EN： The simple past tense 'caused' is used here to describe a completed action that occurred at a specific time in the past ('on 26 August 2026'). Simple past is formed by adding -ed to regular verbs.
中文： 簡單過去式（Past Simple Tense）在此處用於描述在過去特定時間（2026年8月26日）已完成的動作。規則動詞的過去式通常是在動詞原形後加上 -ed（如 cause 變成 caused）。
A heavy rainstorm caused severe flooding in the downtown area last night.
昨晚的一場豪雨在市中心區域引發了嚴重的洪水。
EN： Prepositional phrases indicating location or time (e.g., 'on Langtang Lirung mountain', 'along the Nepal-China border', 'on 26 August 2026') act as modifiers, giving extra details about where and when an event took place.
中文： 介系詞片語（如表示地點的 on Langtang Lirung mountain、along the Nepal-China border，以及表示時間的 on 26 August 2026）在此處充當修飾語，為句中的主幹動作提供具體的時間與地點背景資訊。
The earthquake struck small villages along the coast in early morning.
這場地震於清晨襲擊了沿海的小村莊。
EN： Langtang Lirung is a high peak in the Langtang Himal range of the Himalayas in Nepal. The region is highly vulnerable to climate change-induced natural hazards, such as glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) and rapid ice-rock avalanches.
中文： 浪唐里榮峰是位於尼泊爾喜馬拉雅山脈浪唐山群的高峰。該地區極易受到氣候變遷引發的自然災害影響，例如冰川湖潰決洪水（GLOFs）與快速的冰石崩榻。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense ('have/has + past participle') is used here to report recent findings or events that have relevance to the present news context.
中文： 現在完成式（have/has + 過去分詞）在此用於報導最新的發現或事件，強調該過去動作對當前新聞背景仍具影響與關聯。
Researchers have discovered a new species of frog in the Amazon rainforest.
研究人員在亞馬遜雨林中發現了一個新種的青蛙。
EN： The Noun Clause starting with 'that' acts as the direct object of the verb 'determined', introducing the specific fact that scientists found.
中文： 由 'that' 引導的名詞子句作為動詞 'determined' 的直接受詞，用來說明科學家所確定的具體事實內容。
The report confirmed that the bridge was unsafe for heavy vehicles.
該報告證實了這座橋樑對重型車輛而言並不安全。
EN： The non-defining relative clause is introduced by 'which' after a comma. It refers back to the entire previous idea ('created enormous friction') to describe the result or consequence of that action.
中文： 非限定繼續補充說明關係子句：在逗號後面使用 'which' 引導關係子句，代表前面整個句子所描述的情況（「產生了巨大的摩擦力」），並補充說明該情況所導致的結果。
Heavy rain flooded the streets, which caused massive traffic delays during the morning commute.
暴雨淹沒了街道，這導致了早晨通勤期間嚴重的交通延誤。
EN： Parallel structure allows a single subject or relative pronoun ('which') to control multiple verbs joined by 'and'. Here, 'which' controls both 'melted' and 'released'.
中文： 對稱結構（平行結構）：使用對等連接詞 'and' 將兩個動詞片語（'melted the ice' 與 'released a powerful wall of water'）連接起來，共享同一個關係代名詞主詞 'which'。
The storm knocked down power lines and damaged several houses in the village.
風暴吹倒了電線，並損壞了村莊裡的幾棟房屋。
EN： A coordinate conjunction ('and') is used to join two independent clauses. Each clause has its own subject and verb, forming a compound sentence to show two sequential or related events.
中文： 對等連接詞（and）用於連接兩個獨立子句。每個子句都有自己的主詞和動詞，組成合動句（對等複句）來呈現兩個連續或相關的事實。
The wind blew strongly, and the trees swayed back and forth.
強風吹拂，樹木來回搖曳。
EN： Adverbs of degree and approximation like 'roughly' and 'around' are used before numeric values to indicate that a measurement is estimated rather than exact.
中文： 程度與概算副詞（如 roughly 和 around）常用於數值之前，表示該測量數據為估計值而非精確數值。
The train journey takes roughly three hours.
火車車程大約需要三個小時。
EN： The present perfect tense ('has killed', 'has left') is used here to describe past events that have strong, ongoing relevance to the present situation.
中文： 現在完成式（has killed、has left）在此處用於描述發生在過去、但對目前現況仍有重大且直接影響的事件。
The heavy rain has caused severe flooding in the city.
豪雨已在城市裡造成嚴重的水災。
EN： The structure 'leave + object + object complement (adjective)' means to cause someone or something to remain in a particular state.
中文： 結構「leave + 目的語（受詞）+ 目的語補語（形容詞）」表示「使某人或某事處於某種狀態」。在此句中，missing（失蹤的）作為形容詞補語說明 others 的狀態。
The explosion left hundreds of residents homeless.
這場爆炸導致數百名居民無家可歸。
EN： Passive Voice in Past Tense: Constructed with 'was/were + past participle' (were confirmed), this structure is used to emphasize the action or the result rather than who performed the action. It is common in news reporting.
中文： 過去式被動語態：結構為「was/were + 過去分詞」（were confirmed），用於強調動作本身或結果，而非執行動作的主體。常見於新聞報導中。
Three new species were discovered in the Amazon rain forest last year.
去年在亞馬遜雨林中發現了三個新物種。
EN： Ellipsis in Parallel Structures: To avoid repetitive wording, words previously mentioned can be omitted. Here, '16 in Tibet' stands for '16 deaths were confirmed in Tibet'.
中文： 平行結構中的省略：為了避免用語重複，前面已提及的字詞可以省略。在此處，「16 in Tibet」代表「16 deaths were confirmed in Tibet」（西藏確認有 16 人死亡）。
John ordered tea, and Mary coffee.
約翰點了茶，而瑪麗點了咖啡。
EN： The clause introduces reported speech using 'reported that...', where the past tense 'remained' is used to match the main reporting verb 'reported'.
中文： 使用「reported that...」來引導間接引語（Reported Speech）。當主要動詞為過去式（reported）時，子句動詞通常也需改為過去式（remained）以保持時態一致（Sequence of Tenses）。
Local officials reported that several roads were completely flooded.
當地官員通報有幾條道路完全被淹沒了。
EN： The prepositional phrase starting with 'with' + noun + adjective ('with another 546 missing...') is an absolute structure used to add supplementary details or parallel information to the main clause.
中文： 「with + 名詞 + 形容詞/分詞」的複合結構，常用於句末來補充說明相關細節或補充平行數據（在此處的『missing』作為形容詞使用）。
The stadium was packed with thousands of fans, with many others waiting outside.
體育場擠滿了數千名球迷，還有許多人在外面等待。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'Among + plural noun/pronoun' is used at the beginning of a sentence to specify a group from which certain members or items are being highlighted.
中文： 介系詞短語「Among + 複數名詞/代名詞」常用於句首，用來說明某個特定群體，並從中引出特定的成員或項目（意為「在……之中」）。
Among the students who took the test, five received a perfect score.
在參加考試的學生當中，有五位獲得了滿分。
EN： The relative clause 'who are still missing' uses the relative pronoun 'who' to modify the antecedent 'those' (referring to people). 'Still' acts as an adverb modifying the state of being 'missing'.
中文： 關係子句「who are still missing」使用關係代名詞「who」來修飾先行詞「those」（指代人）。「still」為副詞，用以修飾「missing」（失蹤的）這一狀態。
Those who need extra assistance can ask the teacher after class.
那些需要額外協助的人可以在下課後詢問老師。
EN： The verb 'devastate' is a transitive verb that means to cause severe destruction or damage to something. In active voice, it takes a direct object indicating the place or thing that was destroyed.
中文： 動詞「devastate」（摧毀、破壞）為及物動詞，意指對某物或某地造成嚴重的破壞。主動語態時，後面直接接受詞，表示受破壞的對象。
The earthquake devastated several historical towns in the mountain area.
地震摧毀了山區的幾個歷史古鎮。
EN： Parallel structure with 'and' connects two prepositional phrases of location: 'of Nepal' and 'in Tibet', creating a clear geographical description.
中文： 利用對等連接詞「and」連接兩個表示地點的介系詞片語「of Nepal」和「in Tibet」，使句子的地理位置描述平行且對稱。
The tour covers the major attractions of Rome and in Northern Italy.
這趟旅程涵蓋了羅馬以及義大利北部的各大主要景點。
EN： The Himalayan region along the Nepal-China (Tibet) border contains administrative units like 'districts' in Nepal and 'counties' in China. Disasters in these high-altitude areas often cross national borders, affecting communities in both countries.
中文： 沿著尼泊爾與中國（西藏）邊境的喜馬拉雅山脈地區，行政區劃在尼泊爾稱為「區」（districts），在中國則為「縣」（counties）。這類高山地區的自然災害常跨越國界，對兩國邊境社區造成重大影響。
EN： The verb 'cause' takes a direct object (damage) to express the result of an action, and is frequently paired with the preposition 'to' to indicate who or what receives that damage (cause damage to [something]).
中文： 動詞「cause」（造成）接直接受詞「damage」（損害）來表達某種行為的結果，且常與介系詞「to」搭配，用來指出受損的對象（對⋯⋯造成損害）。
The heavy rain caused severe damage to the local roads.
強降雨對當地道路造成了嚴重的破壞。
EN： The preposition 'across' is used here to indicate that something happens, extends, or is present in all parts of a particular area or region.
中文： 介系詞「across」在此處表示某事發生、延伸或存在於特定區域或地區的「各處」或「全境」。
The company opened new stores across the country.
該公司在全國各地開設了新分店。
EN： Compound Objects with 'and': When a verb acts on two or more distinct entities, they can be joined using the coordinating conjunction 'and' to form a compound object (here: '41 bridges' and '42 kilometres of roads').
中文： 使用「and」連接複合受詞：當一個動詞同時作用於兩個或多個不同的對象時，可以使用對等連接詞「and」將它們連接起來，形成複合受詞（本句中為「41座橋樑」與「42公里的道路」）。
The storm damaged several houses and hundreds of trees.
暴風雨損壞了數棟房屋和數百棵樹木。
EN： Expressing Approximations with 'approximately': The adverb 'approximately' is used before numerical values or quantities to indicate an estimated or near amount rather than an exact count.
中文： 使用副詞「approximately」表示大約數量：副詞「approximately」（大約、大概）通常放在數字或數量之前，用來表示估算或接近的數值，而非精確的統計數據。
The journey will take approximately three hours.
這趟旅程大約需要三個小時。
EN： The Passive Voice (be + past participle) is used when the action itself or the receiver of the action is more important than the doer, which is common in news reports.
中文： 被動語態（be 動詞 + 過去分詞）用於強調動作本身或受動者，而非執行者，這在新聞報導中非常常見。
The historic bridge was destroyed by the severe storm.
那座歷史悠久的橋樑被強烈的暴風雨摧毀了。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses using 'which' are used to add extra information about the entire preceding clause. In this sentence, 'which' refers to the fact that thirteen hydropower projects were wiped out.
中文： 使用 'which' 的非限定關係子句用於對前面的「整句話」補充說明。在本句中，'which' 代表「十三座水力發電工程被徹底摧毀」這整件事。
He passed the difficult exam, which surprised everyone.
他通過了這場艱難的考試，這讓每個人都很驚訝。
EN： Passive Voice in Past Simple (was/were + past participle): Used when the action performed on the subject is more important than who performed the action.
中文： 過去簡單式的被動語態（was/were + 過去分詞）：當「受詞所遭受的動作」比「動作執行者」更重要，或執行者不明時使用。
The old bridge was destroyed by the severe storm last night.
那座老橋在昨晚的強烈暴風雨中被摧毀了。
EN： Prepositional Phrase as Post-modifier: The phrase 'between Nepal and China' follows the noun phrase 'border crossing' to specify its location.
中文： 介系詞片語作為後位修飾語：介系詞片語「between Nepal and China」放在名詞片語「border crossing」之後，用來明確說明其具體地理位置。
The train service between Paris and London runs daily.
巴黎與倫敦之間的火車班次每天營運。
EN： Gyirong Port (吉隆口岸) is a vital overland trade and overland border crossing between Nepal and China (Tibet). Destruction of this port severely disrupts regional trade, tourism, and supply routes between the two nations.
中文： 吉隆口岸是尼泊爾與中國（西藏）之間非常重要的陸路貿易與通關口岸。該口岸的摧毀會嚴重中斷兩國之間的區域貿易、觀光以及物資運輸通道。
EN： Passive Voice (be + past participle) is used when the focus is on the person or thing affected by the action rather than the performer of the action. Here, 'were displaced' and 'were affected' show that the people received the action.
中文： 被動語態（be 動詞 + 過去分詞）用於將焦點放在承受動作的人或事物上，而非執行者。在此句中，'were displaced'（被逼離家園）與 'were affected'（受到影響）皆表示人們是受害者。
Many residents were evacuated before the storm hit.
風暴來臨前，許多居民被撤離了。
EN： Approximation adverbs like 'around' and 'roughly' are used before numbers to indicate that the figure is an estimate rather than an exact count.
中文： 概數副詞如 'around' 與 'roughly' 常用於數字之前，用來表示該數字為估計值而非精確統計。
Roughly 500 volunteers joined the cleanup effort.
大約有 500 名志工參與了清理工作。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (has + past participle) is used here to connect a past action with the present, emphasizing the relevance of the recent estimate to the current situation.
中文： 現在完成式（has + 過去分詞）在此用於連結過去發生的動作與現在，強調最近所做的估計對當前狀況的重要性與關聯性。
The government has announced a new relief plan for the victims.
政府已經為受害者宣布了一項新的救援計劃。
EN： The Noun Clause starting with 'that' acts as the direct object of the main verb 'estimated', introducing the statement/fact being reported.
中文： 由 'that' 引導的名詞子句作為主要動詞 'estimated' 的直接受詞，用來引出所報導的事實或估計內容。
Experts believe that early warning systems can save many lives.
專家相信早期預警系統能夠拯救許多生命。
EN： In humanitarian crisis reporting, 'water and sanitation services' (often abbreviated as WASH) refers to a standard cluster of essential life-saving emergency aid provided by agencies like the United Nations to prevent disease outbreaks after disaster strikes.
中文： 在人道救援與災害報導中，「水與衛生設施」（常簡稱為 WASH，即 Water, Sanitation and Hygiene）指的是聯合國等救援機構在災害發生後所提供的標準關鍵緊急救助項目，旨在防止災後傳染病爆發。
EN： The structure 'one of the + superlative adjective + plural noun' is used to talk about a single member of a top-tier group.
中文： 「one of the + 最高級形容詞 + 複數名詞」結構，用來表示某人或某物是最高等級群體中的「其中之一」。
Tokyo is one of the largest cities in the world.
東京是世界上最大的城市之一。
EN： A restrictive relative clause starting with 'that' modifies a noun. When combined with the present perfect tense ('has experienced'), it describes an action that began in the past and extends to or affects the present.
中文： 由「that」引導的限定關係子句用來修飾前方的名詞。結合現在完成貌（has experienced），用以描述從過去持續或影響至今的經驗與事實。
This is the best film that I have ever seen.
這是我看過最好的電影。
EN： The United Nations (UN) is an international organization that often steps in to assess damage, provide official statements, and coordinate disaster relief during major international humanitarian crises.
中文： 聯合國（United Nations）是一個國際組織，在發生重大國際人道主義危機時，常負責評估災情、發表官方聲明並協調國際賑災與援助。
EN： The Present Continuous Tense (be + verb-ing) is used here to describe an action that is currently ongoing or actively being carried out at the present time.
中文： 現在進行式（be 動詞 + 動詞-ing）在此處用於描述目前正在進行或正在積極執行中的動作。
The rescue team is searching for survivors in the affected area.
救援隊正在受災地區搜尋倖存者。
EN： The structure 'as + adjective/adverb + as possible' is used to emphasize doing something to the highest degree or speed achievable.
中文： 「as + 形容詞/副詞 + as possible」的結構用於強調盡最大努力、極限或最快速度去做某事（意為「盡可能…」）。
Please submit your emergency report as quickly as possible.
請盡快提交您的緊急報告。
EN： In major natural disasters, non-governmental international organizations like the United Nations work directly with local federal governments to facilitate disaster relief logistics, avoid bureaucratic overlap, and systematically distribute aid to vulnerable regions.
中文： 在重大自然災害中，如聯合國等國際非政府組織通常會與當地政府直接合作，以簡化災難救援的物流程序、避免行政資源重疊，並系統化地將救援物資發放至受災嚴重的區域。
EN： The phrasal verb 'put [something] at [amount/value]' is used to estimate or calculate a value, cost, or figure at a certain level.
中文： 動詞片語「put [某物] at [金額/數值]」用於將某物的價值、費用或金額「估計為」或「定在」特定數值。
Insurance adjusters put the total loss at over five million dollars.
保險理賠員將總損失估計為超過五百萬美元。
EN： Non-restrictive relative clause with 'which': Used to add extra information about a preceding clause or noun phrase, separated by a comma.
中文： 「which」引導的非限定關係子句：用來對前方的名詞或整個子句補充說明額外資訊，前面必須使用逗號隔開。
The company reported a record profit, which amazed all the investors.
該公司報告了創紀錄的利潤，這讓所有投資者感到驚奇。
EN： When international news reports on economic losses in developing countries, figures are often converted into United States dollars (USD) alongside the local currency (such as Nepalese rupees) to give global audiences a clearer sense of scale.
中文： 國際新聞報導發展中國家的經濟損失時，除了列出當地貨幣（如尼泊爾盧比）外，通常會換算為美國美元（USD），以便全球讀者更直觀地理解損失規模。
EN： The reported speech structure 'warn that + clause' is used to convey a warning about a potential risk or negative outcome.
中文： 「warn + that 引導的子句」結構用於傳達針對潛在風險或負面後果的警告（that 在口語中常可省略）。
Experts have warned that heavy rainfall could cause severe flooding.
專家已警告大雨可能會引發嚴重水災。
EN： The phrase 'as much as' (or 'as many as' for countable nouns) is used before a number to emphasize how surprisingly large the amount is.
中文： 「as much as + 數量」用於不可數名詞或金額前，用來強調數量之大，有「多達……」的意思。
The repair project might cost as much as two million dollars.
這項維修計畫的費用可能高達兩百萬美元。
EN： In English international news reporting, large financial figures related to foreign disasters are almost always converted or expressed in United States dollars (USD) to provide a clear, universally understood benchmark for global audiences.
中文： 在英文國際新聞報導中，涉及外國災難的巨大經濟損失或重建金額，幾乎都會換算或標示為美國（USD）美元，以便全球受眾能夠有統一且清晰的評估基準。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have + past participle) is used to express an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past and has relevance to the present moment.
中文： 現在完成式（have/has + 過去分詞）用於表示在過去不特定時間發生、且對現在仍具重要性或影響的動作。
Several organizations have offered financial support to the victims.
幾個機構已經向受害者提供財務支援。
EN： The infinitive of purpose ('to help...') is used to explain the reason or motive for performing an action (in order to do something).
中文： 不定詞表示目的（to + 動詞原形），用來說明進行某個動作的原因或動機（意為「為了做某事」）。
Volunteers arrived early to prepare the emergency supplies.
志工們提早到達，以準備緊急物資。
EN： The verb 'make' can be used in a causative structure: 'make + object + adjective', which means to cause someone or something to become a certain condition or state.
中文： 動詞 make 可用於「make + 賓語（受詞）+ 形容詞」的句型，表示「使某人或某物變成某種狀態」。在此句中，glacier collapses 是受詞，more frequent and dangerous 是形容詞補語。
Heavy rain made the roads slippery and dangerous.
強降雨使得道路變得濕滑且危險。
EN： The conjunction 'that' is used to introduce a noun clause functioning as the direct object of the reporting verb 'said'.
中文： 從屬連接詞 that 用來引導名詞子句，作為轉述動詞 said 的直接賓語（受詞），說明專家具體說了什麼內容。
Scientists believe that global temperatures will continue to rise.
科學家相信全球氣溫將會繼續上升。
EN： In non-defining relative clauses, 'which' can refer back to the entire previous clause or idea, rather than just a single noun. It is preceded by a comma.
中文： 在非限定關係子句中，引導詞「which」可以用來指代「前面整句話所描述的情況或事件」，而非單一名詞。前方通常會加上逗號隔開。
Heavy rain caused the river to overflow, which damaged many homes.
強降雨導致河流氾濫，這對許多房屋造成了損害。
EN： The verb 'cause' follows the pattern 'cause + object + to + base verb', meaning to make someone or something do a specific action.
中文： 動詞「cause」（導致）常使用「cause + 受詞 + 不定詞（to + 原形動詞）」的句型，表示「促使某人或某物做某事」。
Strong winds cause tree branches to fall.
強風導致樹枝掉落。
EN： The verb 'believe' is followed by a 'that-clause', which functions as the direct object of the verb. In casual context, 'that' is often omitted, but it is typically retained in formal writing or news contexts.
中文： 動詞「believe」（相信、認為）後面接「that 引導的名詞子句」，在句中擔任賓語（受詞）。在非正式場合 'that' 常可省略，但在正式寫作或新聞中多予保留。
Experts state that early education plays a crucial role in child development.
專家表示，早期教育在兒童發展中起著至關重要的作用。
EN： The verb 'invest' is paired with the preposition 'in' when referring to putting money, time, or resources into something (e.g., 'invest in education').
中文： 動詞「invest」（投資）指將金錢、時間或資源投入某事物時，習慣搭配介系詞「in」（即 invest in sth）。
The company decided to invest in renewable energy sources.
該公司決定投資再生能源。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense ('has shown') is used here to connect a past event (the disaster) with a present state or understanding. It shows that the action happened in the past, but its result or relevance continues now.
中文： 現在完成時態（has shown）在此處用於將過去發生的事件（災害）與現在的狀態或體悟連結起來，強調過去發生的動作對現在產生的影響或重要性。
Recent events have shown the need for better health care.
最近發生的事件展現了改善醫療照護的必要性。
EN： The noun phrase pattern 'the importance of + [gerund / noun]' is used to emphasize why an action or concept matters. Here, 'being prepared' is a passive gerund phrase acting as the object of the preposition 'of'.
中文： 名詞短語結構「the importance of + [動名詞 / 名詞]」用於強調某個動作或概念的重要性。在此句中，「being prepared」（做好準備）是被動態的動名詞短語，作為介詞「of」的受詞。
He emphasized the importance of being honest in all situations.
他強調了在所有情況下保持誠實的重要性。
EN： High-altitude mountain regions like the Himalayas, spanning Nepal and Tibet, are exceptionally vulnerable to natural disasters due to global climate change and geography. Natural events like glacier collapses can trigger catastrophic flash floods (often referred to as Glacier Lake Outburst Floods, or GLOFs). Disaster preparedness and early-warning systems in these economically developing mountain areas are critical international humanitarian concerns.
中文： 橫跨尼泊爾和西藏的喜馬拉雅山脈等高海拔山區，由於全球氣候變遷與地形影響，極易遭受自然災害。冰川坍塌可能引發毀滅性的突發性洪水（通常稱為冰川湖潰決洪水，GLOF）。在這些經濟發展中的山區，災害應變準備與預警系統的建立是國際人道救援極為關注的焦點。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 崩塌；倒塌
在本文中： 摩擦；摩擦力
在本文中： 殘骸；碎片；瓦礫
在本文中： 摧毀；毀滅
在本文中： 基礎建設；公共建設
在本文中： 使迫遷；使迫離開家園
在本文中： 衛生設備；公共衛生
在本文中： 人道主義的；人道援助的
在本文中： 初步的；預備的
在本文中： 保證給予；承諾
在本文中： 脆弱的；易受傷害的
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
A sudden and rapid flood of water usually caused by heavy rain or sudden release of water.
山洪暴發；突發性洪水
To become separated or detached from something.
脫落；分離；脫離
To destroy completely.
徹底摧毀；消滅
A network of electrical transmission lines connecting power stations and consumers.
電力網；電網
A set of technical and communication capacities to monitor and predict hazards to alert populations.
預警系統