EN： A relative clause (or adjective clause) uses a relative pronoun like 'who' to give more information about a noun. Here, 'who start using social media at a younger age' describes the noun 'children'.
中文： 關係子句（形容詞子句）利用關係代名詞（如 who）來修飾前面的名詞。在此句中，「who start using social media at a younger age」用來修飾主詞名詞「children」（孩子們）。
Students who study regularly usually get better grades.
定期複習功課的學生通常能獲得更好的成績。
EN： The modal verb 'may' expresses possibility, while 'perform worse' uses the comparative degree of 'badly' (worse) to indicate a lower level of performance compared to others.
中文： 情態助動詞「may」表示「可能」，而「perform worse」則使用了副詞 badly 的比較級（worse），用來表示與其他人相比表現得較差。
If you don't sleep well, you may perform worse on the exam tomorrow.
如果你沒睡好，明天考試的表現可能會比較差。
EN： A noun clause introduced by 'that' is used as the direct object of a reporting verb (e.g., 'discover', 'find', 'say'). It contains a full subject and predicate.
中文： 由名詞子句引導詞「that」引導的名詞子句，作為主要動詞（如 discover、find、say）的直接受詞，子句內部包含完整的主詞與動詞結構。
Scientists found that sleeping well improves memory.
科學家發現充足的睡眠能改善記憶力。
EN： A relative clause beginning with 'who' describes and gives more information about a person or group of people ('pupils').
中文： 由關係代名詞「who」引導的關係子句（形容詞子句），用來修飾並提供前方的先行詞（人，在此為 pupils）更多細節資訊。
Students who read every day usually have higher test scores.
每天閱讀的學生通常會有較高的測驗分數。
EN： The passive voice structure 'be + past participle' (were compared) is used when the focus is on the action being done to the subject, rather than who performed the action. Here, 'compared with/to' means to examine two things to highlight their similarities or differences.
中文： 被動語態結構「be 動詞 + 過去分詞」（were compared）用於強調主詞所遭受的動作，而非執行動作的主體。在此處，「compared with/to」表示將兩者進行比較，以找出其異同之處。
The test results were compared with last year's data.
這次的測試結果與去年的數據進行了比較。
EN： The relative pronoun 'who' introduces a defining relative clause ('who waited until...') to specify or provide essential information about the antecedent pronoun 'those'.
中文： 關係代名詞「who」引導限定修飾的關係子句（who waited until...），用來明確指定或提供先行詞代名詞「those」（那些人）的關鍵資訊。
People who exercise regularly tend to live longer.
定期運動的人往往活得更久。
EN： In many countries, including European nations like Italy, 13 or 14 is a common age threshold defined by COPPA-like regulations or the GDPR, which require parental consent for users under 13 to 16 to open social media accounts.
中文： 在許多國家（包括義大利等歐洲國家），13 或 14 歲是法律規定的重要年齡門檻。根據歐盟通用資料保護規則 (GDPR) 等法規，未滿 13 至 16 歲的兒童開設社群媒體帳號需要獲得父母的同意。
EN： The phrase 'be equal to' functions as a predicate expression meaning to be identical or equivalent in amount, size, value, or effect to something else. Note that 'to' acts as a preposition here, so it is followed by a noun or noun phrase.
中文： 「be equal to」為表示「相當於…」或「與…相等」的固定句型。注意這裡的「to」為介系詞，後方須接名詞或名詞片語（名詞化結構）。
His income is equal to twice my salary.
他的收入相當於我薪水的兩倍。
EN： A noun clause beginning with 'that' is used as the direct object of verbs like 'suggest', 'find', or 'show' to state a fact, result, or opinion.
中文： 由名詞關聯詞「that」所引導的名詞子句，常放在「suggest（表明）」、「find（發現）」或「show（顯示）」等動詞後面當作受詞，用來說明事實、研究結果或觀點。
Recent studies suggest that regular exercise improves sleep quality.
近期的研究表明，規律運動能改善睡眠品質。
EN： The passive voice is formed using 'be + past participle' (was carried out). It is used when the focus is on the action or the result rather than the person performing the action.
中文： 被動語態由「be 動詞 + 過去分詞」（was carried out）構成。當焦點放在動作本身或結果，而非執行動作的主體時，會使用被動語態。
The project was completed by the students on time.
這個專案是由學生們按時完成的。
EN： The phrasal verb 'carry out' means to conduct, perform, or execute a task, experiment, or research. In passive voice, it becomes 'be carried out by'.
中文： 片語動詞「carry out」意思是執行、進行或完成一項任務、實驗或研究。在被動語態中，會寫作「be carried out by」（由……所進行）。
The survey was carried out by an independent company.
這項調查是由一家獨立公司進行的。
EN： The preposition 'about' is used after the noun 'surveys' to indicate the topic or subject matter being investigated.
中文： 介系詞「about」（關於）常用於名詞「surveys」（調查）之後，用來說明該調查所針對的主題或內容。
Researchers conducted a survey about the reading habits of teenagers.
研究人員針對青少年閱讀習慣進行了一項調查。
EN： The phrase 'more than' is a prepositional phrase used before a number to mean 'over' or 'exceeding' that amount.
中文： 「more than」是一個片語，置於數字之前，意思是「超過」或「多於」該數量。
More than 100 people attended the lecture yesterday.
昨天有超過 100 人參加了這場講座。
EN： The phrasal verb 'look at' means to examine, inspect, or consider something carefully. In research contexts, it often means to analyze data or results.
中文： 片語動詞『look at』意為仔細檢查、審視或考慮某事。在研究語境中，常表示『分析』數據或結果。
The committee will look at the new policy proposals next week.
委員會下週將審視新的政策提案。
EN： Parallel structure using the preposition 'in' to list multiple academic subjects: 'in maths, Italian, and English'. When listing items belonging to the same category, prepositions do not need to be repeated for each item.
中文： 平行結構（排比）：使用介系詞『in』來列舉多個學科（in maths, Italian, and English）。當列舉屬於同一類別的項目時，介系詞不需要在每個項目面前重複使用。
She has high scores in history, science, and geography.
她在歷史、科學和地理方面的分數很高。
EN： In British English, 'maths' is the standard abbreviation for mathematics, whereas American English uses 'math'. Additionally, 'Italian' in the Italian school system refers to the subject of native language and literature, similar to 'English' class in English-speaking countries.
中文： 在英式英語中，『maths』是數學（mathematics）的標準縮寫，美式英語則使用『math』。此外，在義大利的教育體系中，『義大利語（Italian）』科目指母語與文學課，類似於英語國家學校裡的『英語（English）』課。
EN： A gerund phrase (verb + -ing) can act as a singular noun and serve as the subject of a clause. It takes a singular verb (e.g., 'is').
中文： 動名詞片語（動詞 + -ing）可作為單數名詞，在子句中擔任主詞，其後須搭配單數動詞（如 is）。
Studying late at night makes me feel tired the next day.
熬夜讀書會讓我第二天感到疲倦。
EN： A relative clause introduced by the relative pronoun 'that' modifies a preceding noun ('distraction'). It acts as an adjective describing the noun.
中文： 由關係代名詞 that 引導的關係子句用來修飾前面的名詞（distraction），扮演形容詞的角色以提供更多細節。
Noise is a major problem that affects my concentration.
噪音是一個影響我專注力的主要問題。
EN： The conjunction 'that' introduces a noun clause functioning as the direct object of the verb 'explained'. Inside this clause, two predicate clauses ('is complex' and 'is connected...') are joined by the coordinating conjunction 'and'.
中文： 連詞「that」引導一個名詞子句，作為動詞「explained」的直接受詞。在此子句內部，兩個謂語（「is complex」與「is connected...」）由協調連詞「and」連接。
She explained that the task was difficult and required extra time.
她解釋說，這項任務很困難且需要額外時間。
EN： The prepositions 'to' is followed by a nominal clause (noun clause) starting with 'how', which functions as the object of the preposition. The passive voice 'are built' describes how the platforms were created/designed.
中文： 介系詞「to」後面接由「how」引導的名詞子句，作為介系詞的受詞。被動語態「are built」描述社群平台是如何被建構或設計的。
Our success depends on how team members are supported.
我們的成功取決於團隊成員如何獲得支持。
EN： Indirect speech (reported speech) is used to report what someone else said. When the main reporting verb (e.g., 'said') is in the past tense, the verbs in the noun clause usually shift to a past tense, though present tense can be kept if reporting a timeless fact.
中文： 間接話語（轉述語氣）用於轉述他人說過的話。當主句的轉述動詞（如 'said'）為過去式時，名詞子句中的動詞通常會改用過去式，但若轉述的是普遍事實或現狀，有時也會保留現在式。
She said that the report was completed yesterday.
她說這份報告昨天已經完成了。
EN： Nested noun clauses with 'that' (which can be omitted). Here, 'said that...' contains a second embedded noun clause 'shows (that) social media is...' acting as the object of 'shows'.
中文： 嵌套名詞子句（Nested Noun Clause）：本句中，主句動詞 'said' 後接了一個由 'that' 引導的名詞子句，而該子句內部的動詞 'shows' 後面又省略了連接詞 'that'，引導另一個名詞子句作為 'shows' 的受詞。
He believes that the study proves online learning is effective.
他相信這項研究證明了線上學習是有效的。
EN： The structure 'be to blame (for something)' is an active infinitive used with a passive meaning, indicating that someone or something is responsible for a bad outcome or mistake.
中文： 結構「be to blame (for something)」雖然使用主動不定詞，但具有被動意思，用來表示某人或某事應對不良結果或錯誤「負責」或「是……的起因」。
Bad weather was largely to blame for the delay of the train.
惡劣的天氣是導致火車誤點的主因。
EN： A noun clause acting as a direct object introduced by the conjunction 'that'. The clause 'that social media is directly to blame...' complements the transitive verb 'prove'.
中文： 由連接詞「that」引導的名詞子句作為受詞。子句「that social media is directly to blame...」補充說明及物動詞「prove」的內容。
The scientists proved that the new treatment is safe.
科學家們證明了這種新療法是安全的。
EN： The phrasal verb 'take account of' (or 'take into account') means to consider or remember something when assessing a situation.
中文： 片語動詞『take account of』（或 take into account）意思是『考慮到』或『將……納入考量』，常用於評估或分析情況時。
We must take account of the bad weather before planning the outdoor event.
在規劃戶外活動之前，我們必須考慮到惡劣的天氣。
EN： The preposition 'including' is used to introduce examples that belong to a larger group or category mentioned earlier.
中文： 介系詞『including』（包括）用於引導屬於前面所提及之更大群組或範疇的具體例子。
The fee covers all activities, including the guided tour and lunch.
費用包含所有活動，包括導覽和午餐。
EN： The past perfect tense ('had opened') is used to express an action that happened before another past action ('were tested' / 'scored').
中文： 過去完成式（had + 過去分詞）用於表示在過去某個特定時間點或動作（如 'were tested' 或 'scored'）之前就已經發生的動作。
She had finished her homework before her friends arrived.
在她的朋友到達之前，她就已經完成作業了。
EN： Relative clauses starting with 'who' are used to give more information about a person or group of people ('those who...').
中文： 關係代名詞 'who' 用於引導關係子句，修飾前面的先行詞（在此處為 'those'，指代「那些人」），以提供更多關於該人群的資訊。
Students who study regularly usually get good grades.
定期複習的學生通常會取得好成績。
EN： The linking verb 'remain' can be followed by a subject complement (an adjective like 'the same') to indicate that a state or condition continues without changing.
中文： 連繫動詞「remain」（保持）後面可接主詞補語（如形容詞「the same」），用來表示某種狀態或情況持續保持不變。
Despite the harsh winter, the room temperature remained warm.
儘管冬天很嚴寒，室溫依然保持溫暖。
EN： The preposition 'at' is used before a specific age or age range to show the time when something happens or applies.
中文： 介系詞「at」可用於特定的年齡或年齡層之前，表示某事發生的時間點或適用年齡。
She learned to play the piano at age 6.
她在6歲時學會了彈鋼琴。
EN： The degree modifier 'even' is used before comparative adjectives (like 'wider') to emphasize a greater degree or contrast.
中文： 程度修飾詞「even」（甚至、更加）常用於比較級形容詞（如「wider」）之前，用來強調程度的加深或強烈的對比。
His second test score was even higher than his first.
他第二次考試的成績甚至比第一次更高。
EN： The linking verb 'became' (past tense of 'become') connects the subject 'the gap' to the subject complement 'wider', describing a change in state.
中文： 連繫動詞「became」（become 的過去式）用來連接主詞「the gap」與主詞補語「wider」，用以描述狀態的改變。
The weather became colder after the rain.
下雨過後，天氣變得更冷了。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle) is used here to describe an action that occurred at an unspecified time in the past and has direct relevance or effect on the present situation.
中文： 現在完成式（have/has + 過去分詞）在此用於描述過去某個未明確說明時間發生的動作，且該動作對現在的情況有直接的影響或相關性。
Recent surveys have shown a growing interest in online learning.
最近的調查顯示人們對線上學習的興趣日益濃厚。
EN： The preposition 'about' is followed by a gerund clause ('children joining social media...'), where 'children' acts as the logical subject of the gerund 'joining'. This structure explains the specific content or topic of the 'concerns'.
中文： 介系詞 'about' 後面接動名詞子句（'children joining social media...'），其中 'children' 作為動名詞 'joining' 的邏輯主詞。這種結構用來說明「擔憂」（concerns）的具體內容或主題。
There are many concerns about teenagers spending too much time on video games.
許多人對青少年花太多時間玩電子遊戲表示擔憂。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： a student at school, especially a young one
在本文中： a user profile you create to use an online service
在本文中： something that takes your attention away from what you are doing
在本文中： done in the same way for everyone so results can be compared
在本文中： to think that something is probably true without being certain
在本文中： to study something carefully to understand it
在本文中： how well someone does a task or activity
在本文中： having many connected parts; not simple
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
To perform or conduct a task, research, or experiment.
執行；進行
To consider or include something when judging a situation.
考慮到；將……計算在內
A test that is administered and scored in a consistent, or standard, manner.
標準化測驗；統一考試
The regular pattern or behavior of using social media platforms.
社群媒體使用習慣