EN： The Present Perfect Tense ('has found') is used here to describe a past action (the discovery made by the research project) that has relevance and importance to the present situation.
中文： 現在完成式（has found）在此用於描述一個過去發生的動作（研究專案所做出的發現），且該動作與現在的情況具有關聯性與重要性。
Recent research has shown that regular exercise improves sleep quality.
最近的研究表明，規律運動能改善睡眠品質。
EN： The modal verb 'may' expresses possibility. In this sentence, 'may reduce... but increase...' shows two potential, contrasting outcomes of breastfeeding.
中文： 情態助動詞「may」表示可能性。在本句中，「may reduce... but increase...」（可能減少……但增加……）展現了母乳餵養兩種潛在且相反的結果。
This new policy may solve some economic problems but create others.
這項新政策可能會解決一些經濟問題，但也會製造其他問題。
EN： This sentence reflects a common trend in modern medical reporting, where large-scale cohort studies (like the one in Japan involving 88,000 families) are used to challenge or refine long-held medical assumptions, such as the universally positive effects of breastfeeding.
中文： 這句話反映了現代醫學報導中的一個常見趨勢，即利用大規模的世代研究（例如日本這項涉及 88,000 個家庭的研究）來挑戰或修正長期存在的醫學假設，例如母乳餵養具有百利而無一害的傳統觀念。
EN： The Passive Voice (be + past participle) is used when the focus is on the action or the receiver of the action, rather than the doer. In this sentence, 'was conducted' is the past simple passive, showing that the study (the receiver) is the main focus.
中文： 被動語態（be 動詞 + 過去分詞）用於當焦點在於動作本身或動作的接受者，而非執行者時。在本句中，「was conducted」是過去簡單式的被動語態，顯示出研究（接受者）是主要的焦點。
The experiment was designed by a famous scientist.
該實驗是由一位著名的科學家所設計的。
EN： The preposition 'by' is used in passive sentences to introduce the agent (the person or thing that performs the action).
中文： 介系詞「by」在被動語態的句子中，用來引介動作的執行者（即進行該動作的人或物）。
The book was written by an experienced journalist.
這本書是由一位資深的記者所撰寫的。
EN： The University of Toyama (富山大學) is a well-known national university in Japan, particularly respected for its research in medicine and pharmacology, which aligns with the medical nature of this health study.
中文： 富山大學（University of Toyama）是日本著名的國立大學，尤其在醫學和藥學研究領域享有盛譽，這與本健康研究的醫學性質相契合。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'from... until...' is used to indicate the starting and ending points of a period of time or a process. 'From' marks the beginning, while 'until' marks the limit or completion of the action.
中文： 介系詞片語「from... until...」（從……直到……）用於表示某個時間段或過程的起點與終點。「from」標記開始，「until」標記該動作的極限或結束點。
We worked on the project from morning until late at night.
我們從早上一直工作到深夜，進行這個專案。
EN： The phrase 'more than' is a comparative modifier used before a number to indicate a quantity that is greater than that specific number. It functions similarly to 'over'.
中文： 片語「more than」（超過/多於）是一個比較修飾語，用於數字之前，表示數量大於該特定數字。其功能與「over」相似。
More than 500 people attended the international conference.
超過 500 人參加了這場國際會議。
EN： Passive Voice (Simple Past): Used when the action is more important than the agent performing it. Formed with 'was/were' + past participle (V3). Here, 'were published' indicates that the results did not publish themselves, but were published by researchers.
中文： 過去簡單式的被動語態：當動作本身比執行動作的主體更重要時使用。結構為「was/were + 過去分詞 (V3)」。在此處，「were published」表示研究結果不會自己發表，而是被研究人員發表。
The new book was written by a famous author.
這本新書是由一位著名作家撰寫的。
EN： Prepositions of Time and Place ('in'): The preposition 'in' is used before months and years (e.g., 'in April 2026') and also to indicate being inside a publication or print medium (e.g., 'in the journal').
中文： 表示時間與地點的介係詞「in」：介係詞「in」用於月份和年份之前（例如「in April 2026」），也用於表示在出版物或印刷媒體之中（例如「in the journal」）。
The article was printed in the newspaper in July.
該文章於七月份刊登在報紙上。
EN： Academic publishing often uses passive voice ('were published') to maintain an objective, formal tone, focusing on the research findings rather than the individuals who did the publishing. 'BMC Pediatrics' is a well-known peer-reviewed medical journal covering all aspects of pediatrics.
中文： 學術出版物經常使用被動語態（如「were published」）以保持客觀、正式的語調，將焦點放在研究結果而非執行發表的人身上。《BMC兒科學》（BMC Pediatrics）是一本知名的同行評審醫學期刊，涵蓋兒科學的所有領域。
EN： The passive structure 'be widely known for' is used to describe what someone or something is famous or recognized for. 'For' is a preposition, so it must be followed by a noun or a gerund (verb-ing).
中文： 被動結構「be widely known for」（因…而廣為人知）用於描述某人或某事因何而著名或受到認可。介係詞「for」後面必須接名詞或動名詞（V-ing）。
The city is widely known for its beautiful historic architecture.
這座城市以其美麗的歷史建築而廣為人知。
EN： The verb 'help' can be followed by an object and then either a bare infinitive (verb without 'to') or a full infinitive (with 'to'). In this sentence, 'helping a baby's immune system develop' uses the bare infinitive 'develop' as the object complement.
中文： 動詞「help」（幫助）後面可以接受詞，再接原形不定詞（不帶 to 的動詞）或完整不定詞（帶 to 的動詞）。在本句中，「helping a baby's immune system develop」使用了原形不定詞「develop」作為受詞補語。
Regular exercise helps your body burn calories more efficiently.
規律運動有助於你的身體更有效率地燃燒熱量。
EN： In public health, 'the first months of life' is a critical window often emphasized by organizations like the WHO. The phrase 'of life' is a common English idiom used after time periods (like 'years of life' or 'months of life') to refer to the time starting from birth.
中文： 在公共衛生領域，「出生後的前幾個月」（the first months of life）是一個關鍵窗口期，經常受到世界衛生組織等機構的強調。英文中「of life」是一個常見的慣用語，接在時間週期（如「years of life」或「months of life」）之後，用來指代從出生開始算起的時間。
EN： The verb 'recommend' is followed by a 'that' clause expressing a recommendation or demand. In English grammar, this structure triggers the subjunctive mood, which means the verb in the 'that' clause must be in its base form (bare infinitive), regardless of the subject. Although 'mothers' is plural here, if the subject were singular (e.g., 'a mother'), the verb would still be 'breastfeed' (not 'breastfeeds'). Often, 'should' is omitted before the base verb.
中文： 動詞「recommend」（建議）後面接表示建議或要求的「that」子句時，須使用虛擬語氣（Subjunctive Mood）。這意味著子句中的動詞必須使用原形動詞，不論主詞是單數還是複數。在此句中主詞「mothers」為複數，但即使主詞換成單數（例如「a mother」），動詞依然要用原形「breastfeed」（而非「breastfeeds」）。這類用法中，動詞前常省略了助動詞「should」。
The doctor recommends that he exercise more regularly.
醫生建議他應該更規律地運動。
EN： The adverb 'exclusively' is used to modify the verb 'breastfeed'. It means 'only' or 'solely', indicating that no other food or drink (including water) is given to the baby except breast milk.
中文： 副詞「exclusively」（專門地、獨佔地）在此處用來修飾動詞「breastfeed」（母乳餵養）。其意思是「僅僅」或「完全地」，表示除了母乳之外，不給嬰兒提供任何其他食物或飲料（包括水）。
This product is designed exclusively for professional athletes.
這款產品是專門為職業運動員設計的。
EN： The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health. Its recommendation of 'exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months' is a global public health standard aimed at reducing infant mortality and promoting long-term health benefits, which is widely referenced in medical and parenting contexts worldwide.
中文： 世界衛生組織（WHO）是聯合國負責國際公共衛生的專門機構。其提出「在最初六個月內進行純母乳餵養」的建議是一項全球公共衛生標準，旨在降低嬰兒死亡率並促進長期健康，這在世界各地的醫學和育兒領域中被廣泛引用。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense ('have shown') is used to describe an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past and has relevance or results in the present. In scientific and academic writing, it is often used to introduce previous research that supports a current statement.
中文： 現在完成式（have shown）用於描述過去某個不確定時間發生、且與現在有密切關係或影響的動作。在學術寫作中，常用來引介過去的研究成果，以支持當前的論點。
Recent studies have shown that regular exercise improves sleep quality.
最近的研究已經顯示，規律運動能改善睡眠品質。
EN： The passive construction 'be connected to' is used to express a relationship or link between two things. 'To' here is a preposition, so it must be followed by a noun, pronoun, or gerund (V-ing).
中文： 被動結構「be connected to」（與……有關聯）用來表示兩件事物之間的關聯。這裡的「to」是介係詞，後面必須接名詞、代名詞或動名詞（V-ing）。
High stress levels are often connected to poor dietary habits.
高壓力水平通常與不良的飲食習慣有關。
EN： The present perfect tense ('has not been') is used here with 'until now' to describe a state that started in the past and continued up to the present moment.
中文： 現在完成式（has not been）在此與「until now（直到現在）」連用，用來描述一個從過去開始並一直持續到現在這一刻的狀態。
The cause of the disease has not been clear until now.
這種疾病的病因直到現在才變得明朗。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'between A and B' is used to show a relationship, connection, or difference involving two distinct entities.
中文： 介係詞片語「between A and B（在 A 與 B 之間）」用於表示涉及兩個不同實體之間的關係、聯繫或差異。
The link between diet and health is very strong.
飲食與健康之間的聯繫非常緊密。
EN： Passive Voice (was led by): Used when the focus is on the action or the person/thing affected by the action, rather than the doer. Formed with 'be' + past participle.
中文： 被動語態（was led by）：當焦點在於動作本身或受動作影響的人事物，而非執行者時使用。結構為「be 動詞 + 過去分詞」。
The project was completed by a team of young scientists.
該專案是由一個年輕科學家團隊完成的。
EN： Apposition and Prepositional Phrases for Titles: 'Professor Emeritus Hidekuni Inadera from the University of Toyama' uses apposition (Professor Emeritus) and a prepositional phrase (from...) to provide detailed background information about a person.
中文： 同位語與介系詞片語修飾職銜：「Professor Emeritus Hidekuni Inadera from the University of Toyama」利用同位語（榮譽教授）與介系詞片語（來自……）來提供關於某人的詳細背景資訊。
Dr. Smith from Oxford University gave an inspiring speech.
來自牛津大學的史密斯博士發表了一場令人振奮的演說。
EN： The title 'Professor Emeritus' is an honorary title bestowed upon retired professors of distinction. In Japanese academic culture, maintaining ties with one's former university (like the University of Toyama) and continuing to lead major research projects is highly common and respected.
中文： 「Professor Emeritus」（榮譽教授）是授予傑出退休教授的榮譽頭銜。在日本學術文化中，與原大學（如富山大學）保持聯繫並繼續領導重大研究計畫是非常常見且受人尊敬的。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'According to' is used to indicate the source of information, meaning 'as stated by' or 'on the authority of'. It is commonly followed by a noun or noun phrase representing a person, document, or organization.
中文： 介係詞片語「According to」（根據）用於指出資訊來源，意思是「正如…所說」或「根據…的權威說法」。其後通常接代表人物、文件或機構的名詞或名詞片語。
According to the World Health Organization, physical activity is essential for health.
根據世界衛生組織的說法，身體活動對健康至關重要。
EN： The passive construction 'be linked to' is used to describe a connection or association between two things. In scientific contexts, it often expresses correlation rather than direct causation.
中文： 被動結構「be linked to」（與…相關聯）用於描述兩件事物之間的聯繫或關聯。在科學語境中，它通常表示相關性而非直接的因果關係。
Lack of sleep is linked to a higher risk of heart disease.
缺乏睡眠與較高的心臟病風險相關。
EN： In medical research, terms like 'linked to' or 'associated with' are carefully chosen to avoid implying direct causation. In public health communication, such as reports on breastfeeding, researchers balance presenting new findings (like potential allergy risks) with reinforcing established global health guidelines (like those from the World Health Organization) to prevent confusing the public.
中文： 在醫學研究中，「linked to」（與…相關聯）或「associated with」等詞彙是經過仔細挑選的，以避免暗示直接的因果關係。在公共衛生傳播中（例如關於母乳餵養的報告），研究人員會在呈現新發現（如潛在的過敏風險）與強化既有的全球衛生指南（如世界衛生組織的指南）之間取得平衡，以避免引起公眾恐慌或誤解。
EN： The passive structure 'be associated with' is used to describe a connection or relationship between two things. It indicates that one thing is linked to or occurs together with another, without necessarily implying a direct cause-and-effect relationship.
中文： 被動結構「be associated with」（與……相關）用於描述兩件事物之間的關聯或關係。它表示一件事物與另一件事物有所連結或同時出現，但不一定隱含直接的因果關係。
Regular exercise is associated with a lower risk of heart disease.
規律運動與較低的心臟病風險相關。
EN： The adverb 'especially' is used to single out one person, thing, or group as being more important, common, or noticeable than others. It is often followed by a prepositional phrase (like 'among...') to narrow down the focus.
中文： 副詞「especially」（特別是、尤其是）用於特別指出某個人、事物或群體比其他更重要、更常見或更顯著。其後常接介系詞片語（如「among...」）以縮小關注的範圍。
The weather is beautiful here, especially in autumn.
這裡的天氣很美，特別是在秋天。
EN： The correlative conjunction 'both... and...' is used to join two parallel grammatical elements (nouns, adjectives, verbs, etc.), emphasizing that both elements apply equally.
中文： 關聯連詞「both... and...」（既……又……）用於連接兩個平行的語法元素（如名詞、形容詞、動詞等），用以強調兩者同樣適用。
The new policy is both effective and popular among the citizens.
這項新政策在市民中既有效又受歡迎。
EN： The verb 'suggest' is followed by a noun clause starting with 'that' (which can be omitted in informal contexts) to express an opinion, finding, or implication rather than a direct command.
中文： 動詞「suggest」（表明、暗示）後接由「that」引導的名詞子句（在非正式語境中可省略），用以表達觀點、研究結果或隱含意義，而非直接的命令。
Recent studies suggest that regular exercise improves mental health.
最近的研究表明，規律運動能改善心理健康。
EN： The structure 'one of the + superlative adjective + plural noun' is used to single out one member from a group that shares a common, extreme characteristic. Note that the noun following this structure must always be plural.
中文： 「one of the + 最高級形容詞 + 複數名詞」的結構，用於從具有共同極端特徵的群體中挑選出其中一個。請注意，此結構後面的名詞必須是複數形式。
This is one of the most beautiful cities in the world.
這是世界上最美麗的城市之一。
EN： The subordinating conjunction 'because' is used to introduce a subordinate clause that provides the reason or cause for the action or state in the main clause.
中文： 從屬連接詞「because」（因為）用於引導從屬子句，為主要子句中的動作或狀態提供原因或理由。
She stayed at home because it was raining heavily.
她待在家裡，因為雨下得很大。
EN： The noun clause introduced by 'that' functions as the direct object of the verb 'believe'. In English, 'that' is a conjunction (連接詞) that can often be omitted in informal contexts, but is kept here to clearly introduce the opinion or belief being expressed.
中文： 由「that」引導的名詞子句在此作為動詞「believe」（相信/認為）的直接受詞。在英文中，「that」是一個連接詞，在非正式語境中常可省略，但在此處保留以清晰地引出所表達的觀點或信念。
Scientists believe that climate change requires immediate global action.
科學家認為氣候變遷需要立即採取全球行動。
EN： The passive voice 'is needed' (be + past participle) is used when the agent performing the action (who needs the research) is obvious, unimportant, or general. It shifts the focus of the sentence to the action's receiver ('more medical research').
中文： 被動語態「is needed」（be 動詞 + 過去分詞）用於當執行動作的主體（誰需要這項研究）是顯而易見、不重要或泛指大眾時。它將句子的焦點轉移到接受動作的事物（「更多的醫學研究」）上。
More funding is needed to complete the construction of the new library.
需要更多資金來完成新圖書館的建設。
EN： The verb 'stop' is followed by a gerund (verb-ing) when it means to cease performing an action. This is different from 'stop to do something', which means to pause one action in order to start another.
中文： 動詞「stop」（停止）後面接動名詞（V-ing）時，表示停止正在進行的動作。這與「stop to do something」（停下來去做另一件事）不同，後者表示暫停手邊的事去開始做另一件事。
She decided to stop drinking coffee after 4 p.m. to improve her sleep.
她決定下午四點後停止喝咖啡，以改善睡眠。
EN： The relative pronoun 'which' is used here to introduce a non-defining relative clause, separated by a comma. It provides extra, non-essential information about 'breastfeeding' and translates closely to 'which itself' or 'and this'.
中文： 關係代名詞「which」在此用於引導非限定關係子句（前面有逗號隔開），針對「breastfeeding」（母乳餵養）提供額外的補充說明，譯為「這」或「而這項行為」。
He bought a new laptop, which is much faster than his old one.
他買了一台新筆記型電腦，這台比他的舊電腦快得多。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 母乳餵養，指用母乳哺育嬰兒的行為
在本文中： 進行、實施（研究、調查或實驗等）
在本文中： 免疫系統，身體防禦疾病的系統
在本文中： 專門地、獨佔地，在此指僅用母乳而不添加其他食物
在本文中： 氣喘，一種呼吸道慢性發炎疾病
在本文中： 與……有聯繫的、相關聯的
在本文中： 嬰兒，通常指一歲以下的幼兒
在本文中： 保護性的、具防護作用的
在本文中： 有害的、造成傷害的
在本文中： 好處、益處
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
A dyad consisting of a mother and her baby, often studied together in developmental or medical research.
母嬰配對 / 母嬰雙人組
Having a link, association, or relationship with something else.
與……有聯繫、與……相關
Connected with something else in mind, or occurring together in a relationship.
與……相關聯、伴隨……而來
An immune system reaction that occurs soon after eating a certain food.
食物過敏