、「對環境有害」）。
Smoking is bad for your lungs.
吸菸對你的肺部有害。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'According to' is used to indicate the source of information or an opinion. It is followed by a noun or noun phrase.
中文： 介係詞片語「According to」（根據……）用於指出資訊或意見的來源，其後接名詞或名詞片語。
According to the weather forecast, it will rain tomorrow.
根據天氣預報，明天會下雨。
EN： The preposition 'in' is used here to define the location or source of the sugar, specifying that it is contained within 'whole foods' (unprocessed, natural foods).
中文： 介係詞「in」在此處用於限定糖分的來源或存在範圍，明確指出其包含在「原型食物」（未加工的天然食物）之中。
The vitamins in fresh vegetables are good for your health.
新鮮蔬菜中的維生素對你的健康有益。
EN： In Western health and wellness discourse, 'whole foods' refers to foods that are unprocessed and unrefined, or processed and refined as little as possible, before being consumed. This is distinct from the supermarket chain 'Whole Foods Market', though the chain's name is derived from this dietary concept.
中文： 在西方健康與飲食論述中，「whole foods」（原型食物/天然食物）指的是未經加工、未經精製，或加工步驟極少的食物。這與美國知名的連鎖超市「Whole Foods Market」（全食超市）不同，不過該超市的命名確實源自於這個飲食概念。
EN： Apposition (Appositive Noun Phrase): A noun phrase placed next to another noun to identify or explain it. In this sentence, 'a senior scientist at the British Nutrition Foundation' is an appositive that provides more information about the subject 'Sammie Gill'. It is set off by commas.
中文： 同位語（同位名詞片語）：置於另一個名詞旁邊，用以說明或解釋該名詞的片語。在本句中，「a senior scientist at the British Nutrition Foundation」（英國營養基金會的資深科學家）是一個同位語，用來提供關於主詞「Sammie Gill」（薩米·吉爾）的額外資訊，前後用逗號隔開。
Mr. Green, a dedicated high school teacher, won the Educator of the Year award.
格林先生是一位敬業的高中教師，他榮獲了年度教育家獎。
EN： Noun Clause as Direct Object: A dependent clause starting with 'that' functions as the direct object of the verb 'explained'. The word 'that' is a conjunction introducing the clause and does not have a grammatical role within the clause itself.
中文： 名詞子句作直接受詞：由「that」引導的從屬子句，在句中作為動詞「explained」的直接受詞。這裡的「that」是連接詞，用以引導子句，在子句內部不擔任任何文法角色。
The doctor explained that regular exercise can improve sleep quality.
醫生解釋說，規律運動可以改善睡眠品質。
EN： The British Nutrition Foundation (BNF) is a registered charity in the UK that provides impartial, evidence-based information on food and nutrition. Referencing a scientist from such an institution adds significant authority and credibility to health-related claims in British media.
中文： 英國營養基金會（BNF）是英國的一家註冊慈善機構，旨在提供公正、基於科學證據的食品與營養資訊。在英國媒體中，引用此類機構科學家的言論能為健康相關的主張增添極大的權威性與可信度。
EN： The coordinating conjunction 'and' is used here to connect two independent clauses (complete sentences) to show addition or contrast. When connecting two independent clauses, a comma is typically placed before 'and'.
中文： 對等連接詞「and」（而且、而）在此處用於連接兩個獨立子句（完整的句子），以表示並列或對比。當連接兩個獨立子句時，通常會在「and」之前加上逗號。
The sun is shining, and the birds are singing.
陽光普照，鳥兒也在歌唱。
EN： The structure 'compare A to B' is used to look for similarities between two different things, or to suggest that they are in the same category. In this sentence, it is used in the negative ('cannot compare') to emphasize that fruit and sweets are completely different in value.
中文： 結構「compare A to B」（將 A 比作 B）用於尋找兩個不同事物之間的相似之處，或暗示它們屬於同一類別。在本句中，它以否定形式（cannot compare）出現，用以強調水果和糖果在價值上完全無法相比。
You cannot compare life in the city to life in the countryside.
你不能把城市的生活與鄉村的生活相提並論。
EN： In British English, the word 'sweets' is commonly used to refer to what Americans call 'candy'. Since the speaker, Sammie Gill, is from the British Nutrition Foundation, she uses British terminology. Additionally, the spelling 'fibre' (as opposed to the American 'fiber') also reflects British English standards.
中文： 在英國英語中，「sweets」常用於指代美國人所說的「candy」（糖果）。由於發言者薩米·吉爾來自「英國營養基金會」，因此她使用的是英式術語。此外，「fibre」（纖維）的拼寫（相對於美式的「fiber」）也反映了英式英語的標準。
EN： Defining Relative Clause (Adjective Clause): The clause 'that people should limit' is a relative clause modifying the noun phrase 'The sugar types'. The relative pronoun 'that' acts as the object of the verb 'limit' within the clause and can optionally be omitted in informal English.
中文： 限定性關係子句（形容詞子句）：子句「that people should limit」是一個關係子句，用來修飾名詞片語「The sugar types」（糖分種類）。關係代名詞「that」在子句中擔任動詞「limit」的受格，在非正式英語中可以省略。
The books that I bought yesterday are on the table.
我昨天買的那幾本書在桌子上。
EN： Passive Voice with 'be called': The structure 'are called' is the present simple passive voice of the verb 'call'. It is used to define or name something, focusing on the receiver of the action (the sugar types) rather than who is calling them.
中文： 使用「be called」的被動語態：結構「are called」是動詞「call」的現在簡單式被動語態。它用於定義或命名某物，焦點放在動作的接受者（糖分種類），而非是誰稱呼它們。
The small islands near the coast are called archipelagos.
海岸附近的那些小島被稱為群島。
EN： The term 'free sugars' is a scientific classification widely used by health organizations like the World Health Organization (WHO). It refers to monosaccharides and disaccharides added to foods and drinks, as well as sugars naturally present in honey, syrups, and fruit juices, distinguishing them from 'intrinsic sugars' found in whole fruits and vegetables.
中文： 「游離糖」（free sugars）是世界衛生組織（WHO）等健康組織廣泛使用的科學分類術語。它指的是添加到食品和飲料中的單糖和雙糖，以及天然存在於蜂蜜、糖漿和果汁中的糖分，以此與整顆蔬菜水果中含有的「內源糖」（intrinsic sugars）做出區隔。
EN： Present Perfect Passive Voice ('have been added'): This structure is used to describe an action that has been completed in the past but has relevance to the present, with the focus on the receiver of the action (sugars) rather than the doer.
中文： 現在完成式的被動語態（have been added）：此結構用於描述在過去已完成但與現在相關的動作，其焦點在於動作的承受者（糖），而非執行者。
These books have been written by local authors.
這些書是由當地作家撰寫的。
EN： Defining Relative Clause with 'that': The relative pronoun 'that' introduces a clause that defines or restricts the noun 'sugars', specifying exactly which sugars are being referred to.
中文： 關係代名詞 'that' 引導的限定關係子句：此結構用來限定或修飾先行詞 'sugars'（糖），明確指出所指的是哪些糖。
The rules that have been established by the school must be followed.
學校所制定的規則必須遵守。
EN： The passive voice is formed with 'be + past participle' (are found). It is used when the focus is on the action or the receiver of the action, rather than who performs it. In this sentence, 'commonly' is an adverb placed between the auxiliary verb 'are' and the main verb 'found' to describe how frequently this occurs.
中文： 被動語態由「be 動詞 + 過去分詞」（are found）構成。當焦點在於動作本身或動作的接受者，而非執行者時，會使用此語態。在本句中，副詞「commonly」（常見地）置於助動詞「are」與主要動詞「found」之間，用以修飾此現象發生的頻率。
Microplastics are commonly found in marine environments.
微塑膠常見於海洋環境中。
EN： When listing three or more items in English, commas are used to separate them, with a coordinating conjunction (like 'and') before the last item. The comma before 'and' is known as the Oxford comma (or serial comma), which helps clarify that the items are separate.
中文： 在英文中列舉三個或以上的項目時，會使用逗號將它們隔開，並在最後一個項目之前加上對等連接詞（如「and」）。在「and」之前的逗號被稱為「牛津逗號」（或序列逗號），有助於釐清各個項目是相互獨立的。
The recipe requires flour, sugar, butter, and eggs.
這道食譜需要麵粉、糖、奶油和蛋。
EN： In British English, 'biscuits' refers to what Americans call 'cookies' (sweet, flat, baked treats). In American English, 'biscuits' are soft, savory quick breads often served with gravy. Since this text features a British scientist, the British meaning (cookies) is intended here.
中文： 在英式英文中，「biscuits」指的是美國人所說的「cookies」（甜甜的、扁平的烤焙點心）。而在美式英文中，「biscuits」則是一種質地柔軟、常搭配肉汁食用的鹹味速發麵包。由於本文引用了英國科學家的觀點，此處採用的是英式用法（即餅乾）。
EN： Passive Voice (be + past participle): Used when the focus is on the action or the receiver of the action, rather than the doer. In this sentence, 'are released' shows that the natural sugars undergo the action of being released during the juicing process.
中文： 被動語態（be 動詞 + 過去分詞）：當焦點在於動作本身或動作的接受者，而非執行者時使用。在本句中，「are released」（被釋放）表示天然糖分在榨汁過程中經歷了被釋放的動作。
Many nutrients are destroyed when vegetables are overcooked.
當蔬菜煮得過久時，許多營養素會被破壞。
EN： Adverbial Clause of Reason (introduced by 'because'): A subordinate clause that explains the cause or reason for the action in the main clause. It answers the question 'why?'.
中文： 原因副詞子句（由「because」引導）：這是一個從屬子句，用來解釋主句動作的原因或理由，回答「為什麼」的問題。
She avoids drinking soda because it contains too much sugar.
她不喝汽水，因為它含有太多糖分。
EN： The present perfect tense ('have wondered') is used here to describe an action or state that started in the past and continues to be relevant in the present. The adverb 'also' is placed between the auxiliary verb 'have' and the past participle 'wondered'.
中文： 現在完成式（have wondered）在此處用於描述一個從過去開始並持續影響到現在的動作或狀態。副詞「also」（也）置於助動詞「have」與過去分詞「wondered」之間。
Scientists have also researched the long-term effects of these ingredients.
科學家們也已經研究了這些成分的長期影響。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'as an alternative to' is used to introduce a substitute or replacement for something. 'Alternative' acts as a noun here, followed by the preposition 'to' to indicate what is being replaced.
中文： 介係詞片語「as an alternative to」用於引入某物的替代品。此處的「alternative」作為名詞使用，後面接介係詞「to」以表示被替代的對象。
Many people use honey as an alternative to white sugar.
許多人使用蜂蜜作為白糖的替代品。
EN： Present Perfect Passive Voice (have/has been + past participle) is used to describe an action that started in the past and continues to the present, or has relevance to the present, where the focus is on the receiver of the action (these products) rather than the doer.
中文： 現在完成式的被動語態（have/has been + 過去分詞）用於描述一個從過去開始並持續到現在，或與現在相關的動作，其焦點在於動作的承受者（這些產品）而非執行者。
These books have been kept in the library for decades.
這些書已經在圖書館裡保存了幾十年。
EN： The preposition 'for' followed by a period of time (e.g., 'for many years') is used with the present perfect tense to indicate the duration of an action or state from the past up to the present.
中文： 介係詞「for」後面接一段時間（例如「for many years」），與現在完成式連用，用來表示某個動作或狀態從過去持續到現在的時間長度。
She has lived in this apartment for five years.
她已經在這間公寓住了五年。
EN： In Western food culture, 'diet drinks' (often containing artificial sweeteners like aspartame or sucralose) and 'low-calorie foods' have been highly popular since the late 20th century due to growing health awareness. However, the debate over their long-term health effects remains a prominent topic in public health discussions.
中文： 在西方飲食文化中，自20世紀後期以來，隨著健康意識的抬頭，「代糖飲料」（通常含有阿斯巴甜或三氯蔗糖等人工甜味劑）和「低卡路里食品」變得非常流行。然而，關於它們對人體長期健康影響的爭議，至今仍是公共衛生討論中的熱門話題。
EN： The linking verb 'remain' is used to describe a state that continues to exist without changing. It is often followed by an adjective or a past participle functioning as an adjective (such as 'divided') to describe the subject.
中文： 連繫動詞「remain」（保持、依然是）用於描述某種持續存在且未改變的狀態。它後面常接形容詞或當作形容詞使用的過去分詞（例如「divided」），用來修飾主詞。
Despite the challenges, the team remains optimistic about the project's success.
儘管面臨挑戰，該團隊對專案的成功依然保持樂觀。
EN： The preposition 'among' is used when referring to relations or distribution within a group of three or more people or things (in this case, 'scientists').
中文： 介係詞「among」（在……之中）用於指在三個或三個以上的人或事物（在此指「scientists」科學家們）之間的關係或分佈狀態。
The decision caused a lot of discussion among the members.
這個決定在成員之間引起了許多討論。
EN： The verb 'recommend' is followed by a 'that' clause expressing a recommendation or suggestion. In English, this structure often uses the subjunctive mood, where the verb in the 'that' clause is in its base form (e.g., 'people focus', not 'people focuses' or 'people focused').
中文： 動詞「recommend」（建議）後面接「that」引導的子句來表示建議。在英文中，此結構通常使用虛擬語氣，意即「that」子句中的動詞必須使用原型動詞（例如「people focus」，而非「people focuses」或「people focused」），其省略了助動詞「should」。
The doctor recommended that he take a few days off from work.
醫生建議他請幾天假休息。
EN： Parallel structure with gerunds. The preposition 'on' is followed by two gerunds (-ing forms) connected by the conjunction 'and': 'eating...' and 'reducing...'. Both actions must share the same grammatical form to maintain balance.
中文： 動名詞的平行結構。介係詞「on」後面接了兩個由對等連接詞「and」連接的動名詞（-ing 形式）：「eating...」（食用）與「reducing...」（減少）。這兩個動作必須保持相同的語法結構以維持句子的平衡。
She is interested in learning new languages and traveling to different countries.
她對學習新語言和去不同國家旅遊感興趣。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 減少、降低（數量、價格、尺寸等）
在本文中： 消費者、顧客
在本文中： 識別、辨認出
在本文中： 有害的、會造成傷害的
在本文中： 有益的、有幫助的
在本文中： 物質、東西
在本文中： 製造商、生產廠家
在本文中： 替代品、可供選擇的事物
在本文中： 建議、推薦
在本文中： 攝入量、吸收量
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
Food that has been processed or refined as little as possible and is free from additives or other artificial substances.
天然食物、完整食物
Sugars added to foods and drinks by the manufacturer, cook or consumer, and sugars naturally present in honey, syrups and fruit juices.
游離糖、添加糖
Synthetic sugar substitutes used to sweeten food and beverages.
人工代糖、人造甜味劑
To continue to have different opinions or disagree about something.
意見仍有分歧、看法不一